Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-24-2052

8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, October 4, 2024

Technical information:
Household data: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps
Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — SEPTEMBER 2024

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 254,000 in September, and the unemployment rate
changed little at 4.1 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Employment continued
to trend up in food services and drinking places, health care, government, social assistance, and
construction.

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-month change,
September 2022 – September 2024 seasonally adjusted, September 2022 – September 2024
Percent Thousands

5.5 600

5.0 500

400
4.5
300
4.0
200
3.5
100
3.0 0
2.5 -100
Sep-22 Dec-22 Mar-23 Jun-23 Sep-23 Dec-23 Mar-24 Jun-24 Sep-24 Sep-22 Dec-22 Mar-23 Jun-23 Sep-23 Dec-23 Mar-24 Jun-24 Sep-24

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor
force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey
measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the
concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.

Hurricane Francine

Hurricane Francine made landfall in southern Louisiana on September 11, 2024, during the reference
periods for both the household and establishment surveys. Our analysis suggests that Hurricane Francine
had no discernible effect on national payroll employment, hours, and earnings from the establishment
survey, or the national unemployment rate from the household survey. Response rates for the two
surveys were within normal ranges for September. For information on how unusually severe weather
can affect employment and hours estimates, see the Frequently Asked Questions section of this news
release.

BLS will release the state estimates of employment and unemployment for September on October 22,
2024, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).

Household Survey Data

Both the unemployment rate, at 4.1 percent, and the number of unemployed people, at 6.8 million,
changed little in September. These measures are higher than a year earlier, when the jobless rate was 3.8
percent, and the number of unemployed people was 6.3 million. (See table A-1.)

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rate for adult men (3.7 percent) decreased in
September. The jobless rates for adult women (3.6 percent), teenagers (14.3 percent), Whites (3.6
percent), Blacks (5.7 percent), Asians (4.1 percent), and Hispanics (5.1 percent) showed little or no
change over the month. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)

The number of people jobless less than 5 weeks decreased by 322,000 to 2.1 million in September. The
number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) was little changed over the
month at 1.6 million. This measure is up from 1.3 million a year earlier. In September, the long-term
unemployed accounted for 23.7 percent of all unemployed people. (See table A-12.)

In September, the labor force participation rate was 62.7 percent for the third consecutive month, and
the employment-population ratio was little changed at 60.2 percent. Both measures changed little over
the year. (See table A-1.)

The number of people employed part time for economic reasons changed little at 4.6 million in
September. This measure is up from 4.1 million a year earlier. These individuals would have preferred
full-time employment but were working part time because their hours had been reduced or they were
unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.)

The number of people not in the labor force who currently want a job, at 5.7 million, changed little in
September. These individuals were not counted as unemployed because they were not actively looking
for work during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or were unavailable to take a job. (See table A-1.)

Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of people marginally attached to the
labor force increased by 204,000 to 1.6 million in September. These individuals wanted and were
available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for
work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a subset of the
marginally attached who believed that no jobs were available for them, changed little at 445,000 in
September. (See Summary table A.)

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 254,000 in September, higher than the average
monthly gain of 203,000 over the prior 12 months. In September, employment continued to trend up in

-2-
food services and drinking places, health care, government, social assistance, and construction. (See
table B-1.)

Employment in food services and drinking places rose by 69,000 in September, well above the
average monthly gain of 14,000 over the prior 12 months.

Health care added 45,000 jobs in September, below the average monthly gain of 57,000 over the prior
12 months. Over the month, employment rose in home health care services (+13,000), hospitals
(+12,000), and nursing and residential care facilities (+9,000).

Employment in government continued its upward trend in September (+31,000). Government had an
average monthly gain of 45,000 jobs over the prior 12 months. Over the month, employment continued
to trend up in local government (+16,000) and state government (+13,000).

Employment in social assistance increased by 27,000 in September, primarily in individual and family
services (+21,000). Over the prior 12 months, social assistance had added an average of 21,000 jobs per
month.

Construction employment continued to trend up in September (+25,000), similar to the average

monthly gain over the prior 12 months (+19,000). Over the month, nonresidential specialty trade
contractors added 17,000 jobs.

Employment showed little change over the month in other major industries, including mining,
quarrying, and oil and gas extraction; manufacturing; wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation
and warehousing; information; financial activities; professional and business services; and other
services.

In September, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 13
cents, or 0.4 percent, to $35.36. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 4.0
percent. In September, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory
employees increased by 8 cents, or 0.3 percent, to $30.33. (See tables B-3 and B-8.)

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged down by 0.1 hour to 34.2
hours in September. In manufacturing, the average workweek was unchanged at 40.0 hours, and
overtime edged down by 0.1 hour to 2.9 hours. The average workweek for production and
nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls remained at 33.7 hours. (See tables B-2 and
B-7.)

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for July was revised up by 55,000, from +89,000 to
+144,000, and the change for August was revised up by 17,000, from +142,000 to +159,000. With these
revisions, employment in July and August combined is 72,000 higher than previously reported.
(Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and government agencies
since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.)

_____________
The Employment Situation for October is scheduled to be released on Friday, November 1, 2024,
at 8:30 a.m. (ET).

-3-
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Change from:
Sept. July Aug. Sept.
Category Aug. 2024-
2023 2024 2024 2024
Sept. 2024

Employment status
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267,428 268,644 268,856 269,080 224
Civilian labor force.......................................................... . 167,897 168,429 168,549 168,699 150
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.8 62.7 62.7 62.7 0.0
Employed.................................................................. . 161,550 161,266 161,434 161,864 430
Employment-population ratio......................................... . 60.4 60.0 60.0 60.2 0.2
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,347 7,163 7,115 6,834 -281
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 4.3 4.2 4.1 -0.1
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,531 100,215 100,306 100,381 75
Unemployment rates
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 4.3 4.2 4.1 -0.1
Adult men (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.7 -0.3
Adult women (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 3.8 3.7 3.6 -0.1
Teenagers (16 to 19 years). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.8 12.4 14.1 14.3 0.2
White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 3.8 3.8 3.6 -0.2
Black or African American. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 6.3 6.1 5.7 -0.4
Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 3.7 4.1 4.1 0.0
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................ . 4.6 5.3 5.5 5.1 -0.4
Total, 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 3.5 3.4 3.3 -0.1
Less than a high school diploma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 6.7 7.1 6.8 -0.3
High school graduates, no college. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 4.6 4.0 4.0 0.0
Some college or associate degree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 3.5 3.4 3.4 0.0
Bachelor’s degree and higher............................................. . 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.3 -0.2
Reason for unemployment
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,869 3,490 3,328 3,233 -95
Job leavers..................................................................... . 797 855 845 818 -27
Reentrants...................................................................... . 2,024 2,160 2,132 2,046 -86
New entrants................................................................... . 586 650 718 662 -56
Duration of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,053 2,351 2,468 2,146 -322
5 to 14 weeks.................................................................. . 2,043 2,141 2,019 1,982 -37
15 to 26 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985 1,087 1,167 1,119 -48
27 weeks and over............................................................ . 1,303 1,535 1,533 1,630 97
Employed persons at work part time
Part time for economic reasons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,069 4,566 4,830 4,624 -206
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,799 2,985 3,303 2,999 -304
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 940 1,195 1,144 1,274 130
Part time for noneconomic reasons......................................... . 22,177 22,036 22,561 22,566 5
Persons not in the labor force
Marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,442 1,571 1,401 1,605 204
Discouraged workers....................................................... . 372 405 367 445 78

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will
not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced
annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Sept. July Aug. Sept.

Category 2023 2024 2024p 2024p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 144 159 254
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 99 114 223
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 21 5 21
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 3
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 14 31 25
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 6 -27 -7
Durable goods1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5 -30 -3
Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1 4.8 -13.4 -6.5
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1 3 -4
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 78 109 202
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.7 5.4 0.4 1.9
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.2 -3.6 -8.8 15.6
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 -1.6 3.2 -8.6
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 0.4 0.3 3.4
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 -16 -7 4
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 -4 10 5
Professional and business services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1 -4 -4 17
Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -21.6 -19.1 -6.5 -13.8
Private education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 67 60 81
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.2 63.7 53.9 71.7
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 38 53 78
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 -3 2 4
Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 45 45 31
(3-month average change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 159 140 186
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 134 103 145
WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES
AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2
Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.8 49.8 49.8 49.8
Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.4 48.3 48.3 48.4
Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.3 81.4 81.4 81.4
HOURS AND EARNINGS
ALL EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.4 34.2 34.3 34.2
Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $34.01 $35.07 $35.23 $35.36
Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,169.94 $1,199.39 $1,208.39 $1,209.31
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.5 116.2 116.6 116.5
Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 -0.3 0.3 -0.1
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187.8 194.8 196.5 196.9
Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 0.0 0.9 0.2
DIFFUSION INDEX
(Over 1-month span)5
Total private (250 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.4 49.2 51.8 57.6
Manufacturing (72 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.9 41.7 38.9 42.4

1
Includes other industries, not shown separately.
2
Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the
service-providing industries.
3
The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate
hours.
4
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average
aggregate weekly payrolls.
5
Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal
balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates
1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of
employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series
has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household
survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about
130,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically
significant change in the household survey is about 600,000. However, the household survey has a
more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers
whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private
household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also
provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences
between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the
establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore,
it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does
not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which
identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the
foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The
Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating
additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates.
The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding
2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated
seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors
estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax
records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more
information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes. About 45 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments
with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the
reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and
industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal.
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

Yes. Monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net
employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an
econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based
on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly
Census of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than
sampling for this purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses
into the sample. There is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance
on the sampling frame and availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey
twice a year.
6. Is the count of unemployed people limited to just those receiving unemployment
insurance benefits?

No. The estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All people
who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the
unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There
is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.
7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently
looking for work?

Yes. However, there are separate estimates of people outside the labor force who want a job,
including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged
workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include
discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each
month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these
alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.
8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the
month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than
on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including
pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates
typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some
employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed,
while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours.
Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll
employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates,
employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees who receive
pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll employment figures.
For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit
www.bls.gov/ces/publications/length-pay-period.htm.
In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th
of the month. People who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as
employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the
number of people who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a
measure of the number of people who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad
weather.
Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page,
please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.
Technical Note
This news release presents statistics from two major unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent
surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the
survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; labor force as a percent of the population, and
establishment survey). The household survey provides the employment-population ratio is the employed as a
information on the labor force, employment, and percent of the population. Additional information
unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked about the household survey can be found at
HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.
eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for
the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Establishment survey. The sample establishments are
The establishment survey provides information on drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories,
employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local
payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are
ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each those who worked or received pay for any part of the
month from the payroll records of a sample of reference pay period, including people on paid leave. People
nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the are counted in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data
CES program surveys about 119,000 businesses and are produced for the private sector for all employees and for
government agencies, representing approximately 629,000 production and nonsupervisory employees. Production and
individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and
data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on related employees in manufacturing and mining and logging,
nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately construction workers in construction, and non-supervisory
one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs. employees in private service-providing industries.
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a Industries are classified on the basis of an
particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the establishment's principal activity in accordance with the
reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 2022 version of the North American Industry Classification
the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the System. Additional information about the establishment
reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.
may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.
Differences in employment estimates. The numerous
Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys conceptual and methodological differences between the
household and establishment surveys result in important
Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the
the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on surveys. Among these are:
responses to a series of questions on work and job search
activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample • The household survey includes agricultural
household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in workers, self-employed workers whose businesses
the labor force. are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and
People are classified as employed if they did any work private household workers among the employed.
at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked These groups are excluded from the establishment
in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or survey.
worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or
farm. People are also counted as employed if they were • The household survey includes people on unpaid
temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad leave among the employed. The establishment
weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal survey does not.
reasons.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of • The household survey is limited to workers 16 years
the following criteria: they had no employment during the of age and older. The establishment survey is not
reference week; they were available for work at that time; limited by age.
and they made specific active efforts to find employment
sometime during the 4-week period ending with the • The household survey has no duplication of
reference week. People laid off from a job and expecting individuals, because individuals are counted only
recall need not be looking for work to be counted as once, even if they hold more than one job. In the
unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the establishment survey, employees working at more
household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for than one job and thus appearing on more than one
or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits. payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
The civilian labor force is the sum of the employed and
unemployed. Those people not classified as employed or
unemployed are not in the labor force. The
Seasonal adjustment Reliability of the estimates

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor Statistics based on the household and establishment
force and the levels of employment and unemployment surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error.
undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may When a sample, rather than the entire population, is
result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may
the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such differ from the true population values they represent. The
seasonal variation can be very large. component of this difference that occurs because samples
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its
regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.
series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more
developments, such as declines in employment or increases than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value
in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally
spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to For example, the confidence interval for the monthly
obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment
May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic survey is on the order of plus or minus 130,000. Suppose the
activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from
survey, payroll employment in education declines by about one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on
20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with the monthly change would range from -80,000 to +180,000
the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying (50,000 +/- 130,000). These figures do not mean that the
employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that
employment changes at the end and beginning of the school there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-the-
year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make month change lies within this interval. Since this range
underlying employment patterns more discernable. The includes values of less than zero, we could not say with
seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased
which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment
activity. rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent
Many seasonally adjusted series are independently confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case,
adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm
However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an
as total payroll employment, employment in most major unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent
sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment
by aggregating independently adjusted component series. as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000,
For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is
adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this about +/- 0.2 percentage point.
differs from the unemployment estimate that would be In general, estimates involving many individuals or
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the
duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a
Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and small number of observations. The precision of estimates
duration are derived from the sum of the independently also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such
seasonally adjusted component series and will not as for quarterly and annual averages.
necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally The household and establishment surveys are also
adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many
about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the
found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa. population, inability to obtain information for all respondents
For both the household and establishment surveys, a in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to
concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made
which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using by respondents, and errors made in the collection or
all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current processing of the data.
month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for
used to adjust only the current month's data. In the the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns;
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the
used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly
estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received,
incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated that the estimate is considered final.
seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year
revisions to historical data are made once a year.
 Another major source of nonsampling error in the The sample-based estimates from the establishment
establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to
basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for universe counts of payroll employment obtained from
this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an administrative records of the unemployment insurance
estimation procedure with two components is used to program. The difference between the March sample-based
account for business births. The first component excludes employment estimates and the March universe counts is
employment losses from business deaths from sample-based known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains for total survey error. Benchmarks also incorporate changes
from business births. This is incorporated into the sample- in the classification of industries when necessary. Over the
based estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample past decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm
units going out of business, but imputing to them the same employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from
employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This -0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.
procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death
employment. Other information
The second component is an ARIMA time series model
designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech
not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications
series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived relay services.
from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level
database and reflects the actual residual net of births and
deaths over the past 5 years.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1
Employment status, sex, and age Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept.
2023 2024 2024 2023 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024

TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267,428 268,856 269,080 267,428 268,248 268,438 268,644 268,856 269,080
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167,718 168,763 168,569 167,897 167,732 168,009 168,429 168,549 168,699
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.7 62.8 62.6 62.8 62.5 62.6 62.7 62.7 62.7
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161,669 161,348 162,046 161,550 161,083 161,199 161,266 161,434 161,864
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.5 60.0 60.2 60.4 60.1 60.1 60.0 60.0 60.2
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,049 7,415 6,524 6,347 6,649 6,811 7,163 7,115 6,834
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 4.4 3.9 3.8 4.0 4.1 4.3 4.2 4.1
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,710 100,092 100,511 99,531 100,516 100,429 100,215 100,306 100,381
Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,299 5,749 5,591 5,424 5,717 5,234 5,600 5,637 5,697
Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130,713 131,077 131,186 130,713 130,782 130,875 130,975 131,077 131,186
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89,159 89,138 89,209 89,335 88,619 89,171 89,293 88,950 89,308
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.2 68.0 68.0 68.3 67.8 68.1 68.2 67.9 68.1
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,745 85,379 85,754 85,657 84,882 85,514 85,390 85,075 85,596
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.6 65.1 65.4 65.5 64.9 65.3 65.2 64.9 65.2
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,414 3,759 3,455 3,678 3,737 3,657 3,903 3,875 3,712
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 4.2 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.4 4.4 4.2
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,553 41,939 41,978 41,378 42,163 41,704 41,682 42,127 41,878
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121,931 122,118 122,221 121,931 121,844 121,929 122,021 122,118 122,221
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86,086 85,816 86,045 86,124 85,229 85,846 86,054 85,857 86,006
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.6 70.3 70.4 70.6 69.9 70.4 70.5 70.3 70.4
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,057 82,552 83,091 82,853 81,986 82,618 82,576 82,452 82,815
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.1 67.6 68.0 68.0 67.3 67.8 67.7 67.5 67.8
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,029 3,264 2,955 3,271 3,243 3,227 3,477 3,405 3,192
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 3.8 3.4 3.8 3.8 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.7
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,845 36,302 36,175 35,807 36,615 36,083 35,968 36,261 36,215
Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136,715 137,779 137,894 136,715 137,465 137,564 137,669 137,779 137,894
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,559 79,626 79,361 78,562 79,113 78,838 79,136 79,599 79,391
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.5 57.8 57.6 57.5 57.6 57.3 57.5 57.8 57.6
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,924 75,970 76,292 75,893 76,201 75,684 75,876 76,359 76,268
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.5 55.1 55.3 55.5 55.4 55.0 55.1 55.4 55.3
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,634 3,656 3,069 2,669 2,912 3,154 3,260 3,240 3,123
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 4.6 3.9 3.4 3.7 4.0 4.1 4.1 3.9
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,156 58,153 58,533 58,153 58,353 58,725 58,533 58,179 58,503
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128,237 129,125 129,236 128,237 128,830 128,922 129,021 129,125 129,236
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,602 76,216 76,264 75,453 75,812 75,587 75,968 76,411 76,134
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.0 59.0 59.0 58.8 58.8 58.6 58.9 59.2 58.9
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,292 73,014 73,598 73,119 73,226 72,798 73,078 73,589 73,426
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.2 56.5 56.9 57.0 56.8 56.5 56.6 57.0 56.8
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,310 3,202 2,667 2,333 2,586 2,788 2,890 2,822 2,708
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 4.2 3.5 3.1 3.4 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.6
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,635 52,909 52,972 52,784 53,018 53,335 53,052 52,714 53,102
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,260 17,612 17,623 17,260 17,574 17,588 17,602 17,612 17,623
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,030 6,731 6,260 6,321 6,692 6,577 6,407 6,281 6,559
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.9 38.2 35.5 36.6 38.1 37.4 36.4 35.7 37.2
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,321 5,782 5,357 5,578 5,871 5,782 5,612 5,393 5,624
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.8 32.8 30.4 32.3 33.4 32.9 31.9 30.6 31.9
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710 949 902 743 821 795 795 888 935
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.8 14.1 14.4 11.8 12.3 12.1 12.4 14.1 14.3
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,230 10,881 11,364 10,939 10,882 11,011 11,195 11,332 11,064

1
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1
Employment status, race, sex, and age Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept.
2023 2024 2024 2023 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024

WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204,756 205,222 205,338 204,756 204,917 205,010 205,114 205,222 205,338
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127,706 128,107 128,149 127,755 127,384 127,552 127,887 127,939 128,168
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.4 62.4 62.4 62.4 62.2 62.2 62.3 62.3 62.4
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123,547 123,013 123,659 123,403 122,922 123,095 123,032 123,049 123,490
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.3 59.9 60.2 60.3 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.1
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,160 5,094 4,490 4,352 4,462 4,457 4,854 4,890 4,677
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 4.0 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.8 3.8 3.6
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,049 77,115 77,189 77,001 77,533 77,457 77,228 77,282 77,171
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,622 66,277 66,445 66,615 65,797 66,154 66,313 66,282 66,385
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.3 70.0 70.2 70.3 69.6 70.0 70.1 70.0 70.1
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,514 64,002 64,353 64,313 63,588 64,011 64,005 63,910 64,114
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.1 67.6 67.9 67.9 67.3 67.7 67.6 67.5 67.7
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,108 2,275 2,091 2,302 2,208 2,143 2,308 2,372 2,271
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 3.4 3.1 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.5 3.6 3.4
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,503 56,606 56,837 56,349 56,441 56,268 56,529 56,777 56,693
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.0 57.9 58.1 57.8 57.8 57.6 57.8 58.0 57.9
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,912 54,432 55,096 54,767 54,752 54,505 54,583 54,866 54,947
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.3 55.6 56.3 56.2 56.0 55.8 55.8 56.1 56.1
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,592 2,175 1,741 1,583 1,689 1,763 1,946 1,911 1,747
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 3.8 3.1 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.4 3.4 3.1
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,581 5,223 4,867 4,790 5,146 5,131 5,044 4,880 5,089
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.6 41.1 38.3 38.2 40.5 40.4 39.7 38.4 40.0
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,121 4,579 4,209 4,323 4,582 4,580 4,444 4,273 4,429
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.9 36.0 33.1 34.5 36.1 36.0 34.9 33.6 34.8
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 644 657 467 564 551 600 607 660
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0 12.3 13.5 9.8 11.0 10.7 11.9 12.4 13.0
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,751 35,053 35,092 34,751 34,949 34,982 35,017 35,053 35,092
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,808 22,045 21,974 21,900 21,986 21,942 22,124 21,984 22,062
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.8 62.9 62.6 63.0 62.9 62.7 63.2 62.7 62.9
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,622 20,618 20,780 20,650 20,643 20,570 20,739 20,639 20,801
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.3 58.8 59.2 59.4 59.1 58.8 59.2 58.9 59.3
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,186 1,427 1,194 1,251 1,343 1,372 1,385 1,344 1,262
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 6.5 5.4 5.7 6.1 6.3 6.3 6.1 5.7
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,943 13,009 13,118 12,851 12,963 13,040 12,893 13,070 13,030
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,197 10,178 10,355 10,201 10,150 10,269 10,370 10,153 10,349
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.7 68.3 69.4 68.8 68.3 69.1 69.7 68.2 69.4
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,650 9,590 9,849 9,631 9,497 9,643 9,681 9,551 9,817
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.0 64.4 66.0 64.9 63.9 64.9 65.1 64.1 65.8
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 588 506 570 654 626 689 602 532
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 5.8 4.9 5.6 6.4 6.1 6.6 5.9 5.1
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,861 11,078 10,906 10,890 10,994 10,906 11,029 11,084 10,944
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.5 63.2 62.1 62.7 62.9 62.3 63.0 63.2 62.4
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,394 10,381 10,346 10,403 10,421 10,289 10,428 10,474 10,358
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.8 59.2 59.0 59.9 59.6 58.8 59.5 59.7 59.0
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 696 560 487 572 617 601 610 585
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 6.3 5.1 4.5 5.2 5.7 5.5 5.5 5.3
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750 789 713 809 842 767 725 747 770
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.5 30.0 27.1 31.7 32.2 29.3 27.6 28.4 29.3
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579 647 585 615 725 637 630 614 625
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.7 24.6 22.2 24.2 27.7 24.3 24.0 23.4 23.8
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 142 128 193 117 130 95 133 145
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.9 18.0 18.0 23.9 13.9 16.9 13.1 17.7 18.8

See footnotes at end of table.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1
Employment status, race, sex, and age Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept.
2023 2024 2024 2023 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024
ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,633 17,973 17,902 17,633 17,993 18,052 17,971 17,973 17,902
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,611 11,817 11,682 11,587 11,754 11,888 11,814 11,755 11,683
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.8 65.7 65.3 65.7 65.3 65.9 65.7 65.4 65.3
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,288 11,309 11,206 11,255 11,393 11,400 11,383 11,269 11,202
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.0 62.9 62.6 63.8 63.3 63.2 63.3 62.7 62.6
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 508 476 332 361 488 431 486 481
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 4.3 4.1 2.9 3.1 4.1 3.7 4.1 4.1
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,023 6,156 6,220 6,047 6,239 6,163 6,158 6,218 6,219

1
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are
introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1
Employment status, sex, and age Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept.
2023 2024 2024 2023 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,774 49,071 49,180 47,774 48,764 48,864 48,966 49,071 49,180
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,099 33,273 33,083 32,115 32,815 33,002 32,946 33,264 33,172
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.2 67.8 67.3 67.2 67.3 67.5 67.3 67.8 67.4
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,706 31,418 31,481 30,637 31,185 31,388 31,191 31,443 31,484
Employment-population ratio.............. . 64.3 64.0 64.0 64.1 64.0 64.2 63.7 64.1 64.0
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,393 1,856 1,602 1,478 1,630 1,614 1,755 1,822 1,687
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 5.6 4.8 4.6 5.0 4.9 5.3 5.5 5.1
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,675 15,798 16,097 15,659 15,949 15,862 16,020 15,807 16,008
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,246 17,839 17,677 17,256 17,592 17,769 17,710 17,834 17,697
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.5 80.4 79.5 79.5 79.8 80.5 80.0 80.4 79.6
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,586 17,004 17,039 16,520 16,767 17,023 16,923 16,980 16,978
Employment-population ratio.............. . 76.4 76.7 76.7 76.1 76.1 77.1 76.5 76.6 76.4
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660 834 638 736 826 746 786 854 720
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 4.7 3.6 4.3 4.7 4.2 4.4 4.8 4.1
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,395 13,904 13,912 13,355 13,582 13,555 13,690 13,921 13,924
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.9 62.4 62.3 61.7 61.3 61.1 61.6 62.5 62.3
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,826 13,175 13,250 12,785 13,032 12,951 12,949 13,223 13,262
Employment-population ratio.............. . 59.2 59.1 59.3 59.0 58.9 58.4 58.2 59.3 59.4
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 729 662 570 550 604 741 698 663
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 5.2 4.8 4.3 4.1 4.5 5.4 5.0 4.8
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,457 1,531 1,495 1,504 1,641 1,678 1,546 1,509 1,550
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.0 33.2 32.4 34.1 35.8 36.5 33.6 32.7 33.6
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,293 1,238 1,192 1,332 1,386 1,414 1,319 1,239 1,245
Employment-population ratio.............. . 29.3 26.9 25.8 30.2 30.2 30.8 28.7 26.9 27.0
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 293 302 172 254 264 227 269 305
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 19.1 20.2 11.4 15.5 15.7 14.7 17.8 19.7

1
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted
columns.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the
release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Educational attainment Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept.
2023 2024 2024 2023 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,287 9,418 9,355 9,203 9,046 9,145 9,199 9,452 9,262
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.5 47.9 48.1 47.0 46.0 47.0 49.0 48.1 47.6
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,865 8,807 8,802 8,698 8,515 8,604 8,583 8,785 8,630
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.3 44.8 45.3 44.4 43.3 44.2 45.7 44.7 44.4
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 611 553 506 531 541 616 667 632
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 6.5 5.9 5.5 5.9 5.9 6.7 7.1 6.8
High school graduates, no college1
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,416 36,972 36,408 36,198 36,340 36,235 36,721 36,840 36,214
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.2 57.1 57.0 56.8 56.8 57.0 57.0 56.9 56.7
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,993 35,508 35,031 34,708 34,785 34,709 35,015 35,357 34,770
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.9 54.8 54.8 54.5 54.4 54.6 54.3 54.6 54.4
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,423 1,464 1,377 1,490 1,555 1,526 1,707 1,482 1,444
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 4.0 3.8 4.1 4.3 4.2 4.6 4.0 4.0
Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,016 35,239 35,990 35,918 35,610 35,569 35,688 35,578 35,899
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.9 62.9 63.3 62.7 63.1 62.7 63.0 63.5 63.1
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,976 33,939 34,808 34,843 34,517 34,353 34,425 34,352 34,680
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.1 60.6 61.2 60.8 61.1 60.5 60.8 61.3 61.0
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,041 1,300 1,182 1,076 1,092 1,216 1,263 1,226 1,219
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 3.7 3.3 3.0 3.1 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.4
Bachelor’s degree and higher2
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,285 65,080 65,527 64,234 64,994 65,352 65,256 65,291 65,465
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.5 72.8 72.9 73.4 72.8 72.8 72.7 73.0 72.9
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,946 63,217 64,073 62,851 63,622 63,800 63,724 63,653 63,962
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.9 70.7 71.3 71.8 71.3 71.1 71.0 71.2 71.2
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,340 1,864 1,454 1,383 1,372 1,552 1,532 1,639 1,503
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 2.9 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.3

1
Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.
2
Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,
and sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total Men Women
Employment status, veteran status, and period of service Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept.
2023 2024 2023 2024 2023 2024

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,856 17,509 15,812 15,455 2,044 2,054
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,488 8,445 7,293 7,250 1,195 1,195
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.5 48.2 46.1 46.9 58.5 58.2
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,189 8,215 7,047 7,072 1,141 1,143
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.9 46.9 44.6 45.8 55.8 55.6
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 230 245 178 54 52
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 2.7 3.4 2.5 4.5 4.3
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,368 9,064 8,519 8,205 849 859
Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,068 5,300 4,120 4,333 948 967
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,952 4,217 3,238 3,517 714 700
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.0 79.6 78.6 81.2 75.3 72.3
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,752 4,110 3,071 3,435 681 675
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.0 77.5 74.5 79.3 71.8 69.7
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 107 167 82 33 25
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 2.5 5.2 2.3 4.6 3.6
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,116 1,083 882 815 234 268
Gulf War-era I veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,961 2,875 2,534 2,435 427 440
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,082 1,943 1,812 1,666 270 277
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.3 67.6 71.5 68.4 63.1 63.1
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,031 1,888 1,763 1,628 268 259
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.6 65.7 69.6 66.9 62.7 58.9
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 55 49 37 2 18
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 2.8 2.7 2.2 0.7 6.5
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879 932 722 770 157 162
World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,918 5,577 5,667 5,340 251 237
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802 704 768 673 35 31
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6 12.6 13.5 12.6 13.8 13.2
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786 686 759 656 27 30
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3 12.3 13.4 12.3 10.9 12.7
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 18 9 17 7 1
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 2.6 1.2 2.5 – –
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,116 4,873 4,899 4,667 216 206
Veterans of other service periods
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,909 3,757 3,491 3,347 418 410
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,651 1,580 1,474 1,394 177 186
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.2 42.1 42.2 41.7 42.3 45.4
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,620 1,531 1,454 1,352 165 179
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.4 40.8 41.7 40.4 39.6 43.7
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 49 20 42 12 7
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 3.1 1.4 3.0 6.5 3.7
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,258 2,177 2,017 1,953 241 224
NONVETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240,361 242,028 110,172 110,883 130,189 131,145
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156,823 157,579 80,635 80,719 76,188 76,860
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.2 65.1 73.2 72.8 58.5 58.6
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151,346 151,614 77,634 77,630 73,712 73,985
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.0 62.6 70.5 70.0 56.6 56.4
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,477 5,965 3,001 3,089 2,476 2,876
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.2 3.7
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,538 84,449 29,537 30,165 54,002 54,285

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the
U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August
1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service
periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the
selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not
shown where base is less than 75,000).
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally
adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Persons with a disability Persons with no disability
Employment status, sex, and age Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept.
2023 2024 2023 2024

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population..................................................... . 34,146 33,660 233,282 235,420
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,275 8,243 159,443 160,327
Participation rate.................................................................... . 24.2 24.5 68.3 68.1
Employed............................................................................ . 7,674 7,646 153,995 154,400
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.5 22.7 66.0 65.6
Unemployed......................................................................... . 601 597 5,447 5,927
Unemployment rate.............................................................. . 7.3 7.2 3.4 3.7
Not in labor force...................................................................... . 25,871 25,417 73,839 75,093
Men, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,543 3,445 79,399 79,242
Participation rate.................................................................... . 41.9 42.4 83.0 82.8
Employed............................................................................ . 3,278 3,155 76,409 76,242
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.7 38.9 79.9 79.7
Unemployed......................................................................... . 265 290 2,991 3,000
Unemployment rate.............................................................. . 7.5 8.4 3.8 3.8
Not in labor force...................................................................... . 4,916 4,674 16,260 16,414
Women, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,313 3,381 70,044 70,502
Participation rate.................................................................... . 38.8 39.2 72.9 73.0
Employed............................................................................ . 3,045 3,129 67,809 67,832
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.6 36.3 70.5 70.2
Unemployed......................................................................... . 268 252 2,234 2,670
Unemployment rate.............................................................. . 8.1 7.5 3.2 3.8
Not in labor force...................................................................... . 5,234 5,247 26,089 26,067
Both sexes, 65 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,419 1,417 10,000 10,582
Participation rate.................................................................... . 8.3 8.4 24.1 24.5
Employed............................................................................ . 1,351 1,361 9,777 10,326
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9 8.0 23.6 23.9
Unemployed......................................................................... . 68 55 222 256
Unemployment rate.............................................................. . 4.8 3.9 2.2 2.4
Not in labor force...................................................................... . 15,721 15,497 31,490 32,612

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty
seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or
emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as
visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with
the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total Men Women
Employment status and nativity Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept.
2023 2024 2023 2024 2023 2024

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population.................................. . 46,707 48,800 22,753 24,105 23,953 24,695
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,336 32,781 17,769 18,766 13,567 14,015
Participation rate................................................. . 67.1 67.2 78.1 77.9 56.6 56.8
Employed......................................................... . 30,213 31,414 17,154 18,142 13,059 13,272
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.7 64.4 75.4 75.3 54.5 53.7
Unemployed...................................................... . 1,123 1,368 615 624 508 744
Unemployment rate........................................... . 3.6 4.2 3.5 3.3 3.7 5.3
Not in labor force................................................... . 15,371 16,018 4,985 5,339 10,386 10,680
Native born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.................................. . 220,721 220,280 107,959 107,081 112,762 113,199
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136,382 135,788 71,391 70,442 64,992 65,346
Participation rate................................................. . 61.8 61.6 66.1 65.8 57.6 57.7
Employed......................................................... . 131,457 130,632 68,591 67,612 62,865 63,020
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.6 59.3 63.5 63.1 55.8 55.7
Unemployed...................................................... . 4,926 5,156 2,799 2,831 2,126 2,325
Unemployment rate........................................... . 3.6 3.8 3.9 4.0 3.3 3.6
Not in labor force................................................... . 84,339 84,492 36,569 36,639 47,770 47,853

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States
or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born
in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Category Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept.
2023 2024 2024 2023 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024

CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,288 2,393 2,273 2,286 2,221 2,379 2,273 2,327 2,267
Wage and salary workers1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,551 1,719 1,648 1,563 1,504 1,666 1,595 1,659 1,641
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . 699 652 617 694 657 655 641 630 614
Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 22 8 – – – – – –
Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159,381 158,955 159,772 159,306 158,919 158,984 159,100 159,108 159,635
Wage and salary workers1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,233 149,379 150,426 150,134 149,413 149,846 149,789 149,476 150,298
Government.................................... . 21,480 20,854 22,176 21,618 21,613 21,560 21,607 21,431 22,216
Private industries.............................. . 128,753 128,526 128,251 128,558 127,746 128,300 128,166 127,962 128,095
Private households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665 613 654 – – – – – –
Other industries............................. . 128,089 127,913 127,597 127,958 127,072 127,646 127,515 127,371 127,450
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . 9,114 9,545 9,300 9,043 9,408 9,025 9,191 9,475 9,235
Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 31 46 – – – – – –
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2
All industries
Part time for economic reasons3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,742 4,757 4,297 4,069 4,419 4,220 4,566 4,830 4,624
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,608 3,203 2,807 2,799 3,086 2,832 2,985 3,303 2,999
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 940 1,133 1,298 940 1,042 1,144 1,195 1,144 1,274
Part time for noneconomic reasons4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,309 21,050 22,704 22,177 22,662 22,341 22,036 22,561 22,566
Nonagricultural industries
Part time for economic reasons3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,698 4,677 4,227 3,988 4,340 4,138 4,491 4,737 4,518
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,579 3,157 2,751 2,753 3,036 2,778 2,937 3,261 2,928
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930 1,108 1,298 930 1,028 1,134 1,188 1,124 1,271
Part time for noneconomic reasons4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,883 20,682 22,374 21,752 22,285 21,947 21,681 22,170 22,232

1
Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.
2
Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for
the entire week.
3
Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business
conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.
4
Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or
training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to
34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment
of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Selected employment indicators
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Characteristic Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept.
2023 2024 2024 2023 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161,669 161,348 162,046 161,550 161,083 161,199 161,266 161,434 161,864
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,321 5,782 5,357 5,578 5,871 5,782 5,612 5,393 5,624
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,134 2,275 2,217 2,121 2,153 2,207 2,139 2,034 2,193
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,186 3,508 3,141 3,432 3,733 3,556 3,418 3,327 3,398
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156,349 155,566 156,688 155,972 155,212 155,417 155,654 156,041 156,240
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,569 14,096 13,975 14,684 13,945 14,050 14,081 13,917 14,075
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141,780 141,470 142,713 141,218 141,385 141,364 141,594 141,988 142,147
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103,831 103,757 104,493 103,515 103,919 103,874 104,120 104,144 104,192
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,008 35,324 35,634 35,945 35,694 35,645 35,569 35,495 35,572
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,625 36,227 36,567 35,501 36,121 36,147 36,270 36,332 36,456
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,199 32,206 32,293 32,069 32,105 32,081 32,281 32,317 32,164
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,949 37,713 38,220 37,704 37,466 37,491 37,475 37,844 37,955
Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,745 85,379 85,754 85,657 84,882 85,514 85,390 85,075 85,596
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,688 2,827 2,663 2,804 2,896 2,896 2,814 2,623 2,781
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,064 1,098 1,052 1,061 996 1,061 1,045 967 1,041
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,624 1,728 1,611 1,725 1,915 1,818 1,720 1,616 1,719
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,057 82,552 83,091 82,853 81,986 82,618 82,576 82,452 82,815
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,248 7,236 7,164 7,316 7,110 7,218 7,160 7,071 7,219
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,809 75,316 75,927 75,452 74,943 75,358 75,412 75,279 75,555
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,489 55,208 55,471 55,279 54,970 55,294 55,378 55,162 55,262
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,175 18,810 18,918 19,120 18,872 18,992 19,033 18,831 18,864
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,188 19,359 19,525 19,112 19,210 19,304 19,371 19,322 19,450
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,126 17,039 17,028 17,047 16,888 16,998 16,973 17,010 16,948
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,319 20,109 20,456 20,173 19,973 20,063 20,035 20,117 20,293
Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,924 75,970 76,292 75,893 76,201 75,684 75,876 76,359 76,268
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,633 2,956 2,694 2,774 2,975 2,886 2,798 2,770 2,842
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,071 1,176 1,164 1,061 1,158 1,145 1,095 1,067 1,152
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,562 1,780 1,530 1,707 1,818 1,739 1,698 1,712 1,680
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,292 73,014 73,598 73,119 73,226 72,798 73,078 73,589 73,426
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,321 6,860 6,811 7,368 6,835 6,833 6,921 6,846 6,856
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,971 66,154 66,786 65,766 66,442 66,007 66,182 66,709 66,591
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,342 48,550 49,022 48,236 48,950 48,579 48,742 48,982 48,930
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,832 16,515 16,716 16,825 16,822 16,653 16,536 16,665 16,708
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,437 16,868 17,042 16,389 16,910 16,843 16,899 17,010 17,005
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,073 15,167 15,264 15,022 15,217 15,083 15,308 15,307 15,216
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,629 17,604 17,764 17,530 17,492 17,427 17,440 17,727 17,661
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,588 45,826 46,371 46,338 45,712 45,902 46,060 45,952 46,053
Married women, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,300 36,949 37,600 37,198 37,020 36,964 36,981 37,341 37,469
Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,882 10,130 9,852 – – – – – –
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134,560 134,396 134,145 134,145 133,264 133,236 133,684 133,246 133,660
Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,109 26,953 27,901 27,348 28,004 28,054 27,729 28,256 28,161
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,146 8,236 8,648 8,173 8,399 8,340 8,473 8,538 8,659
Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.3
SELF-EMPLOYMENT
Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,684 6,911 7,174 – – – – – –
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,813 10,197 9,917 9,737 10,065 9,681 9,831 10,105 9,849

1
Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex
married couples only.
2
Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,
referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.
3
Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.
4
Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons Unemployment rates
Characteristic (in thousands)
Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept.
2023 2024 2024 2023 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,347 7,115 6,834 3.8 4.0 4.1 4.3 4.2 4.1
16 to 19 years.................................... . 743 888 935 11.8 12.3 12.1 12.4 14.1 14.3
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 363 369 12.8 13.6 12.6 11.3 15.1 14.4
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 533 559 11.1 11.4 11.8 13.5 13.8 14.1
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,604 6,227 5,899 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.9 3.8 3.6
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,104 1,184 1,054 7.0 7.9 7.5 7.7 7.8 7.0
25 years and over............................. . 4,431 4,997 4,795 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.3
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,423 3,850 3,702 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.4
25 to 34 years............................ . 1,492 1,667 1,531 4.0 4.1 4.4 4.8 4.5 4.1
35 to 44 years............................ . 1,015 1,296 1,276 2.8 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.4 3.4
45 to 54 years............................ . 916 887 895 2.8 2.5 2.7 2.9 2.7 2.7
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,028 1,154 1,107 2.7 2.7 2.8 3.1 3.0 2.8
Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,678 3,875 3,712 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.4 4.4 4.2
16 to 19 years.................................... . 407 470 520 12.7 14.6 12.9 13.1 15.2 15.8
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 205 209 15.4 16.6 12.3 10.5 17.5 16.7
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 270 315 11.4 13.0 13.3 15.2 14.3 15.5
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,271 3,405 3,192 3.8 3.8 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.7
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663 644 573 8.3 8.3 8.0 7.9 8.3 7.3
25 years and over............................. . 2,575 2,718 2,604 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.6 3.5 3.3
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,053 2,033 1,989 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.5
25 to 34 years............................ . 913 888 826 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.7 4.5 4.2
35 to 44 years............................ . 589 659 677 3.0 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.4
45 to 54 years............................ . 550 487 485 3.1 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.8
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522 686 615 2.5 2.7 2.8 3.3 3.3 2.9
Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,669 3,240 3,123 3.4 3.7 4.0 4.1 4.1 3.9
16 to 19 years.................................... . 336 418 415 10.8 9.9 11.2 11.7 13.1 12.7
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 158 160 10.1 10.8 12.8 12.1 12.9 12.2
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 263 243 10.8 9.7 10.1 11.7 13.3 12.7
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,333 2,822 2,708 3.1 3.4 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.6
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 540 482 5.6 7.4 7.0 7.4 7.3 6.6
25 years and over............................. . 1,857 2,279 2,191 2.7 3.0 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.2
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,370 1,817 1,713 2.8 3.1 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.4
25 to 34 years............................ . 579 780 705 3.3 3.7 4.6 4.9 4.5 4.0
35 to 44 years............................ . 426 637 599 2.5 3.1 3.4 2.9 3.6 3.4
45 to 54 years............................ . 366 400 410 2.4 2.3 2.6 2.9 2.5 2.6
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492 477 479 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.6
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985 1,007 1,006 2.1 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.1
Married women, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 917 930 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4
Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 601 482 4.0 4.4 6.2 5.6 5.6 4.7
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,061 5,757 5,533 3.6 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.0
Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,231 1,357 1,246 4.3 4.0 4.2 4.7 4.6 4.2

1
Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to
persons in opposite-sex married couples only.
2
Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,
but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an
opposite-sex spouse.
3
Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time
jobs.
4
Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from
part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment
of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Reason Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept.
2023 2024 2024 2023 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,522 3,431 2,879 2,869 3,220 3,176 3,490 3,328 3,233
On temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 922 557 813 836 813 1,062 872 894
Not on temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,044 2,510 2,322 2,056 2,384 2,362 2,427 2,456 2,340
Permanent job losers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,409 1,743 1,667 1,421 1,764 1,643 1,682 1,688 1,682
Persons who completed temporary jobs. . . . 634 766 655 636 620 719 746 768 658
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859 923 884 797 717 752 855 845 818
Reentrants........................................... . 2,114 2,239 2,131 2,024 2,046 2,094 2,160 2,132 2,046
New entrants........................................ . 553 821 630 586 630 708 650 718 662
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.7 46.3 44.1 45.7 48.7 47.2 48.8 47.4 47.8
On temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9 12.4 8.5 13.0 12.6 12.1 14.8 12.4 13.2
Not on temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.8 33.8 35.6 32.8 36.0 35.1 33.9 35.0 34.6
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.2 12.4 13.6 12.7 10.8 11.2 11.9 12.0 12.1
Reentrants........................................... . 34.9 30.2 32.7 32.3 30.9 31.1 30.2 30.4 30.3
New entrants........................................ . 9.1 11.1 9.7 9.3 9.5 10.5 9.1 10.2 9.8
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 2.0 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.0 1.9
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5
Reentrants........................................... . 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2
New entrants........................................ . 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Duration Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept.
2023 2024 2024 2023 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,023 2,442 2,095 2,053 2,309 2,128 2,351 2,468 2,146
5 to 14 weeks....................................... . 1,865 2,395 1,803 2,043 1,918 2,102 2,141 2,019 1,982
15 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,161 2,578 2,626 2,288 2,305 2,603 2,622 2,700 2,749
15 to 26 weeks................................... . 928 1,028 1,021 985 955 1,087 1,087 1,167 1,119
27 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,233 1,550 1,605 1,303 1,350 1,516 1,535 1,533 1,630
Average (mean) duration, in weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.9 20.8 23.1 21.4 21.2 20.7 20.6 21.0 22.6
Median duration, in weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 9.5 10.7 9.1 8.9 9.8 9.4 9.4 9.9
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.4 32.9 32.1 32.2 35.3 31.1 33.0 34.3 31.2
5 to 14 weeks....................................... . 30.8 32.3 27.6 32.0 29.4 30.8 30.1 28.1 28.8
15 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.7 34.8 40.2 35.8 35.3 38.1 36.9 37.6 40.0
15 to 26 weeks................................... . 15.3 13.9 15.7 15.4 14.6 15.9 15.3 16.2 16.3
27 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.4 20.9 24.6 20.4 20.7 22.2 21.6 21.3 23.7

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Unemployment
Employed Unemployed
rates
Occupation
Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept.
2023 2024 2023 2024 2023 2024

Total, 16 years and over1............................................ . 161,669 162,046 6,049 6,524 3.6 3.9
Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . 70,417 70,916 1,466 1,647 2.0 2.3
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations.................................................... . 30,768 30,843 655 705 2.1 2.2
Professional and related occupations......................... . 39,649 40,073 811 942 2.0 2.3
Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,659 27,014 1,134 1,341 4.1 4.7
Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,393 29,642 1,270 1,249 4.0 4.0
Sales and related occupations................................. . 14,353 13,797 612 649 4.1 4.5
Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,040 15,845 658 601 3.9 3.7
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations....................................................... . 14,276 14,600 566 598 3.8 3.9
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,058 1,049 70 96 6.2 8.4
Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,248 8,606 416 384 4.8 4.3
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . . 4,970 4,945 80 118 1.6 2.3
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations....................................................... . 19,924 19,874 1,038 1,041 5.0 5.0
Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,163 7,658 277 344 3.3 4.3
Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . 11,761 12,217 761 697 6.1 5.4

1
Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect
the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification
system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly
comparable with earlier years.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed Unemployment
persons rates
Industry and class of worker (in thousands)
Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept.
2023 2024 2023 2024

Total, 16 years and over1............................................................... . 6,049 6,524 3.6 3.9

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,762 4,968 3.6 3.7
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction................................... . 16 12 2.6 2.0
Construction......................................................................... . 392 403 3.8 3.7
Manufacturing....................................................................... . 495 481 3.2 3.2
Durable goods.................................................................... . 278 278 2.8 2.9
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 204 3.9 3.9
Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889 848 4.5 4.4
Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 373 4.7 4.6
Information........................................................................... . 117 98 4.3 3.8
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 238 1.9 2.4
Professional and business services.............................................. . 699 746 3.6 3.7
Education and health services.................................................... . 638 816 2.4 3.1
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734 761 5.4 5.6
Other services....................................................................... . 211 192 3.1 2.8
Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 135 3.9 7.9
Government workers.................................................................. . 393 434 1.8 1.9
Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . 278 356 2.7 3.4

1
Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the
introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from
the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization
[Percent]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Measure Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept.
2023 2024 2024 2023 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian
labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 2.0 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.0 1.9
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the
civilian labor force (official unemployment
rate). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 4.4 3.9 3.8 4.0 4.1 4.3 4.2 4.1
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged
workers, as a percent of the civilian labor
force plus discouraged workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 4.6 4.1 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.5 4.4 4.3
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged
workers, plus all other persons marginally
attached to the labor force, as a percent of
the civilian labor force plus all persons
marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . . . 4.5 5.2 4.8 4.6 4.8 4.9 5.1 5.0 5.0
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons
marginally attached to the labor force, plus
total employed part time for economic
reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor
force plus all persons marginally attached to
the labor force.................................... . 6.7 8.0 7.3 7.0 7.4 7.4 7.8 7.9 7.7

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and
are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have
given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are
available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of
January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total Men Women
Category Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept.
2023 2024 2023 2024 2023 2024

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,710 100,511 41,553 41,978 58,156 58,533
Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,299 5,591 2,364 2,480 2,935 3,110
Marginally attached to the labor force1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,492 1,676 756 830 736 845
Discouraged workers2........................................ . 351 432 189 218 162 214
Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. . . 1,141 1,244 567 612 575 631
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders4............................................ . 8,146 8,648 3,959 4,067 4,186 4,581
Percent of total employed......................................... . 5.0 5.3 4.6 4.7 5.5 6.0
Primary job full time, secondary job part time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,730 4,817 2,469 2,430 2,262 2,386
Primary and secondary jobs both part time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,888 2,307 659 834 1,229 1,473
Primary and secondary jobs both full time...................... . 447 359 272 201 175 157
Hours vary on primary or secondary job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,008 1,110 520 574 489 537

1
Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference
week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.
2
Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks
schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.
3
Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and
transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4
Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Change
Industry Sept. July Aug. Sept. Sept. July Aug. Sept. from:
2023 2024 2024p 2024p 2023 2024 2024p 2024p Aug.2024 -
Sept.2024p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156,845 158,399 158,717 159,177 156,667 158,692 158,851 159,105 254
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133,861 136,256 136,176 135,718 133,764 135,347 135,461 135,684 223
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,818 22,119 22,120 22,014 21,664 21,833 21,838 21,859 21
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649 642 644 645 645 635 636 639 3
Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.2 39.6 39.5 39.9 45.5 38.5 38.1 38.3 0.2
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.. . 602.7 601.9 604.5 604.7 599.7 596.7 597.6 600.5 2.9
Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118.1 121.0 120.7 119.8 117.6 120.0 119.1 119.8 0.7
Mining (except oil and gas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189.2 192.7 192.1 190.5 186.8 188.8 188.4 188.1 -0.3
Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.8 44.0 43.2 43.0 42.7 43.6 43.2 43.0 -0.2
Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.8 43.9 44.0 43.5 43.7 43.5 43.5 43.5 0.0
Nonmetallic mineral mining and
quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.6 104.8 104.9 104.0 100.4 101.7 101.6 101.7 0.1
Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.4 288.2 291.7 294.4 295.3 287.9 290.1 292.6 2.5
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,216 8,464 8,496 8,446 8,065 8,247 8,278 8,303 25
Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,833.5 1,914.8 1,914.8 1,889.6 1,819.5 1,876.2 1,880.3 1,879.4 -0.9
Residential building construction. . . . . . . . . . . . 932.9 963.7 966.1 957.1 928.7 945.9 949.5 951.5 2.0
Nonresidential building construction. . . . . . . . . 900.6 951.1 948.7 932.5 890.8 930.3 930.8 927.9 -2.9
Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 1,180.0 1,191.2 1,205.3 1,203.3 1,128.0 1,141.3 1,152.1 1,155.9 3.8
Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,202.8 5,358.4 5,375.7 5,353.1 5,117.4 5,229.7 5,245.1 5,267.9 22.8
Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 2,419.8 2,479.4 2,478.3 2,454.9 2,387.0 2,416.6 2,418.9 2,424.7 5.8
Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,783.0 2,879.0 2,897.4 2,898.2 2,730.4 2,813.1 2,826.2 2,843.2 17.0
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,953 13,013 12,980 12,923 12,954 12,951 12,924 12,917 -7
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,117 8,155 8,125 8,090 8,125 8,130 8,100 8,097 -3
Wood product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415.7 419.5 416.6 414.5 416.5 416.3 415.1 414.3 -0.8
Nonmetallic mineral product
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425.1 428.3 427.9 428.2 421.4 423.3 422.4 423.7 1.3
Primary metal manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375.1 373.8 373.8 371.6 375.9 372.6 372.5 371.8 -0.7
Fabricated metal product manufacturing. . . . 1,454.5 1,466.8 1,461.3 1,460.9 1,457.2 1,461.5 1,459.7 1,463.4 3.7
Machinery manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,134.7 1,138.3 1,132.0 1,126.4 1,139.1 1,131.1 1,129.3 1,130.7 1.4
Computer and electronic product
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,103.7 1,108.7 1,101.9 1,096.0 1,106.6 1,099.5 1,097.3 1,097.5 0.2
Computer and peripheral equipment
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162.2 160.8 160.5 160.0 162.3 160.0 159.7 160.1 0.4
Communications equipment
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.2 85.6 84.7 84.6 86.8 84.8 84.7 84.6 -0.1
Semiconductor and other electronic
component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389.9 395.7 393.3 389.5 391.9 391.5 391.3 390.5 -0.8
Navigational, measuring, electromedical,
and control instruments
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434.1 435.3 432.0 430.8 434.5 432.5 430.8 431.3 0.5
Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic
and optical media and audio and video
equipment manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.3 31.3 31.4 31.1 31.2 30.8 30.9 30.9 0.0
Electrical equipment, appliance, and
component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416.1 407.6 403.2 400.1 416.7 405.2 402.0 400.0 -2.0
Transportation equipment manufacturing1. . . 1,814.6 1,847.0 1,847.3 1,839.5 1,810.3 1,860.8 1,844.1 1,838.9 -5.2
Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,057.2 1,065.3 1,071.5 1,065.1 1,052.8 1,082.5 1,069.1 1,062.6 -6.5
Furniture and related product
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350.8 342.5 341.2 336.4 354.0 341.3 339.7 338.1 -1.6
Miscellaneous manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626.2 622.1 619.8 616.3 627.1 618.5 618.3 618.5 0.2
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,836 4,858 4,855 4,833 4,829 4,821 4,824 4,820 -4
Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,728.9 1,750.2 1,756.5 1,757.1 1,723.4 1,739.8 1,744.7 1,747.1 2.4
Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90.0 90.4 89.6 89.1 89.8 89.7 88.9 88.9 0.0
Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.5 95.0 94.3 94.1 97.7 95.0 93.8 94.4 0.6
Apparel manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.7 84.3 84.1 83.5 89.1 84.0 84.1 83.7 -0.4
Paper manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353.0 350.3 348.9 346.7 353.8 350.1 349.5 347.5 -2.0
Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 363.9 360.9 361.4 361.5 366.0 360.4 360.6 361.3 0.7
Petroleum and coal products
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108.9 110.7 110.7 109.4 107.6 108.1 107.9 107.9 0.0
Chemical manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897.7 908.1 904.8 899.9 902.1 902.3 902.5 902.2 -0.3
Plastics and rubber products
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736.4 726.1 723.4 717.1 737.7 723.3 722.4 720.7 -1.7

See footnotes at end of table.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
— Continued
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Change
Industry Sept. July Aug. Sept. Sept. July Aug. Sept. from:
2023 2024 2024p 2024p 2023 2024 2024p 2024p Aug.2024 -
Sept.2024p
Nondurable goods - Continued
Beverage, tobacco, and leather and allied
product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371.0 381.6 381.3 374.9 362.2 368.5 369.2 366.1 -3.1
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,043 114,137 114,056 113,704 112,100 113,514 113,623 113,825 202
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,724 28,965 28,908 28,902 28,882 29,036 29,031 29,044 13
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,131.8 6,210.4 6,197.0 6,174.5 6,133.3 6,175.2 6,175.6 6,177.5 1.9
Merchant wholesalers, durable goods. . . . . . . 3,406.7 3,462.4 3,454.1 3,438.7 3,408.8 3,444.8 3,443.2 3,443.2 0.0
Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods. . . 2,210.4 2,232.9 2,228.6 2,221.3 2,210.0 2,217.2 2,219.3 2,220.8 1.5
Wholesale trade agents and brokers. . . . . . . . 514.7 515.1 514.3 514.5 514.5 513.2 513.1 513.5 0.4
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,474.2 15,671.1 15,610.9 15,538.3 15,612.0 15,661.3 15,652.5 15,668.1 15.6
Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,063.1 2,085.3 2,082.1 2,077.7 2,058.8 2,073.7 2,073.8 2,074.1 0.3
Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,282.3 1,305.5 1,304.4 1,305.4 1,281.7 1,304.2 1,303.0 1,304.3 1.3
Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179.3 176.6 172.2 168.0 177.7 167.5 166.2 166.0 -0.2
Automotive parts, accessories, and tire
retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601.5 603.2 605.5 604.3 599.4 602.0 604.5 603.8 -0.7
Building material and garden equipment
and supplies dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,381.6 1,403.5 1,377.8 1,356.3 1,400.3 1,376.2 1,374.7 1,373.5 -1.2
Food and beverage retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,221.4 3,273.9 3,261.1 3,241.0 3,240.7 3,258.2 3,259.1 3,261.7 2.6
Furniture, home furnishings, electronics,
and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831.6 801.2 807.7 814.6 839.0 816.9 818.9 820.7 1.8
Furniture and home furnishings retailers.. . 423.1 411.0 413.2 416.5 430.6 419.7 420.3 421.1 0.8
Electronics and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . 408.5 390.2 394.5 398.1 408.4 397.2 398.6 399.6 1.0
General merchandise retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,184.8 3,262.3 3,251.7 3,257.6 3,240.1 3,289.8 3,288.9 3,293.1 4.2
Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938.3 954.7 948.8 958.1 967.3 972.5 970.2 974.4 4.2
Warehouse clubs, supercenters, and
other general merchandise retailers. . . . 2,246.5 2,307.6 2,302.9 2,299.5 2,272.8 2,317.3 2,318.7 2,318.8 0.1
Health and personal care retailers. . . . . . . . . . . 1,085.4 1,077.1 1,071.9 1,081.4 1,098.9 1,093.1 1,086.9 1,090.9 4.0
Gasoline stations and fuel dealers. . . . . . . . . . 1,070.2 1,092.3 1,089.8 1,081.2 1,066.4 1,080.0 1,080.2 1,081.1 0.9
Clothing, clothing accessories, shoe, and
jewelry retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,116.6 1,125.7 1,126.2 1,100.4 1,138.4 1,134.5 1,132.0 1,134.8 2.8
Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument,
book, and miscellaneous retailers. . . . . . . . . 1,519.5 1,549.8 1,542.6 1,528.1 1,529.4 1,538.9 1,538.0 1,538.2 0.2
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,540.8 6,489.9 6,508.6 6,596.5 6,557.9 6,609.3 6,612.5 6,603.9 -8.6
Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561.5 579.2 579.4 575.3 560.0 575.2 577.1 575.6 -1.5
Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.7 150.8 150.2 150.2 152.8 150.9 150.3 150.1 -0.2
Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.6 78.5 77.8 77.0 70.9 75.3 74.7 75.4 0.7
Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,562.0 1,560.8 1,563.8 1,557.7 1,551.1 1,545.0 1,544.3 1,543.6 -0.7
Transit and ground passenger
transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443.7 376.9 379.6 457.5 429.3 435.4 439.5 442.9 3.4
Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.4 55.2 54.0 54.6 52.5 54.9 54.2 54.6 0.4
Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 35.2 43.9 44.4 39.7 29.4 35.5 35.7 34.7 -1.0
Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 826.9 853.2 853.9 852.9 825.8 854.4 855.7 855.7 0.0
Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,048.6 1,032.7 1,043.3 1,061.2 1,093.8 1,099.9 1,099.4 1,100.7 1.3
Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,785.2 1,758.7 1,762.2 1,770.4 1,792.3 1,782.8 1,781.6 1,770.6 -11.0
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577.1 594.0 591.8 593.0 578.3 590.5 590.8 594.2 3.4
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,000 3,025 3,024 2,994 3,008 2,999 2,992 2,996 4
Motion picture and sound recording
industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398.0 461.0 463.7 440.0 400.3 447.3 447.3 445.6 -1.7
Publishing industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 950.1 930.2 930.1 929.9 955.0 921.3 918.6 919.7 1.1
Broadcasting and content providers. . . . . . . . . . . 341.9 338.0 336.7 334.9 343.1 338.6 337.1 336.1 -1.0
Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641.4 624.3 620.2 613.4 640.9 621.9 619.0 617.4 -1.6
Computing infrastructure providers, data
processing, web hosting, and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491.9 495.9 496.4 500.9 490.8 494.9 495.2 501.2 6.0
Web search portals, libraries, archives, and
other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176.8 175.7 177.0 175.1 177.4 174.6 175.2 175.5 0.3
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,220 9,318 9,311 9,259 9,223 9,244 9,254 9,259 5
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,727.8 6,780.4 6,771.5 6,749.3 6,742.1 6,747.8 6,751.1 6,756.8 5.7
Monetary authorities-central bank. . . . . . . . . . . 22.6 23.1 23.3 23.2 22.6 22.7 23.0 23.2 0.2
Credit intermediation and related
activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,615.7 2,589.8 2,582.2 2,570.9 2,622.3 2,578.9 2,578.4 2,576.3 -2.1

See footnotes at end of table.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
— Continued
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Change
Industry Sept. July Aug. Sept. Sept. July Aug. Sept. from:
2023 2024 2024p 2024p 2023 2024 2024p 2024p Aug.2024 -
Sept.2024p
Credit intermediation and related -
Continued
Depository credit intermediation1. . . . . . . . . . 1,790.3 1,778.4 1,775.0 1,767.5 1,796.9 1,770.7 1,771.2 1,773.8 2.6
Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,384.2 1,366.4 1,362.8 1,355.6 1,389.6 1,360.6 1,359.7 1,360.6 0.9
Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 532.6 530.4 527.0 526.8 533.1 527.4 526.4 526.1 -0.3
Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 292.8 281.0 280.2 276.6 292.3 280.9 280.7 276.4 -4.3
Securities, commodity contracts, funds,
trusts, and other financial vehicles,
investments, and related activities. . . . . . . . 1,102.3 1,133.8 1,130.1 1,120.7 1,107.8 1,120.2 1,119.9 1,122.7 2.8
Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,987.2 3,033.7 3,035.9 3,034.5 2,989.4 3,026.0 3,029.8 3,034.6 4.8
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,492.6 2,537.8 2,539.1 2,509.9 2,481.0 2,496.1 2,503.3 2,501.8 -1.5
Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,861.5 1,909.5 1,907.7 1,891.9 1,860.2 1,889.0 1,891.6 1,893.7 2.1
Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608.0 604.5 607.5 594.1 597.7 583.5 588.0 584.2 -3.8
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets
(except copyrighted works). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.1 23.8 23.9 23.9 23.1 23.6 23.7 23.9 0.2
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,938 23,057 23,057 23,027 22,864 22,976 22,972 22,989 17
Professional, scientific, and technical
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,795.6 11,075.5 11,034.4 10,949.7 10,874.1 11,029.6 11,033.8 11,046.1 12.3
Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,178.2 1,192.7 1,175.2 1,172.7 1,185.0 1,182.6 1,179.8 1,181.4 1.6
Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping,
and payroll services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,099.0 1,137.5 1,130.0 1,121.7 1,151.8 1,173.3 1,175.9 1,177.9 2.0
Architectural, engineering, and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,670.9 1,737.6 1,733.6 1,712.2 1,667.1 1,707.8 1,707.1 1,708.0 0.9
Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153.1 152.8 153.1 151.8 154.1 152.3 152.6 151.7 -0.9
Computer systems design and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,491.7 2,561.7 2,561.0 2,531.9 2,506.0 2,548.6 2,551.6 2,554.5 2.9
Management, scientific, and technical
consulting services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,878.1 1,909.5 1,903.3 1,893.7 1,881.7 1,903.8 1,903.4 1,904.1 0.7
Scientific research and development
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 942.6 970.3 964.0 957.7 945.3 955.8 956.2 959.1 2.9
Advertising, public relations, and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509.9 525.2 522.2 522.0 511.0 522.6 521.6 523.3 1.7
Other professional, scientific, and technical
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872.1 888.2 892.0 886.0 872.2 882.9 885.6 886.1 0.5
Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,562.8 2,584.2 2,570.0 2,564.7 2,566.0 2,567.4 2,560.1 2,566.5 6.4
Administrative and support and waste
management and remediation services. . . . . 9,579.1 9,397.1 9,452.7 9,512.2 9,423.7 9,379.3 9,378.0 9,376.0 -2.0
Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 9,071.4 8,871.3 8,925.3 8,988.9 8,920.8 8,860.1 8,857.9 8,856.3 -1.6
Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 628.3 634.8 633.6 639.4 626.1 632.4 633.5 637.2 3.7
Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.5 184.1 187.3 186.6 170.6 183.0 184.2 186.0 1.8
Employment services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,652.0 3,369.9 3,429.5 3,497.5 3,588.1 3,479.8 3,474.8 3,462.8 -12.0
Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,881.6 2,594.2 2,646.4 2,709.8 2,822.0 2,696.5 2,690.0 2,676.2 -13.8
Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733.6 688.7 688.7 696.6 736.1 699.3 696.7 695.7 -1.0
Travel arrangement and reservation
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194.1 196.4 197.5 195.2 193.0 194.1 194.7 193.9 -0.8
Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 1,008.2 1,022.2 1,028.5 1,035.8 1,004.9 1,024.1 1,025.8 1,028.2 2.4
Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 2,339.6 2,428.1 2,413.5 2,388.4 2,263.8 2,302.1 2,303.4 2,306.5 3.1
Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343.1 347.1 346.7 349.4 338.2 345.3 344.9 345.9 1.0
Waste management and remediation
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507.7 525.8 527.4 523.3 502.9 519.2 520.1 519.7 -0.4
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . 25,531 26,093 26,203 26,500 25,560 26,403 26,463 26,544 81
Private educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,826.4 3,577.4 3,614.5 3,866.8 3,826.5 3,868.4 3,875.2 3,884.6 9.4
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,704.9 22,516.0 22,588.8 22,632.8 21,733.8 22,534.2 22,588.1 22,659.8 71.7
Health care3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,102.7 17,705.0 17,755.2 17,769.3 17,103.3 17,697.6 17,733.9 17,779.1 45.2
Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 8,524.8 8,824.1 8,856.7 8,866.1 8,537.4 8,832.9 8,854.7 8,879.0 24.3
Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,942.8 3,035.2 3,039.4 3,032.0 2,947.7 3,036.6 3,040.3 3,042.2 1.9
Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,027.1 1,044.6 1,047.3 1,041.7 1,031.3 1,041.8 1,042.0 1,043.9 1.9
Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 1,165.2 1,209.2 1,221.6 1,222.3 1,167.3 1,212.2 1,219.8 1,223.3 3.5
Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,060.2 1,089.2 1,091.7 1,095.3 1,063.4 1,091.6 1,094.0 1,099.3 5.3
Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 322.5 316.5 316.7 315.3 323.5 317.4 317.1 315.7 -1.4
Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,654.1 1,774.0 1,780.5 1,798.2 1,651.9 1,775.4 1,781.7 1,794.4 12.7
Other ambulatory health care
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352.9 355.4 359.5 361.3 352.3 358.0 359.9 360.4 0.5
Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,391.6 5,576.3 5,589.3 5,599.4 5,380.0 5,574.1 5,586.0 5,597.5 11.5

See footnotes at end of table.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
— Continued
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Change
Industry Sept. July Aug. Sept. Sept. July Aug. Sept. from:
2023 2024 2024p 2024p 2023 2024 2024p 2024p Aug.2024 -
Sept.2024p
Health care - Continued
Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 3,186.3 3,304.6 3,309.2 3,303.8 3,185.9 3,290.6 3,293.2 3,302.6 9.4
Skilled nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,432.4 1,478.5 1,480.1 1,478.8 1,430.5 1,471.0 1,471.1 1,475.0 3.9
Residential intellectual and
developmental disability, mental
health, and substance abuse
facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645.6 675.0 674.0 672.9 644.7 672.1 671.7 673.1 1.4
Continuing care retirement
communities and assisted living
facilities for the elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951.1 983.6 988.9 985.8 953.5 981.5 985.2 988.6 3.4
Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 157.2 167.5 166.2 166.3 157.3 166.1 165.1 166.0 0.9
Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,602.2 4,811.0 4,833.6 4,863.5 4,630.5 4,836.6 4,854.2 4,880.7 26.5
Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,064.4 3,259.3 3,276.4 3,278.1 3,082.2 3,250.4 3,271.1 3,292.3 21.2
Community food and housing, and
emergency and other relief services. . . . 220.1 233.0 231.7 230.9 222.6 233.1 232.5 232.7 0.2
Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 282.2 295.4 290.2 288.5 283.1 291.9 289.3 290.1 0.8
Child care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,035.5 1,023.3 1,035.3 1,066.0 1,042.6 1,061.3 1,061.4 1,065.6 4.2
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,791 17,689 17,592 17,121 16,708 16,944 16,997 17,075 78
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,586.6 3,000.6 2,927.0 2,692.1 2,539.0 2,663.5 2,674.5 2,676.5 2.0
Performing arts, spectator sports, and
related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623.2 662.4 670.0 664.1 594.0 634.9 645.4 645.5 0.1
Museums, historical sites, and similar
institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176.3 193.9 188.5 179.2 174.9 177.6 177.3 176.8 -0.5
Amusement, gambling, and recreation
industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,787.1 2,144.3 2,068.5 1,848.8 1,770.1 1,851.0 1,851.8 1,854.2 2.4
Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 14,203.9 14,688.6 14,664.7 14,428.8 14,168.6 14,280.3 14,322.2 14,398.2 76.0
Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,932.4 2,073.0 2,045.9 1,952.6 1,908.7 1,917.0 1,921.4 1,928.0 6.6
Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 12,271.5 12,615.6 12,618.8 12,476.2 12,259.9 12,363.3 12,400.8 12,470.2 69.4
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,839 5,990 5,961 5,901 5,855 5,912 5,914 5,918 4
Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,463.6 1,485.1 1,477.7 1,471.6 1,464.3 1,474.6 1,473.0 1,473.3 0.3
Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,546.9 1,573.9 1,570.5 1,562.2 1,552.8 1,562.4 1,563.4 1,565.5 2.1
Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional,
and similar organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,828.2 2,930.7 2,913.2 2,867.4 2,837.5 2,874.6 2,877.1 2,878.9 1.8
Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,984 22,143 22,541 23,459 22,903 23,345 23,390 23,421 31
Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,954 3,010 3,004 3,005 2,945 2,996 2,997 2,999 2
Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,352.8 2,401.4 2,403.3 2,403.0 2,340.0 2,389.6 2,390.7 2,391.8 1.1
U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601.5 608.4 601.1 601.6 605.2 606.7 605.9 607.3 1.4
State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,433 5,115 5,211 5,567 5,346 5,459 5,470 5,483 13
State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,683.1 2,275.2 2,362.3 2,731.2 2,600.9 2,636.6 2,643.1 2,654.1 11.0
State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,749.6 2,840.1 2,848.2 2,835.8 2,745.5 2,821.9 2,826.9 2,828.7 1.8
Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,597 14,018 14,326 14,887 14,612 14,890 14,923 14,939 16
Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,980.4 6,997.4 7,360.9 8,101.7 7,995.8 8,108.2 8,131.9 8,139.7 7.8
Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,616.7 7,021.0 6,964.7 6,785.4 6,616.6 6,781.5 6,790.7 6,799.5 8.8

1
Includes other industries, not shown separately.
2
Includes motor vehicle manufacturing, motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing, and motor vehicle parts manufacturing.
3
Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted
Sept. July Aug. Sept.
Industry 2023 2024 2024p 2024p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................ . 34.4 34.2 34.3 34.2
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.9 39.7 39.8 39.9
Mining and logging............................................................... . 45.0 44.2 44.6 44.4
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.1 38.9 39.0 39.2
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.1 40.0 40.0 40.0
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.6 40.4 40.5 40.5
Nondurable goods............................................................. . 39.2 39.3 39.2 39.2
Private service-providing........................................................... . 33.3 33.2 33.2 33.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.8 33.9 33.9 33.7
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.7 39.2 39.2 39.2
Retail trade..................................................................... . 29.8 29.7 29.7 29.5
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.2 38.0 38.0 37.9
Utilities.......................................................................... . 41.8 42.1 42.4 42.4
Information........................................................................ . 36.4 36.6 36.5 36.6
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.4 37.4 37.5 37.5
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.5 36.4 36.4 36.2
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.3 33.0 33.1 33.0
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.7 25.3 25.2 25.3
Other services.................................................................... . 32.3 32.3 32.3 32.3
AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing.......................................................................... . 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.9
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 2.9 3.0 2.9
Nondurable goods.................................................................. . 2.8 3.0 2.9 2.8

p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted
Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings
Industry Sept. July Aug. Sept. Sept. July Aug. Sept.
2023 2024 2024p 2024p 2023 2024 2024p 2024p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $34.01 $35.07 $35.23 $35.36 $1,169.94 $1,199.39 $1,208.39 $1,209.31
Goods-producing...................................... . 34.46 35.84 35.97 36.14 1,374.95 1,422.85 1,431.61 1,441.99
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.71 39.68 39.77 40.05 1,741.95 1,753.86 1,773.74 1,778.22
Construction......................................... . 36.84 38.26 38.37 38.53 1,440.44 1,488.31 1,496.43 1,510.38
Manufacturing....................................... . 32.77 34.14 34.26 34.42 1,314.08 1,365.60 1,370.40 1,376.80
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.34 36.14 36.23 36.31 1,394.20 1,460.06 1,467.32 1,470.56
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.06 30.67 30.84 31.13 1,178.35 1,205.33 1,208.93 1,220.30
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.91 34.90 35.06 35.17 1,129.20 1,158.68 1,163.99 1,164.13
Trade, transportation, and utilities................ . 29.33 29.97 30.10 30.14 991.35 1,015.98 1,020.39 1,015.72
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.14 37.72 37.78 37.83 1,437.32 1,478.62 1,480.98 1,482.94
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.10 24.44 24.56 24.56 718.18 725.87 729.43 724.52
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.64 30.66 30.80 30.86 1,132.25 1,165.08 1,170.40 1,169.59
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.07 51.05 51.52 51.38 2,092.93 2,149.21 2,184.45 2,178.51
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.44 49.80 50.37 50.17 1,763.22 1,822.68 1,838.51 1,836.22
Financial activities.................................. . 44.10 45.58 45.83 45.94 1,649.34 1,704.69 1,718.63 1,722.75
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.79 42.25 42.50 42.83 1,488.84 1,537.90 1,547.00 1,550.45
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . 33.48 34.28 34.39 34.51 1,114.88 1,131.24 1,138.31 1,138.83
Leisure and hospitality............................. . 21.33 22.14 22.20 22.25 548.18 560.14 559.44 562.93
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.67 31.58 31.69 31.76 990.64 1,020.03 1,023.59 1,025.85

p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry sector, seasonally adjusted
[2007=100]
Index of aggregate weekly hours1 Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2
Percent Percent
change change
Industry Sept. July Aug. from: from:
Sept. Aug. Sept. July Aug. Sept. Aug.
2023 2024 2024p 2024p 2024 - 2023 2024 2024p 2024p 2024 -
Sept. Sept.
2024p 2024p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.5 116.2 116.6 116.5 -0.1 187.8 194.8 196.5 196.9 0.2
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98.5 98.8 99.0 99.4 0.4 153.4 160.0 161.0 162.3 0.8
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.2 88.2 89.1 89.2 0.1 141.7 140.5 142.3 143.4 0.8
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108.7 110.6 111.3 112.2 0.8 174.0 183.8 185.5 187.8 1.2
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.5 93.2 93.0 93.0 0.0 142.4 148.0 148.2 148.8 0.4
Durable goods.......................... . 92.9 92.5 92.4 92.3 -0.1 141.6 148.4 148.6 148.9 0.2
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.5 94.6 94.4 94.3 -0.1 144.1 147.2 147.7 149.0 0.9
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120.2 121.3 121.4 121.3 -0.1 198.1 205.8 207.0 207.4 0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . 106.7 107.5 107.5 106.9 -0.6 168.7 173.8 174.5 173.8 -0.4
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.7 106.8 106.8 106.8 0.0 162.7 168.5 168.8 169.0 0.1
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.7 94.7 94.6 94.1 -0.5 150.9 153.0 153.7 152.8 -0.6
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . 143.9 144.3 144.4 143.8 -0.4 217.0 225.1 226.2 225.8 -0.2
Utilities................................... . 104.6 107.6 108.4 109.0 0.6 173.0 181.4 184.5 185.0 0.3
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.3 99.8 100.2 0.4 172.5 177.8 178.9 178.9 0.0
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.0 113.3 113.7 113.7 0.0 194.4 201.3 203.2 203.8 0.3
Professional and business services. . . . . 130.6 130.8 130.8 130.2 -0.5 215.7 223.9 225.2 225.9 0.3
Private education and health services.. . 139.0 142.3 143.0 143.0 0.0 223.9 234.6 236.6 237.5 0.4
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.5 122.3 122.2 123.3 0.9 210.8 218.5 218.9 221.3 1.1
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109.0 110.1 110.1 110.2 0.1 183.3 190.6 191.3 191.9 0.3

1
The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007
annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.
2
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the
corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly
earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees
Industry Sept. July Aug. Sept. Sept. July Aug. Sept.
2023 2024 2024p 2024p 2023 2024 2024p 2024p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,080 79,079 79,160 79,300 49.8 49.8 49.8 49.8
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,734 65,432 65,492 65,604 48.4 48.3 48.3 48.4
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,991 5,016 5,011 5,008 23.0 23.0 22.9 22.9
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 87 86 88 13.0 13.7 13.5 13.8
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,145 1,179 1,181 1,183 14.2 14.3 14.3 14.2
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,762 3,750 3,744 3,737 29.0 29.0 29.0 28.9
Durable goods................................. . 2,023 2,006 2,001 1,997 24.9 24.7 24.7 24.7
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,739 1,744 1,743 1,740 36.0 36.2 36.1 36.1
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,743 60,416 60,481 60,596 53.3 53.2 53.2 53.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,293 11,298 11,289 11,298 39.1 38.9 38.9 38.9
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,873.6 1,875.5 1,878.6 1,881.9 30.5 30.4 30.4 30.5
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,515.8 7,528.4 7,524.1 7,539.4 48.1 48.1 48.1 48.1
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,751.7 1,739.3 1,731.2 1,720.6 26.7 26.3 26.2 26.1
Utilities.......................................... . 152.1 154.6 154.7 155.6 26.3 26.2 26.2 26.2
Information........................................ . 1,224 1,195 1,193 1,199 40.7 39.8 39.9 40.0
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,126 5,138 5,140 5,137 55.6 55.6 55.5 55.5
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . 10,530 10,517 10,528 10,538 46.1 45.8 45.8 45.8
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . 19,663 20,276 20,330 20,391 76.9 76.8 76.8 76.8
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,781 8,832 8,840 8,871 52.6 52.1 52.0 52.0
Other services.................................... . 3,126 3,160 3,161 3,162 53.4 53.5 53.4 53.4
Government............................................ . 13,346 13,647 13,668 13,696 58.3 58.5 58.4 58.5

p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted1
[In thousands]
Sept. July Aug. Sept.
Industry 2024p
2023 2024 2024p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108,778 110,167 110,270 110,410

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,481 15,546 15,552 15,566
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497 488 490 490
Construction......................................................................... . 5,912 6,015 6,037 6,062
Manufacturing....................................................................... . 9,072 9,043 9,025 9,014
Durable goods.................................................................... . 5,595 5,537 5,515 5,507
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,477 3,506 3,510 3,507
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93,297 94,621 94,718 94,844
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... . 24,356 24,560 24,567 24,594
Wholesale trade.................................................................. . 4,845.4 4,882.8 4,886.2 4,888.2
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,329.5 13,432.3 13,433.1 13,461.4
Transportation and warehousing............................................... . 5,721.4 5,775.9 5,777.8 5,772.3
Utilities............................................................................. . 459.9 469.3 469.6 472.4
Information........................................................................... . 2,394 2,407 2,399 2,394
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,917 6,969 6,980 6,985
Professional and business services.............................................. . 18,059 18,097 18,078 18,083
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,226 23,043 23,109 23,186
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,575 14,744 14,787 14,804
Other services....................................................................... . 4,770 4,801 4,798 4,798

1
Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private
nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
Sept. July Aug. Sept.
Industry 2023 2024 2024p 2024p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................ . 33.8 33.7 33.7 33.7
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.5 40.5 40.6 40.7
Mining and logging............................................................... . 47.9 46.7 47.1 46.9
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.6 39.7 39.8 40.1
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.7 40.7 40.7 40.7
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.9 40.8 41.0 41.0
Nondurable goods............................................................. . 40.4 40.5 40.3 40.4
Private service-providing........................................................... . 32.7 32.6 32.6 32.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.0 33.9 33.9 34.0
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.8 39.1 39.1 39.1
Retail trade..................................................................... . 30.5 30.2 30.2 30.3
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.6 37.6 37.6 37.8
Utilities.......................................................................... . 42.0 42.6 42.6 42.8
Information........................................................................ . 36.2 35.5 35.6 35.4
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.9 37.0 37.1 37.1
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.3 36.4 36.4 36.2
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.5 32.2 32.1 32.2
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.4 23.9 24.0 24.0
Other services.................................................................... . 31.3 31.2 31.3 31.3
AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing.......................................................................... . 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.6
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.6
Nondurable goods.................................................................. . 3.4 3.8 3.7 3.7

1
Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private
nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings
Industry Sept. July Aug. Sept. Sept. July Aug. Sept.
2023 2024 2024p 2024p 2023 2024 2024p 2024p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $29.18 $30.16 $30.25 $30.33 $986.28 $1,016.39 $1,019.43 $1,022.12
Goods-producing...................................... . 29.90 31.20 31.26 31.43 1,210.95 1,263.60 1,269.16 1,279.20
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.19 36.43 36.37 37.04 1,685.60 1,701.28 1,713.03 1,737.18
Construction......................................... . 34.55 35.70 35.78 35.92 1,368.18 1,417.29 1,424.04 1,440.39
Manufacturing....................................... . 26.62 27.96 27.98 28.10 1,083.43 1,137.97 1,138.79 1,143.67
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.76 29.52 29.51 29.64 1,135.38 1,204.42 1,209.91 1,215.24
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.76 25.49 25.53 25.66 1,000.30 1,032.35 1,028.86 1,036.66
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.03 29.94 30.05 30.10 949.28 976.04 979.63 981.26
Trade, transportation, and utilities................ . 25.43 26.02 26.10 26.07 864.62 882.08 884.79 886.38
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.54 31.28 31.29 31.29 1,184.95 1,223.05 1,223.44 1,223.44
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.63 20.90 20.99 20.95 629.22 631.18 633.90 634.79
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.32 29.21 29.29 29.30 1,064.83 1,098.30 1,101.30 1,107.54
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.54 45.11 45.31 45.01 1,870.68 1,921.69 1,930.21 1,926.43
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.03 40.66 40.71 40.52 1,449.09 1,443.43 1,449.28 1,434.41
Financial activities.................................. . 34.22 35.81 35.95 36.05 1,262.72 1,324.97 1,333.75 1,337.46
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.45 35.67 35.87 36.11 1,250.54 1,298.39 1,305.67 1,307.18
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . 30.57 31.44 31.56 31.60 993.53 1,012.37 1,013.08 1,017.52
Leisure and hospitality............................. . 18.96 19.61 19.66 19.69 462.62 468.68 471.84 472.56
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.49 27.27 27.35 27.49 829.14 850.82 856.06 860.44

1
Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on
private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
[2002=100]
Index of aggregate weekly hours2 Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3
Percent Percent
change change
Industry Sept. July Aug. from: from:
Sept. Aug. Sept. July Aug. Sept. Aug.
2023 2024 2024p 2024p 2024 - 2023 2024 2024p 2024p 2024 -
Sept. Sept.
2024p 2024p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.5 123.7 123.8 124.0 0.2 238.9 249.4 250.4 251.3 0.4
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.8 96.2 96.5 96.8 0.3 175.4 183.8 184.7 186.3 0.9
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126.5 121.1 122.6 122.1 -0.4 258.9 256.6 259.4 263.1 1.4
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117.2 119.6 120.3 121.7 1.2 218.7 230.5 232.4 236.1 1.6
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.8 84.5 84.3 84.2 -0.1 147.6 154.5 154.3 154.8 0.3
Durable goods.......................... . 86.0 84.9 84.9 84.8 -0.1 149.0 156.4 156.5 157.0 0.3
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.8 83.7 83.3 83.5 0.2 144.8 150.7 150.4 151.4 0.7
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130.0 131.4 131.6 131.7 0.1 258.8 269.9 271.2 272.0 0.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . 115.9 116.5 116.6 117.1 0.4 210.7 216.7 217.5 218.1 0.3
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.6 113.3 113.4 113.4 0.0 201.1 209.2 209.4 209.5 0.0
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.1 102.9 102.9 103.4 0.5 182.3 184.3 185.1 185.8 0.4
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . 162.8 164.4 164.4 165.1 0.4 293.5 305.6 306.5 308.0 0.5
Utilities................................... . 98.8 102.2 102.3 103.4 1.1 183.6 192.5 193.5 194.3 0.4
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98.9 97.5 97.5 96.7 -0.8 196.0 196.3 196.5 194.0 -1.3
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120.1 121.4 121.9 122.0 0.1 252.9 267.4 269.6 270.5 0.3
Professional and business services. . . . . 146.3 147.0 146.9 146.1 -0.5 299.9 312.0 313.4 313.9 0.2
Private education and health services.. . 154.0 158.2 158.2 159.2 0.6 310.8 328.3 329.5 332.0 0.8
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130.3 129.1 130.0 130.1 0.1 280.5 287.4 290.2 291.0 0.3
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.7 105.1 105.3 105.3 0.0 202.1 208.7 209.9 211.0 0.5

1
Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
2
The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002
annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.
3
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the
corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly
earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.