chemical bonding : - CHEMICAL

Any fore of attraction that holds the particles together in BONDING

a chemical .
species Coordinate bond :
-

Types of overlap :-

electron
Bond formed by the transfer of an
pain by Laton
1)Axial
and 2)
Paral
T-bond

Why they are formed : and sharing by .

both

① To attain stable dec configuration - >H

+
1) Axial

2) To complete their octet. Fajan's rule :

bond
Hyper valent compounds :- Se No is
fully ionic/covalent
.

Hyp valent compounds :- < se An ionic bond will have covalent characters and covalent bond vice-versa

Main reason is to attain minimum and max

stability. Covalent characters in an ionic can
only be .
compared
energy

attraction blu decrease converted

Force
of the
energy of
the
system and When a
parent atom is to a cation the ,

stability increases
.
eff nuclear charge increases .
VSEPR : -

stability d When cation approaches actual molecule

energy
anion the cation attract the Give
a ,
will us
shape of

Bond length tangent ,

=
= dectron in anion so the cloud will be . And
shifted Order of repulsion : -

(p-Ups Dp-Lp-Bp-Dp

Bonds are clarified into two types :

-
this is called as polarization . Pol L Cor · characters SN = LP + - bonde

Ite
Strong Weak

1) Primary ?
bonds 4 Secondary bond IIsN = 3
,
sp2 >
-

Trigonal planar

1) Ionic ,
Covalent ,
Metallic and 1) Hydrogen and Vander wall's Force
. Due to polarization covalent character is induced in 1 Grnd
.
Q U = 3 ,
LP = 0 , ABLO , Trigonal plane
Coordinate bond

Factors affecting polarization : -

② 8 = ? (P =1
,
AB2Li
,
Bent stape

1) Ionic bond : -

1) Polarizing power :
-

#) SN = U ,
spP ,
Tetrahedral

Bond formed due to complete transfer of electron. Defined for cation

. U = 3
,
CP= 1
, ABgLi ,
Pyramidal shape

Favourable conditions : -
The tendency of cation to distort cloud of anion. - = 2
,
LP = 2
,
ABcl2 , v-shaped

1) One atom should be metallic and other should be non-metallic PP2 covalent char a Polarizations
Charge
&
oticchar
W = 4
,
(P = 0 , ABylo ,
Tetrahedral

2) Metallic atom should have low A N

. .

2) Polarizability :
-
I) SN = 5, spid , Trigonal bipyramid

1) Non-metallic should have high electron affinity

. Defined for anion -= 5
, (p = 0 ,
ABjLo , TBP

Characteristics : -

Tendency to .
get polarized 8 = 3
,
<P = 2 ,
ABcle , i-shape

1) They are hard Polarizability <

charge a size -=
U
,
(p = ) ,
AByl ,
see-saw

2) High BP ,
MP and density solubility : W= >
,
Up = 3 , ABeLg ,
Linear

3) Insulator solid state and conductor molten/agrou state Solubility 12 spid Y Octahedral
.
in in · < I CC .

SNo ,

Lattice energy : Ionic compounds are move soluble than covalent .

compounds 1) o = 6
,
(p = P
,
ABglo ,
octhed

amount of energy released

The when I mole
of an ionic lattice
Melting point : 2) = 5
,
20 = 1 ,
ABjL , S8 Pyr

is formed from its constituent gameous atoms

. MPL I .

C 3) 8 = 4
,
<P = 2
,
ADyL2 , Sq pl

c Ed.

Stability ,
LAS
targe Thermal stability :

Hydration energy
: TS.

< I C2 . +
C -
C

Amount of energy released when one mole of ion

undergoes
gaseous

hydration . It is
always negative. It is exothermic in nature

HA :

Large Dipole moment :

Covalent bond qt
: -

a Two
charge (opp) separated with

Bond formed due to mutual

sharing of electrons to complete their a distance r ,
it is
dipole . D P = GXU
.
Direction is from the to-re

octets/duplets. The no
of electron contributed
by each atom is called Molecules with net D P 10
.
are polar molecule

covalency
. Valence bood theory :-

Lewis representation :

- A covalent bond is formed by the overlap of atomic

L:
1) CO = Ve = 10 : orbitals
of bonding atom
.

-
vep = 5 Formal charge on < : -4-5 =

Formal charge on 0 : -6 5 = /
Overlap 2 bord
Strength of
.

C -

2)
ability
No
T = ve = 2(6) + jiko : =

N.
=
0: FCG

=> 9 = Pair

FC of N = 5 -T = 0

-1
F2 of 0 .
= 6-7 =

6-6 = 0
F2 of 0 =