WATER

SC
S RCITY
I Y
ALBERCA, CRYSTAL I ALISON, JEAN I ABENOSA, CHRISLY I AGUILAR, CELESTE I CAAMINO, JONILA I GENOBATIN, DANICA MAE I PILAPIL, FRANCIS
REY I UBILAS, PAUL
 TOPIC OUTLINE

1 2
CAUSES OF
INTRODUCTION
WATER SCARCITY

3 4
CONSEQUENCES OF SOLUTIONS TO
WATER SCARCITY WATER SCARCITY

5 6
CASE STUDIES CONCLUSION
 INTR DUCTION
WATER SCARCITY SIGNIFICANCE
refers to the situation where the demand for Water is essential for life due to its unique
water exceeds the available supply within a properties. It enables chemical reactions,
region. This can result from a combination of supports cell functions, regulates
factors such as overuse, inadequate temperature, and is vital for photosynthesis.
infrastructure, climate change, and poor Additionally, it serves as a habitat and climate
water management. Water scarcity can lead regulator. However, human activities harm
to a range of problems, including reduced water quality, necessitating sustainable use.
agricultural productivity, health issues, and
economic challenges, particularly affecting
poorer communities.

01
CAUSES OF WATER SCARCITY
Water scarcity is a growing global problem driven by a combination of natural factors and

human activities. The main natural causes of water scarcity include climate change, droughts,

and geographical location. Human activities such as population growth, urbanization, water

pollution, and poor water management practices significantly exacerbate the problem.

02
CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change worsens water scarcity.

Rising temperatures cause

unpredictable weather (Klobucista &

Robinson, 2023).

Reduced water availability for

agriculture, energy, cities, and

ecosystems (WWF).

2.1
GEOGRAPHICAL
LOCATION
Geography affects water scarcity due to

precipitation and evaporation variations.

Regions like Oman and the southwestern U.S.

thrive despite scarcity through infrastructure

investment (Klobucista & Robinson, 2023).

Many countries lack sufficient water

resources and infrastructure to meet

demand.

2.1
POPULATION GROWTH
Rapid population growth increases

water demand and pressures

freshwater resources (Palanca-Tan,

2020).

In the Philippines, 9 million of 101 million

people lack safe drinking water,

illustrating these challenges (Palanca-

Tan, 2020).

2.1
WATER POLLUTION
Major water pollution issue in the

Philippines.

36% of rivers are public water sources; 42%

of groundwater uncontaminated (Samion,

2021).

Groundwater supplies over 50% of potable

and 85% of piped water, unsustainable

long-term (Barkwith, 2021).

2.1
POOR WATER MANAGEMENT

Poor infrastructure and governance

worsen water scarcity in the Philippines;

1 in 10 lack improved water (WHO, 2019).

Governance issues hinder access

(Palanca-Tan, 2020).

Metro Manila Waterworks now serves 14

million after privatization.

Inefficient infrastructure causes

25%-85% water loss in rice fields

(Dangar, 2021).

2.1
C NSEQUENCES TO WATER
SCARCITY
Water scarcity has far-reaching consequences that affect the

environment, society, and political stability.

03
 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES

1.ECOSYSTEM DEGRADATION 2.BIODIVERSITY LOSS

Water scarcity degrades ecosystems like Reduced water availability can cause

wetlands, rivers, and lakes. Reduced biodiversity decline. Species dependent on

water-rich habitats face survival challenges.
water levels harm habitats, plant and
animal life, and ecosystem services.
Example: Decreased water flow in Agusan
Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary threatens
Example: Drying of Candaba Swamp in Philippine crocodile habitat and other
the Philippines harms bird habitats and endemic species (van Weerd & van der
biodiversity (Tabaranza, 2010). Ploeg, 2012).

3.1
 SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES
1.HEALTH IMPACTS 2.ECONOMIC IMPACTS

Insufficient water supply hinders

Water scarcity limits access to clean
agriculture, industry, and economic
drinking water and sanitation.
development.
Increases risk of waterborne diseases
Leads to food insecurity and loss of
like cholera and dengue fever.
livelihoods.
Example: Metro Manila faces outbreaks
Example: El Niño caused severe crop
due to limited clean water access,
failures in the Philippines, leading to
affecting informal settlements (WHO,
economic losses and higher food prices
2015).
(PAGASA, 2016).

. 3.2
SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES
3.SOCIAL INEQUALITIES

Insufficient water supply hampers

agriculture, industry, and economic

development, causing food insecurity.

Example: El Niño led to crop failures in the

Philippines, increasing food prices (PAGASA,

2016).

. 3.3
 POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES
1.CONFLICTS OVER WATER RESOURCES 2.INTERNATIONAL WATER DISPUTES

Competition for limited water resources can

Shared water resources can lead to
cause conflicts between user groups.
international tension.
Example: Disputes over water allocation
Example: Philippines and China dispute
from the Angat Dam in the Philippines have
impacts on fishing and water resources in
led to tensions between upstream and
the South China Sea (Jayakumar, 2018).
downstream communities (David &

Inocencio, 2014).

3.4
.
SOLUTIONS TO WATER SCARCITY
Water scarcity is a critical issue that affects many parts of the world, including the

Philippines. Addressing this problem requires a multi-faceted approach that

encompasses sustainable water management, infrastructure development, and

effective policy and governance.

04
 SUSTAINABLE WATER
MANAGEMENT
WATER CONSERVATION RAINWATER HARVESTING IRRIGATION

Water conservation includes Rainwater harvesting collects Drip irrigation and smart

fixing leaks, using low-flow and stores rainwater for later sprinkler systems reduce water
waste in agriculture by
fixtures, and efficient irrigation. use.
delivering water directly to
Helps effectively manage Reduces demand on traditional
plant roots, minimizing
resources and address water water sources and supports evaporation and runoff while

scarcity. sustainable water management. maintaining crop moisture.

4.1
 WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENT
1.BUILDING DAMS AND RESERVOIRS 2.WATER RECYCLING AND REUSE

Dams and reservoirs store water for Wastewater treatment makes it safe

agricultural, industrial, and domestic

for reuse in agriculture, industry, or
use, mitigating dry season effects.
homes, reducing water scarcity.
Example: Angat Dam in Bulacan
Example: Maynilad Water Services
supplies Metro Manila with water and
Inc. recycles wastewater in Metro
supports irrigation and hydroelectric
Manila for irrigation and industry
power plant.
4.2
POLICY AND GOVERNANCE
1. INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCE 2. WATER PRICING AND
MANAGEMENT (IWRM) REGULATION

Integrated water resource Proper water pricing and regulation

management considers all water uses promote efficient use and financial
and stakeholders for sustainable sustainability of water services.
management.
Example: MWSS regulates water tariffs
Example: PWSSMP in the Philippines
in Metro Manila to reflect service costs
aims for universal access to safe
and provide affordable rates.
water and sanitation by 2030
4.3
 CASE STUDIES
Water scarcity is a critical global issue that occurs when water demand exceeds supply or when

water quality is compromised. In the Philippines, water scarcity affects environmental sustainability,

public health, and socio-economic development. Examining case studies from the Philippines helps

us understand the diverse impacts and strategies to address water scarcity effectively.

05
 THE 2019 METRO
MANILA WATER CRISIS

5.1
1. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

Increased El Niño events, worsened by

climate change, led to prolonged

droughts.

Angat Dam reached near-record low of

157.98 meters by June 29, 2019.

La Mesa Dam hit all-time low of 68.74

meters in March 2019. Figure 1. Angat Dam and La Mesa Dam Water Levels in 2010 and 2019, when
Metro Manila saw historic lows. Source: Manila Water’s special report on
Water Crisis in the Manila Concession.

5.2
 INFRASTRUCTURE ISSUES

Metro Manila's water infrastructure faced

demand challenges and delays in key projects.

Angat Dam's aqueducts struggled to draw

sufficient water.

High water loss rate of 31.7% reported by

Maynilad.

Delays in projects like Cardona water treatment

plant hindered crisis management.

5.3
 SOCIAL CONDITIONS

Metro Manila's population growth

outpaced water infrastructure, leading

to unequal water access.

Wealthier areas faced fewer shortages;

poorer areas experienced up to seven

days without water.

Highlights need for equitable water

Figure 2. Manila Water’s water demand and supply. Source: Manila Water
distribution policies.

5.4
 SUCCESFUL STORIES OF SURMOUNTING WATER
SCARCITY

Philippines addresses water scarcity with

infrastructure, laws like the Clean Water

Act, and community efforts.

Focuses on dams, conservation, and

watershed management amid rising

demand and climate change.

5.5
 ISRAEL'S NATIONAL WATER CARRIER

The National Water Carrier project,

completed in 1964, transfers water from

Israel's north to the arid south, ensuring

equitable distribution for domestic,

agricultural, and industrial use.

Figure 1. Israel’s National Water Carrier

5.4
 SINGAPORE'S NEWATER PROGRAM

Singapore's NEWater program treats

wastewater to produce reclaimed

water, enhancing water security

with innovative technology and

reducing reliance on imports.

Figure 2. Singapore's NEWater Program

5.4
 CONCLUSION
Water scarcity, exacerbated by factors like climate change and human

activities, affects billions globally. Efficient management, conservation,

and innovations like desalination and wastewater recycling are crucial.

Sustainable policies and global cooperation, as outlined in UN SDG 6,

are vital for ensuring water security and sustainable development.

06
THANK YOU!

07