Careers and career choices

Diversity of jobs
• Economic sectors
• Work settings and conditions
• Forms of activities

Primary sector
• In this sector they take raw materials from nature and make them into basic
foods and products

Secondary Sector
• In this sector people take materials and make them into goods that can be
sold

Tertiary sector
• In this sector people provide services to people and businesses.
• This sector is different as it does not produce goods

Work settings and conditions

• Things to consider
o In what kind of place would you like to work?
o Would you work indoors or outdoors?
o Would you work with animals or people?
o Would you like to create things?

• Outdoors
o Sailor, builders, engineers, environmentalist.
• Indoors
o Financial adviser, clerk, lawyer, chef
• Laboratory
o Technologist, inventor, chemist, scientist
• Mine
o Geologist, miner, metallurgist
• Workshop
o Bookbinder, sign writer, upholster, carpenter
• Factory
o Machine operator, clothing manufacturer
Forms of activities
• Designing
o create the plans or drawings that show how something will be made
• Assembling
o connect or put together the parts of something
• Controlling
o direct the behavior of people or animals, make something work in a
certain way.
• Growing
o Plant, breed, take care of

Skills and Competencies

• Skill
o The ability to do something that comes from training, experience or
practice.

o Numeracy skills
▪ The ability to work with numbers and do calculations
o Literacy skills
▪ The ability to read and write
o Technology skills
▪ The ability to use computers
o Communication skills
▪ The ability to make yourself understood, through writing and
speaking, and to understand others

• Competency
o The abilities and skills to do something well

Information gathering and analysis

• In different careers, you need to gather information from different sources and
for different reasons. People use info for many purposes.
• Why we gather information:
o Develop skills
o Learning purposes
o Problem solving
o Gain knowledge
o Win an argument
• Collecting information
o Textbooks
o Newspapers
 o Magazines
o Internet
• Analyzing information
o Is it up to date?
o Is it relevant?
o Is it biased?

Integrating yourself into the world of work

• Integrating or combine your knowledge of the different aspects of yourself and
your knowledge of careers. The more you know about yourself, the easier it will
be to choose a career.
• Abilities
o Abilities relate to what you can do, particularly things you can do more
easily than other people can.
• Interests
o Your interests are the starting point to finding a career that you will enjoy
• Talents
o A talent is a special ability, something that you can do that sets you apart
from the people around you.

Opportunities within different career fields

• Promotion
o Means to get a salary/ rank upgrade or raise
• Research skills
o Research skills are needed for many roles of life.
o Find out more and explore the various career choices and what they
offer.
• Further study prospects
o This means that you can upgrade your skills and qualifications,
without leaving your job.
Salary package
• Deductions
o Money that gets deducted because off tax’s and benefits
• UIF
o Unemployed insurance fund
o You pay 1% of salary
• PAYE
o Pay as you earn tax.
o The tax that gets deducted depending on how much you earn per
year.
• Allowances
o A financial benefit that gets payed extra to you to help pay for certain
thing like car, cell phone, medical aid etc.

Profitable use of time

• Make the most of opportunities
• Volunteer as much as possible
• Work as hard as possible
• Learn as much as can
• Time is money
✓ Time is so valuable in any career.
✓ Use every moment you have to improve your skills.
✓ Learn more and become more marketable so you can get the career you
want.

Transfer of skills
• It is important to understand the skills that you can transfer to a new field of
work.
✓ Communication
✓ Leadership
✓ Teamwork
✓ Computer literacy
✓ Problem solving
These are transferable skills
 Development of self in society

Problem-Solving Thinking Skills

• Problem-solving thinking skills are like tools in a toolbox.
• At the simplest level a tool is something which helps get a job done.
• In order to be able to problem-solve, you need effective tools.
• Just like using a hammer for every job that requires tools would be completely
ineffective, so would using only one skill to problem-solve be ineffective.
• You need to develop a variety of skills that can work in different situations.
• We will be learning today about a few of those skills.
• These skills can be applied as a step-by-step formula for one situation, or as
and when they are needed on their own to specific situations.

THINKING SKILL NO. 1

Identify and clarify emotions behind actions
• BASIC EMOTIONS
• ANGER
• FEAR
• SADNESS
• JOY/HAPPINESS
The first skill in problem-solving is learning to identify emotions.
• This is especially useful when it comes to dealing with important lifestyle
decisions, or decisions regarding sexuality because emotions tend to cloud
our thinking, resulting in poor decision making.
• It can be difficult to identify emotions.
• A good first place to start is deciding whether the emotion is in one of the
following categories:
• ANGER, FEAR, SADNESS AND JOY
• Once you have done that, you can then use the emotions chart (also in content
notes and on learner worksheets) to identify the exact emotion you may be
feeling.

THINKING SKILL NO. 2

• Evaluate:
o Did the actions meet the goal?
o To evaluate means to make a judgement or assess something.
o The second skill is evaluating whether the actions taken met the goal.
For you to do this, it helps sometimes first to identify the goal related
to a situation. A goal is what you want to achieve. After you have
identified the goal, make a judgement as to whether the actions you
took helped you to meet the goal you chose.
(Recall from Grade 9 how when setting goals – they should be SMART.
That will make evaluation of them easier)

THINKING SKILL NO. 3

• Reflect on and show what was learnt from past experiences
• The reason we get wiser with age is that we are able to learn through
different life experiences. When we make mistakes, these can be turned
into life lessons as we learn what no to do in specific situations. Don’t allow
past experiences to go to waste - make sure you learn from each of them,
what to do and what not to do.

THINKING SKILL NO. 4

• Brainstorm different approaches and solutions.
• There are always different approaches and solutions to problems.
• This is where you get to think creatively. Try to imagine what you’d do if you
had all the resources at your disposal, and then try to figure out to make
these happen with the resources you do have. Remind yourself that there is
always a way. Allow your mind to wonder and come up with different ideas.
THINKING SKILL NO. 5
• Explore possible consequences
• Is essential
• We have to live with the consequences of our actions
• Always think through the consequences of each option. This is very
important, since you have to live with those consequences. Try to think
through both the good and the bad.

THINKING SKILL NO. 6

• Select and motivate the best alternative\
• Motivation is important - you need reasons to justify your decisions.
• Make sure that when you make a decision, you are able to justify why you
made that decision in the first place. It is not about explaining yourself to
others. But you need to be confident in your decisions and having reasons
for them is part of that.

HOW DO PROBLEM SOLVING THINKING SKILLS HELP US?

• We are able to make RESPONSIBLE DECISIONS.
• INFORMED DECISION MAKING is a natural consequence of EFFECTIVE
PROBLEM SOLVING.
Lets recap how Problem Thinking Skills help us?
• By using these skills we are able to make responsible decisions about our
behaviour, our choices and where we want to be. Informed decision making
is a natural consequence of Effective Problem Solving.

LIFE ROLES
Life roles
• child, student, adult, role in family, partner, mother, father, grandparent,
breadwinner, employee, employer, leader and follower
Evolving of roles
• How roles change and affect relationships
• Handling each role effectively and the influence of society and culture
Changes from adolescence to adulthood
• Physical changes
• Emotional changes
• Social changes
• Coping with change
Changes that happen in your life roles
• We can define life roles as those responsibilities that we hold all through
our life at various life stages
• School Student
o Think back to when you were in grade 1 how did you make friends?
How easy or difficult was it and think about now is it still as easy or
not?
• Child in the house
o Think about how your roles in the house has changed over the years?
The older you get the more chores you get to do before you can go out
with friends.
• Partner
o Think about how your roles change in a relationship when you get
older you are looking for something more mature something more
intimate
• Mother / Father
o Think back to the days when you were little, and you played house
with a sibling or friends what your idea of being a parent was
compared to now
• Leader
o How does your role change when you are a leader and how much
more responsibilities do you have?

Evolving life roles

• Parents and kids have certain expectation
o As you grow older your teachers have less of an impact and your
friends have more of an impact on life changing decisions like
subjects, career paths and your future plans what you see as success
• Roles and responsibilities as a parent
o This is where you become the parent now you have to look out and
after your own children. Sometimes you also have to look out for your
parents and take leadership and do what is best for them
• Expectations from parents and teachers\
o As a kid you have pressure from your parents and teachers to do well
in school and do good in sport
• Expectations and roles of work life
o Parents have minimal to no influence in your life it is all about work
and the people that you surround your self with. Friends also have
less of an impact as you are earning your own money now and living
on your own.
Changing from adolescence to adult
• Being a kid and a teenager
o As a kid your body is changing and with that comes a lot of unknowns.
Your physical body is changing and you have a lot of other changes also
happening.
o Changes that happen:
▪ Physical looks
▪ Emotional
▪ Psychological
▪ Spiritual

• Being a young adult and parent

o Being a grownup is not fun with all the freedoms comes so many
responsibilities so you cannot just have fun and enjoy life like you did
when you were a kid.
o Things to look out for:
• Physical changes has happened already
• You have to be a lot more mature emotionally
• You get good and bad days and you just need to deal.
• You have to make time for the things that are important to you
and you need to make time to reflect

Coping with change

• Family
o will always be there for you so coping with the changes is small
• School
o In your school career there is going to be a lot more change that you
will need to deal with so life will get a bit more difficult
• Work / University
o If you feel that school life is difficult work or university is more off a
challenge you might study far or work far from your family that is your
support base
• Adult
o As an adult life becomes very complicated and you get challenged to
cope on a daily bases with all the responsibilities you have and work
and kids
• Retired / Old age
o Remember you are not young any more so life is not as easy health
wise and you don’t have all the support you use to have remember
your kids have there own families now and lives of there own .
In a 5 – 7-line paragraph discuss your experience about how life has changed.
Sexuality
Identify 10 physical changes of male and females.
• Females
o Bodies get curves and hips get wider.
o Pubic hair
o Hair under arms
o Breasts start to develop.
o Skin gets oilier
o pimples and acne on the face, back and chest.
o Legs muscles get stronger and bigger
o Menstruation or periods start.
o Ovulation happens within your body producing eggs which can be
fertilized.
o You can become pregnant.

• Males
o You will pick up weight
o Shoulders become wider and muscles get bigger in arms.
o Skin gets oilier
o Pimples or acne
o Develop an Adam’s Apple in your neck.
o Voice gets deeper
o Penis gets wider and longer

Emotional Changes
As we journey to adulthood, we being to think and feel different
• May feel unsure about yourself
• Want to try new, possibly risky behaviours
• Become a lot more interested in the opposite gender
• Have big mood swings / Very happy or totally sad easily
• Feel very “adult” one minute then quite young the next

Social Changes
• Relationships undergo major change and each one is called into question –
“Why am I friends with you?” “Do I like this social setting”
• Stronger relationships with people their own age
• Peers opinions carry far more weight than family members
• Romantic relations start forming
• Social media status become much more important.
• Peer pressure becomes an issue to work through
 Name THREE new things you learnt today about your body.
How can you keep healthy for the remainder of your life now that your body has
changed so much physically?

Coping with Change

Change Happens
• Friends come & go
• Sometimes may have to dump a boyfriend of girlfriend
• Move to a new school or City
• Your parents could change

Communication Helps You Cope

• TALK to your Parents – They do want to know
• Discuss your plans for the changing future
• Practice being a good listener
• Keep a Journal – Track your changing thoughts & feelings

Values and strategies to make sexuality and lifestyle choices

OUTCOME QUESTIONS
• What Type Of Behaviour Can Cause Sexual Intercourse?
• What Values Can Help You Make Responsible Decisions About Your
Sexuality And Lifestyle Choices?
• What Strategies Can Help You Make Responsible
Decisions About Your Sexuality And Lifestyle Choices?

Guidelines for this section

• How to delay sexual intercourse, wait before they are sexually active, and
how to prevent problems such as unwanted teenage pregnancy, STI’S and
distractions.
• Avoiding behaviour and situations that could lead to sexual intercourse,
teenage pregnancy, sexual abuse, rape, substance abuse, spiked drinks,
and peer pressure.

• Values that will guide and protect us, such as respect for ourselves others,
abstinence and self control.
• The right to privacy, to protect themselves and to Personal Boundaries
• If you are sexually active, it is never to late to stop. Rather wait for the right
moment.
• You will automatically have less distraction at school and less worries and
an uncomplicated relationship with no pressure.
• This is a step to unlock your Personal Potential!!

• Read pages 176 – 177 and the case study before you do the activity.
Problem Solving
Self-awareness
• is to know yourself and to be aware of yourself

Critical thinking
• is the skill of analyzing and evaluating information
• it is the ability to think through situations carefully
• it is to think clearly, logically and sensibly
• it is to think in reasonable ways and ask questions to get more information
• it helps you to withstand peer pressure because you think for yourself

• When you think critically you compare the advantages and disadvantages
of various solutions to a problem to make informed decisions
o Don't allow your emotions to rule your actions and decisions
o Don't act in a hasty way
o Use the part of your brain where you analyze and think about
problems before you react
o You're able to think about the effects of your actions for now and later
for yourself and others

Decision making
• When you're making an informed, responsible decision you use a decision
making method

Communication
• Means to share transfer or exchange information we'll see how you feel
what you want and what you know and then you give information
• To communicate is to
• talk to your partner about what you want
• ask your partner what he or she wants
• talk about what is right for both of you
• explain what explain that pressure to have sex is not part of a loving
relationship
• Talk about and both understand to not have sex

You are communicating well if you do the following

• you avoid misunderstandings, you state clearly what you want or need
• you're clear about what you want to say, there is no confusion about what
you mean
• You are honest and express your feelings

Assertiveness
 • when you're assertive, you stand up for your rights and needs
• You express yourself an honest, open, respectful, polite and responsible
way
• How to be assertive
1 state your position
2 give your reasons
3 show you understand

Sexuality and lifestyle choices

Why must you delay sexual intercourse?
1. Unwanted pregnancies
2. Prevent STI’s
3. Distractions from your studies

Behaviour that could lead to sexual intercourse and teenage pregnancy

1. Substance abuse: When you have too much to drink or use drugs, your
brain does not function well, you cant think clearly.
2. Peer pressure: your friends may put pressure on you to have sexual
intercourse. (what are you waiting for? Everyone is doing it!!)

Dangerous situations
1. Walk around late night
2. Be in a place where drugs and alcohol flows freely
3. Get a lift with strangers
4. Go out by yourself
5. Be alone with a partner who does not respect you
6. Parties with no adult supervision

Sexual abuse: Wrongly making sexual contact

My Body’s – Nobody’s Body But MINE

Rape
• A sexual ac is rape when a person says ‘No’ to any form of sexual contact.
• It is also rape when the victim is not able to give permission
• If you say ‘No’ no matter at what stage, it still means no and going further is
rape
• Date rape is just as much rape as when the offence is committed by a
stranger
o if a date takes you out and pays for everything, he or she does not
have a right to have sex with you without your consent
 o if you have been going out with a person for a long time, your partner
still does not have the right to have sex without you without your
permission
o if you say NO, no matter at what stage, it still means no and going
further is rape

Just remember
• Always report rape
• It is not your fault
• Never feel too ashamed to report it.
• People who rape will go to jail for a very long time.

Values:
what you believe in and see as important and worthwhile
• Respect for yourself and others
• Abstinence
• Self control
• Right to privacy
• Right to protect oneself
• Right to say ‘No’
Lifelong learning
• Constant learning and self development.
• This is self development in and outside of the structure of an
educational institution.
• Brings about the best version of yourself

The benefits of lifelong learning

• Helping you to stay aware and in touch with what is happening in your
career field
• Developing your brain by learning new skills
• Financial rewards for learning: the more you learn the more you will
earn.

Ability to Change
• Ability is the power to do something.
• An ability to change means you:
• Can adjust
• Can grow
• Can transform
• Can adapt
• This is especially necessary in the workplace

Fexibility
• Flexibility means being able to adapt.
• If you are flexible at work, you :
• Open to new ideas
• Open to new ways of working
• There may be other ways to do the job
• Have a good relationship with co-workers with different backgrounds.

JOB MARKET
• is where people who are looking for employment and those who provide
employment interact

• tells you about the place where the work opportunities are
• The career field and industry sectors
• Education, training, experience needed
• Job, occupation and career description

If you do not follow the trends and demands of the job market you may
• spend years and lots of money training for a career that is no longer in
demand
 • Find that your work suddenly moved to another country
• not have the marketable skills to get a job

Being aware of the job market helps you to predict or forecast the future of the
job market better so you can plan your career
It is always good to plan to follow your career path that has jobs that are in
demand over a long period

Emerging demands and changing career patterns

• Drivers of change include the need to save money
• save time and work faster
• make things easier to use while also improving standards
• Reduce harm to the environment

Globalization
• Refers to a connected world
• People around the world increasingly linked to each other
• IT is making globalization easier and faster
• This means that you don't need to do business with only people in the
same town or country, you can do business with people all over the
world
• Communication is immediate no matter where you are
• Globalization means that there is more competition for each job
advertised but there are also more job opportunities available

Trends
• the general direction of change
• in the global carreer market include
o going smaller or downsizing, which is making companies smaller by
hiring fewer workers or by retrenching or firing workers
o a more diverse work force - workers from different countries and
cultures with different skills
o A dynamic or ever-changing job market
o Outsourcing
o Increase use of internet and IT
• Trends in the job market also mean you need to know about the jobs on the
decline

Scarce skills
o careers where there are few or no qualified or experienced people to do
the work
niche
o in a job market is an unusual place or position that usually need
someone with specialized skills or a unique combination of skills

Skills shortages
o Sector Education and Training Authorities (SETA) were established to
identify the skills needs for every sector career field of the South African
economy
o also ensure that training is available to provide for these skills needs

South African Qualification Authority (SAQA)

o is the dedicated national overseeing body of the National Qualifications
Framework (NQF)
o it makes and implements policies and criteria for the registration of
education and training providers
o Role of SAQA
o Advance the aims of the NQF
o Oversee the further development of the NQF
o Coordinate qualifications for
▪ General and FET
▪ Higher education
▪ Trades and occupations
o register qualifications and develop policy and criteria for
assessment recognition of prior learning (RPL) and credit
accumulation and transfer
o Work closely with Quality Councils (QC)
o The 3 Quality Councils are responsible for standards generation
and for accreditation and quality assurance of learning
▪ CHE council on higher education,
▪ Umalusi
▪ Quality Council for Trade and Occupation (QCTO)

National Qualifications Framework (NQF)

o the set of guidelines which register the record of learner achievement
o is national
o records learner achievement
o allows national recognition of your skills and knowledge
o promotes an integrated system that promotes lifelong learning
Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)
o Is the process in which you are assessed and you get credit for non-
formal learning you have done in the past
o you have to be 23 years and older and have a minimum of three years
working experience