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The predictive value of high jump achievement in terms of some physical
abilities and biomechanical variables for young youth
Conference Paper · January 2020
DOI: 10.14198/jhse.2020.15.Proc4.06
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Supplementary Issue: Summer Conferences of Sports Science. Costa Blanca Sports Science Events, 25-26 September 2020. Alicante, Spain.
The predictive value of high jump achievement in terms
of some physical abilities and biomechanical variables
for young youth
MAHDI LAFTA RAHI1 , ALI HUSSEIN SAGHEER2
1College of Physical Education and Sport Science, Waist University, Iraq
2Faculty of Science, Waist University, Iraq
ABSTRACT
The development of the athletic activity including high jump, was not just a coincidence, but it has gone
through many stages of development until it reached the current stage. What makes the high jump activity
different from other athletic activity is that it is characterized by the heights altitude a jumper can reach.
Therefore, prediction plays a key role in knowing the athlete future achievement results by inferring known
facts and data that helps trainers guide and plan training programs and codify their content towards identifying
and applying variables that have an effective impact on the training process, raising the athlete skills and
physical level. To allow the athlete to reach his/her best performance and jump as high as he could. On this
basis, the importance of the research lies in predicting the level of achievement for high jump athletes based
on the results of some physical abilities and biomechanical variables related to the athlete performance
through the use of the predictive equation proposed by the researcher.
Keywords: High jump; Physical abilities; Biomechanical variables.
Cite this article as:
Rahi, M.L., & Sagheer, A.H. (2020). The predictive value of high jump achievement in terms of some
physical abilities and biomechanical variables for young youth. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise,
15(4proc), S1035-S1045. doi:https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2020.15.Proc4.06
1
Corresponding author. College of Physical Education and Sport Science, Waist University, Iraq.
E-mail: dr.ghafarsaeedissa@gmail.com
Abstract submitted to: Spring Conferences of Sports Science. Costa Blanca Sports Science Events, 19-20 June 2020. Alicante,
Spain.
JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT & EXERCISE ISSN 1988-5202
© Faculty of Education. University of Alicante
doi:10.14198/jhse.2020.15.Proc4.06
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INTRODUCTION
The development in achieving achievements and records of all sport games and events in international
forums and tournaments is a sure outcome of all the scientific efforts and experiences that have been made
in the field of training methods and techniques as well as the effective contribution of other sciences in
supporting achievement in sport.
Athletics competitions are among the activities that are characterized by a high degree of excitement and
suspense, due to the creativity and distinction in the performance of its various activities, which require
continuous communication in training programs and the use of various modern training techniques, which
focused on the main and influential variables to reach the higher levels of achievement.
The development witnessed by athletics activities, including the high jump event, was not a mere coincidence,
rather it went through many stages of development until it reached the stage that we use and we observe at
the present time, as these developments aimed to raise the digital level (achievement) and technical
performance to reach the best methods of mechanical aspects to jump without these methods contradicting
the contest law.
The method of performance in the high jump is distinguished from other activities by obtaining the highest
altitude distance of the jumper's body without relying on any tool to help it to rise, which required those in
charge of the training process to be familiar with the rules of kinetic analysis and to know the mechanism of
technical performance involved in producing the kinetic energy that achieves the highest Completion (Karim,
& Al-Mafraji, 2010).
Prediction leads a major role in knowing the results of future achievement by inferring from known facts and
data that help trainers in directing and planning training programs and codifying their content towards
identifying and applying effective variables in the training process, raising the physical and skill level, and
achieving high achievement for young hoppers (Gneiting, & Katzfuss, 2014).
Prediction in the sport field is an important topic, as it contributes to setting expectations and perceptions
about the reality of the athlete’s situation and gives an indication of the level of progress and development
through several data that must be available to the coach or researcher, which are the basis for this
expectation.
On this basis, the importance of research appears in predicting the level of achievement of high jump
contestants depending on the results of tests of some physical abilities, the biomechanical variables of
performance, through which it is possible to know the level that the hopper will achieve, as well as the need
to address weaknesses and strengthen strengths by emphasizing the investment of training techniques and
motor analysis in young hoppers, to reach them to the best sports levels, in pursuit of distinguished
achievement in this event.
The research problem
Through our review of many studies, sources, and scientific references, as well as our follow-up of the levels
of achievement of the Iraqi youth team of the high jump events we did not find an accurate technical arithmetic
method for predicting the achievement of the hoppers, and in the sense of facilitating the work of trainers and
in order to save efforts and time in knowing the jumpers level in the future by designing a statistical equation
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and time in knowing the level of the jumpers in the future by designing a statistical equation to figure out the
predictive value of the level of achievement of the young jumpers in the future in the high jump events.
The research goals
The research aims to
Finding a predictive equation for the achievement of the high jump in the sense of some physical abilities and
biomechanical variables for young hoppers.
The research impose
The value of the achievement of the high jump for youth can be predicted in terms of some physical abilities
and biomechanical variables through the proposed equation.
The research fields
• Human field: Players of the national youth team in the high jump event.
• Temporal field: from 25-11-2019 to 15-7-2020.
• Spatial field: The National centre for athletic talent development for athletics in Baghdad.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Procedures
The researcher used the descriptive approach in the manner of interrelationships due to its suitability to the
nature of the problem.
Participants
The study community was represented by the players of the Iraqi youth team in high jump and they represent
the study sample by (7) contestants for the sport season 2019-2020.
Measures
The methods for collecting the information are the following (observation, tests, a camera with a speed of
(500) images / sec (3), a scale, a stopwatch, a laptop, a tape measure, a medical scale, foot scan.
Analysis
The researcher used the statistical bag (SPSS) to find the appropriate statistical treatments for the study.
FIELD RESEARCH PROCEDURES
Determine physical abilities and tests for each ability
After reviewing previous studies with specialization close to the current study and recent scientific sources in
sports training and tests, the researcher identified the physical abilities and tests for each of the abilities
identified and these abilities (the explosive power of the two legs, the maximum strength of each leg, the
rapid strength of the torso and the abdominal muscles). In order to obtain the necessary data for the nature
of statistical laws in line with the number of studies samples, the researcher took data (3) attempts for each
test, as well as the attempts to achieve the high jump.
The vertical jump up with foot scan device (Majed, 2016).
The purpose of the test:
To measure the vertical explosive force of the leg muscles.
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Tools used:
Foot scan platform, calculator.
Performance description:
The player stands on a strength measurement platform, the feet are parallel and open to the breadth of the
pelvis, and from Half knee bent mode he swings his arms backward then in front and then the jump as far as
possible
Registration:
Each athlete is given three tries, and 30-sec rest between each attempt and other, scoring the highest power
ever recorded by the player.
Maximum strength
Tested as follows:
• Leg push test (Al-Fadhli, 2010):
The purpose of the test
To measure the maximum strength of the two legs.
Tools used:
LEG-SLED-602 is equipped with a wheelchair without a seat with shoulder and head cushions, with a ground
on which the legs are based, and the seat of the device is horizontally moving attached to a wire and rollers
and pulsating with weights up to 300kg.
Performance description:
The tester lies on his back, relying on the device's cushions on his shoulders, then we determine the distance
of the knees through a lever that controls the extension of the angle of the knees, resting between 30 seconds
after each attempt.
Record
The athlete's ability to measure the maximum strength of the two legs is determined by pushing the greatest
resistance (kg).
Rapid force
The test was as follows:
• Torso bending test from a seated position (Galeriek, 2015).
Purpose of the test:
To measure the rapid strength of the abdominal muscles.
Tools used:
Flat-ROL device can measure the rapid strength of the torso and abdomen, this device works in two directions
separately, as the device consists of weights that can be changed by a spring (nail) and a seat measuring
(40×40) cm with a footrest on it and a handle on the other side with a lever arm connected to half a pulley
and a wire attached to weights.
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Performance description:
The tester sits on the seat and puts the arm of the device in front of his chest, and puts the feet in the cushions
so as not to participate in the performance and its work is only support, the tester works to push the arm of
the device forward by the chest at maximum weight rate (resistance). Each athlete is given a 60-second
break between the two attempts.
The maximum strength of each leg
The test was as follows:
• One leg push test (Galerik, 2015):
Purpose of the test:
To measure the maximum strength of each leg.
Tools used:
LEG-PRESS consists of a wheelchair for pulley angle control and consists of two-foot rests, the tester can
use both legs and one leg, with weight straps for each armrest carrying up to 500kg.
Performance description:
The tester sits on the wheelchair and puts one of the feet to measure its maximum strength, as he pushes
the footrest forward taking into account that the torso in this process is not involved, knowing that there is no
grip of the arms for the purpose of engaging the upper part. The tester is given three attempts to choose the
best try, resting between 30 sec per attempts.
Record:
The athlete's ability to measure the maximum strength of each leg is determined by the force of the greatest
resistance (kg).
Rapid strength
The test was as follows:
• Torso Lift Test (Karim, & Al-Mafraji, 2010):
Purpose of the test:
To measure the rapid strength of the torso.
Tool used:
FLAT-ROL can measure the rapid strength of the torso and abdomen, this device works in two directions
separately, as the device consists of weights that can be changed by means of a spring (nail) and a seat
measuring (40 x 40) cm with an armrest to put the feet on it and a handle on the other side with a lever
attached to a half-pulley and a wire attached to a weight.
Performance description:
The tester sits behind the seat and places the arm of the device behind his back, as the footrest is changed
each according to the length of the legs and the more the legs are pushed apart, the less they are involved
in the work and its work is only to support.
The tester pushes the arm of the device back with the torso at maximum weight (resistance). Each athlete is
given a 60-second break between the two attempts.
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Record:
Choosing the best attempt in which the most repetitions are recorded for the laboratory within 30 seconds.
• The high jump achievement test:
Purpose of the test:
Measuring the achievement for each contestant.
Tool used:
Legal high jump device, tape measure, registration forms, camera.
Performance description:
Each member of the sample performs the high jump test according to the technical stages of the performance,
and the performance is in accordance with the conditions of the IAAF in the effectiveness of the high jump in
the execution of attempts. With the placement of three cameras distributed in special places for the process
of performance analysis.
Record:
Each hopper is given three attempts at each height, and the attempt with which the highest height was
achieved is recorded for him.
Exploratory experience
The researcher conducted the exploratory experiment on a sample consisting of (3) hoppers on Tuesday
26/11/2019 at the Sports Talent Center for Athletic Games in Baghdad.
The exploratory experience has benefited the researcher in identifying the validity of tests and measures
used to collect study data.
Main experience
The researcher applied the study tests and achievement on the sample of the study, which consisted of (7)
hoppers namely the Iraqi youth team in the high jump, on Saturday 4/12/2019 at the Sports Talent Care
Center for Athletics in Baghdad.
RESULTS
Statistical description of the distributions of research variables for the model building sample
Table 1. Arithmetic means, standard deviations, and the value of Shapiro–Wilk test. For the model-building
sample in the researched variables.
Shapiro–Wilk test
Variables Tests S- P
Calculated Significance
Accomplishment 1.896 0.078 0.834 .227
Jumping explosive force 1573.433 61.131 0.306 .143
Physical abilities
Legs strength 177.071 7.280 0.927 .182
Maximum right leg power 136.000 3.258 0.985 .912
Maximum left leg power 167.429 5.019 0.954 .441
Torso Side-bending in Sitting 36.571 3.877 0.968 .670
Torso lift 39.143 2.685 0.990 .167
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The highest power achieved when rising 1992.546 8.536 0.989 .742
Biomechanical Momentary push time to rise 0.266 0.165 0.965 .610
Launch speed 4.640 0.740 0.312 .120
Launch angle 46.357 4.830 0.988 .939
variables
Body rotation angular velocity 226.750 10.930 0.964 .593
Arc speed rate 6.223 0.578 0.901 .070
The results of Table 1 indicate the good prevalence of model-building sample scores at each of the research
variables (physical, biomechanical), as the significance level values associated with the calculated values of
(Shapiro) test, which all came greater than the significance level value (.05), indicated that all the variables
Have achieved the equinox curve.
- Building a prediction model for high jump achievement in terms of (physical capabilities and
biomechanical variables) and (high jump achievement):
- Finding the correlation between (physical abilities and biomechanical variables) and (high jump
achievement) among the model sample members:
Table 2. Correlation coefficient Values between (physical abilities and biomechanical variables) and (high
jump accomplishment) for the researched sample.
Correlation coefficient
Correlation Statistical
Variables Significance
nature Calculated significance
level
Jumping explosive force Simple 0.942 .000 Significant
Biomechanical variables Physical abilities
Legs strength Simple 0.810 .000 Significant
Maximum right leg power Simple 0.834 .000 Significant
Maximum left leg power Simple 0.874 .000 Significant
Torso Side-bending in Sitting Simple 0.791 .000 Significant
Torso lift Simple 0.953 .000 Significant
The highest power achieved
Simple 0.925 .000 Significant
when rising
Momentary push time to rise Simple 0.181 .535 Non-Significant
Launch speed Simple 0.838 .000 Significant
Launch angle Simple 0.201 .491 Non- Significant
Body rotation angular
Simple 0.835 .000 Significant
velocity
Arc speed rate Simple 0.825 .000 Significant
When reviewing the results of Table 2, we find that the values of the correlation coefficient between the
variable (achievement of the high jump) and the physical capabilities (Explosive power by jumping up, thrust
of the legs, the maximum strength of the right leg, the maximum strength of the left leg, bending the torso
from sitting, lifting the torso) and the values of the correlation coefficient between the variable (high jump
achievement) and the biomechanical variables (the highest force exerted during rise ,velocity of cruising,
angular velocity of body rotation, average arc velocity) is significant because the significance level value
associated with it were greater than the indication level value of (.05), which indicates that the connection is
not intangible, the relationship is not real, and it was the result of chance.
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Extracting indicators of the linear regression equation model
In order to evaluate the model's accuracy of the result in the model building sample, the researcher resorted
to the multiple correlation between the predictive variables and the outcome, whose results appear in Table
3.
Table 3. Quality indicators of the linear regression equation model.
Variables Coefficient Contribution
Predictive Accomplishment factor R ratio R2
Physical abilities (Jumping explosive force, Legs
strength, Maximum right leg power, Maximum
left leg power, Torso Side-bending in Sitting,
Torso lift). High jump
0.996 0.992
Biomechanical variables (The highest power, Accomplishment
achieved when rising, Momentary push time to
rise, launch speed, Launch angle, Body rotation
angular velocity, Arc speed rate).
It appears from Table 3 that the value of the multiple correlation coefficient came in the amount of (0.996)
and that the value of the interpretation coefficient (the contribution rate) reached (0.992), which means that
these variables explain a percentage of (99.2%) of the achievement of the high jump.
Table 4. Shows the calculated test value (f), and the value of the accompanying significance level.
(f) Value
Total Freedom Average Statistical
Variance Source Significance
squares level squares Calculated significance
level
Between groups 0.078 10 0.008
Inside groups 0.001 3 0.000 35.688 .007 Significant
Overall 0.079 13
Table 4 indicates that the value of the significance level associated with the (f) value was (.007) and is smaller
than the value of the indicative level (.05), which demonstrates the significance of the multiple linear
regression model, and therefore the model represents the relationship between the variables in question the
best representation.
Extracting the values of the regression equation coefficients (model)
Table 5. Values for regression equation coefficients and the significance of the model parameters.
Parameters (t) Value
The coefficient value of the
Statistical
Coefficient equation Significance
Calculated significance
nature Non- Standard Standard level
standard error (beta)
A 8.263- 4.175 3.979- .002 Significant
Fixed
B1 0.00015 0.000 0.510- 4.315- .002 Significant
amount
B2 0.0031 0.002 0.286 2.348 .040 Significant
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Non-
B3 0.012 0.003 0.426 2.148 .136
Significant
Non-
B4 0.214 0.003 0.162- 0.880- .444
Significant
Non-
B5 0.14 0.006 0.552 1.725 .183
Significant
B6 0.0051 0.007 0.521 3.264 .009 Significant
B7 0.0043 0.002 0.475 3.827 .005 Significant
Non-
B8 0.001 0.020 0.376- 1.956- .145
Significant
B9 0.0025 0.002 0.357 2.520 .026 Significant
Non-
B10 0.024 0.039 0.407- 1.424- .250
Significant
Table 5 indicates that the significance of the intercept coefficient (a) as well as the regression coefficients -
slope - (b1, b2, b6, b7, b9) as the values of the level of significance associated with the calculated (t) values
came smaller than the level of significance (.05) This indicates the significance of these parameters for the
multiple regression model.
The fixed magnitude indicates the relationship between the degree of achievement of the high jump and the
predictive variables (physical abilities - biomechanical variables). Returning to the same table, we find that
all the values of the significance level associated with the (t) values calculated for the fixed magnitudes came
smaller than the level of significance (.05), which means the predictive variables. It contributes effectively to
the evaluation of outcome values.
From the above, the model will take the following form:
The non-standard equation
S=A+B1× Jumping explosive force+B2× Legs strength+B6× Torso lift+B7× The highest power, achieved
when rising+B9× Body rotation angular velocity
Standard equation
S=A+B1× Jumping explosive force+B2× Legs strength+B6× Torso lift× The highest power, achieved when
rising+B9× Body rotation angular velocity
DISCUSSION
By observing the results of Tables (3-4-5), it becomes evident that the contribution ratios for the physical
abilities of the high jump hopper and the biomechanical variables came in different ways, and the results
showed that the degrees of high contribution between the physical capabilities and the biomechanical
variables with the hoppers achievement level formed the integrated picture of performance, it turns out
through that, the explosive power of the two legs contributes to the completion of a momentary work when
the hopper performs a rapid and explosive movement as in the stage of rising ,where the description of the
first movement of rising in the effectiveness of the high jump in the explosive movement, and this corresponds
to what Mohammed Nasreddine Radwan stated that "this movement performs strongly and very quickly
according to the goal of skill and the level of performance which depends mainly on the physical level of the
athlete" (Radwan, 2002).
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And that the compatibility of high performance plays a major role through the work and consistency of physical
abilities in accordance with the mechanical conditions of the high jump effectiveness, as the force exerted by
the jumper during the rising process contributes and secures the process of proper linkage with the moment
of advancement to get the best vertical height (Tidow, 1993).
As we know, there are two key factors to be observed in the rising, namely, to get the greatest vertical velocity
possible for the centre of the body's weight and to create an angled velocity of sufficient rotation around this
centre to pass the crossbar.
Dapena also states that the direction of the ground reaction force up vertically basically creates the angular
thrust at the angular velocity needed for the jumper's body to cross the beam (Dapena, 2000).
The researcher focused on the most important physical abilities and the biomechanical variables that are
most related and contributed to the achievement of the high jump by designing the predictive equation after
applying a set of statistical equations that deal with achieving the goal of the study, which stipulates finding
a predictive equation to achieve the high jump in terms of some of the physical abilities and biomechanical
variables of the young jumpers in which we see a service for coaches and those in charge of planning and
developing training programs by predicting the levels and capabilities of the physical jumpers and the
biomechanical aspects affecting the achievement of the competitors of the high jump event with strength
games
CONCLUSIONS
There are varying degrees in the contribution of some physical abilities and biomechanical variables to the
achievement of the high jump for young jumpers.
The predictive equation measures the achievement of the high jump in terms of some special physical abilities
and the biomechanical variables most associated with achievement for young jumpers.
Recommendations
The necessity to use the proposed predictive equation to know the level of achievement of young hoppers
by coaches to deal with the correct planning of training programs.
Familiarity with the percentage of the contribution of physical abilities and biomechanical variables for
achieving the effectiveness of the high jump.
REFERENCES
Abdul Karim, S., & Al-Mafraji, K. (2010). Theoretical and Scientific Foundations of Athletics for the
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Al-Fadhli, S. (2010). Biomechanical Applications in Sports Training and Kinetic Performance, Baghdad:
House of Books and Documents.
Dapena, J. (2000). The High Jump. In: Zatsiorsky,V.(ed), Biomechanics in sport, Oxford, Blackwell
Science, P285-311. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470693797.ch14
Galeriek Ulturistiky (2005). Bodybuilding Exercises , Database , USA , P 179.
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Gneiting, T. & Katzfuss, M. (2014). Probabilistic Forecasting: Annual Review of Statistics and Its
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of advancement in the special force and the achievement of the high jump for youth, Master Thesis:
University of Baghdad, College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for Girls, p.63.
Radwan, M. (2002). Methods of Measuring Physical Exercise in Sports, 2nd Edition, Cairo, Al-Kitab
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This work is licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
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