FUNDAMENTALS OF

CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATION
WITH INTELLIGENCE

TOPIC 1: NATURE AND CONCEPT OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

A. ETYMOLOGY OF INVESTIGATION
 1. The term came from the Latin word INVESTIGARE (vestigare in some books)
which means "to track or to look into traces."
2. Fundamentally, it may have been derived from VESTIGUM, another Latin
word which means footprint.
3. Criminal Investigation came from the Latin term investigat, which means "to
inquire or to discover" during the 5th century.

B. DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Investigation refers to the process of carrying out a detailed examination or inquiry

usually in official manner, to discover something or somebody.

2. Criminal Investigation is a logical process of collection and analysis of facts about

persons, things and places relative to a crime. It includes:

 Identification of the guily party

 The location of the whereabouts of the guily party, and,
 Providing admissible evidence to establish the guilt of the parties involved in the
crime.

3. Criminal Investigation is an undertaking that seeks, collects and gathers evidence of a

crime for a case of specific purpose.

C. Criminal Investigation as
1. an art based on intuition and sometimes by chance.
2. a science because it involves the application of knowledge of forensic science.
3. a process because it involves systematic procedure.

TOPIC 2: THE CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR

The criminal investigator
 Criminal Investigator is the superstar in the process of investigation. He must be
capable of observation and a rational thinker. Many times, a police investigator
is being tested with his discretion.

Roles of Investigator
1. Determine whether a crime has been committed.
2. Identify the victim/s and the offender.
3. Locate and apprehend the accused.
4. Assist in case follow up.

Qualities of a Criminal Investigator

1. Perseverance - bring the desired conclusion in spite of obstacles.
2. Endurance - is the ability to last physically and mentally.
3. Incorruptible Honesty and Integrity
4. The intelligence and Wisdom of Solomon - Investigator could easily decipher
falsehood from truth and separate the grain from the chaff.
5. Acting Ability - is the ability to down to the level of different types of individuals.
6. Mastery of oral and written communication
7. The keen power of observation and description
8. Courage-isthemoralfortitudetotellthetruthnomatterwhowillbehurt.
9. Working knowledge of laws.
10. The keen power to read between the lines - This is the ability of investigator to
interpret the words and phrases encountered in the process of investigation.
11. Woking knowledge of Martial arts and Firearms Proficiency.
Desirable Traits of the Investigator
1. Superior Reasoning Ability - the ability to analyze logically a multitude of
facts and detemine how they interrelate is the basic to the investigative
process.

Elements from the foundation of the critical thinking process:

 Differentiating between fact and opinion.
 Determining cause and effect relationships.
 Determining the accuracy and completeness of information presented.
 Recognizing logical fallacies and faulty reasoning.
 Developing inferential skills through deductive and inductive
reasoning.

2. Imaginationand Curiosity
 Imagination - means forming mental images of what is not present.
 Curiosity - is the desire to learn by being inquisitive.
3. Intuition - This is the immediate apprehension or cognition - quick and
ready insight without the conscious use of reasoning.
4. ObservationalAbility - Under most circumstances, the investigator will use
the sense of seing and hearing , the former being the more significant.
5. OrganizationalAbility - The police investigator is continually processing
various types of information.
6. LegalKnowledge - Today's investigator must possess a solid grounding in
criminal and to a lesser degree, in civil law.
7. CulturalUnderstanding and a Wide range of interest - An awareness and
understanding of cultures different from the investigator's own can be a
great advantage.
8. Persistence - Continuing in the face of opposition, refusing to give up when
faced with an adverse situation.

TOPIC 3: THE CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

A. Goals of Criminal Investigation

Generally, the goals of criminal investigation are the following:
1. To determine whether a crime has been committed;
2. To legally obtain information or evidence;
3. To identify persons involved in the crime;
4. To arrest suspects;
5. To recover stolen properties;
6. To present the best possible case to the prosecutor.

B. Kinds of Criminal Investigation

Generally speaking, there are only two kinds of Criminal Investigation:
1. Investigation while the suspect is under arrest and detention; and
2. Investigation while the suspect "is at large" . It means that the suspect is not
under arrest or detention, as distinguished from fugitive from justice.

C. The four phases of Criminal Investigation

1. The identification of criminal.
2. The criminal is traced, located and arrested.
3. The facts of evidence to prove the guilt of the accused are gathered.
4. Pieces of evidence are presented in court.
D. Components of Criminal Investigation
1. Pattern - refers to a series of similarities that may link particular cases or
indicate that the same person is committing a series of crimes.

2. Leads - these are clues or pieces of information that aid in the progress of an
investigation.

3. Tips - Specifically refer to leads provided by the citizens that aid in the progress
of an investigation.

4. Theories - beliefs regarding the based on the evidence, patterns, leads, tips and
other information developed and undercover in the case.
E. Trichotomy of Criminal Investigation
1. Training - Being a critical factor in developing good and competent investigator,
is the key to freedom from bandage of ignorance.

2. Tools - To establish facts and develop evidence, a criminal investigator must use
these tools - information, interview, interrogation, and instrumentation.

3. Technique - Essence of tactical strategy in investigation.

F. Importance of Criminal Investigation

1. The problem on crimes and criminals should be carefully studied and provided
with solutions.

2. It helps the five pillars of the Criminal Justice System in recognizing and
identifying criminal and provides clues or information in promoting social
justice.

3. An aid in enforcing the laws and the protection of lives and properties.

G. Forms of Investigation
1. Formal Investigation
 it refers to official inquiry conducted by a government agency in an effort to
uncover facts and determine the truth.
 It is usually considered as some form of inquiry concerning of criminal
activity.

2. Inquest - it is an effort to search the basic cause of an incident such as the

commission of a crime.

3. Inquisition - A more historical description than a current usage to describe any

penetrating investigation concerning a religious issue.

4. Probe - Similar to formal investigation, is an extensive, searching inquiry

conducted by a government agency.

5. Research - It is the most employed type of investigation refers to the careful,

patient investigation done by scientist or scholars in their effort's to identify
original sources of data or causes of problem.

6. Investigative reporting - Relatively speaking, is a recent type of investigation

pursued by the members of the press on their own initiative. It is designed to
satisfy two purposes:
 To attract readers/viewers.
  To get to the roots of the problem.

H. Categories of Criminal Investigation according to John Dempsey

1. Criminal Investigation vs. Non-Criminal Investigation
 Criminal Investigation - Carried out by the police.
 Non-Criminal Investigation - involves on Non-Criminal incidents or
events.
2. Reactive Investigation Vs Proactive Investigation
 Reactive Investigation - initiated on the basis of complaint.

Categories of Reactive Investigation

a. Walk-through
 Suspect is easily determined and located.

b. Where-are-they
 Suspect has been tentatively identified but has not been located.

c. Whod unit
 This is a case in which no suspects are initially identified.

 Proactive Investigation - these are designed to catch a criminal in the act of

committing a crime.

a. Decoy operations - are of blending and deploy types to catch criminals

in flagrante delicto.

b. Undercover operations - usually in the form of buy-bust and

entrapment.
 Buy-bust operation
 Entrapment

3. Overt Investigation vs Covert Investigation

a. Overt Investigation - openly
b. Convert Investigation - in secret

I. Basic steps in Crime Scene Investigation

1. Recognition - involves the efforts of identifying data, including physical things
that may provide relevant information regarding the criminal case being
investigated.

2. Collection - refers to the act of gathering those identified data or facts, or

physical things that are significant to the case under investigation.

3. Preservation - includes act of keeping the collected evidences in their true and
original for, preventing contamination or destruction of it's substantive value.

4. Evaluation - the process of determining the probative value of the evidence.

5. Presentation - It is the function that is primarily manifested inside the

courtroom.

J. Starting points of Criminal Investigation

 1. State the problem
2. Form hypothesis
3. Observe and experiment
4. Interpret data
5. Draw conclusions

K. The six cardinal points of investigation

1. WHO QUESTIONS:
These are questions used to inquire on the identity of the victims or offended
party, name of suspect, accomplices, accessories and witnesses of the crime.

2. WHAT QUESTIONS:
The purpose of these types of questions is to find out what happened or what
happened or what took place, during and immediately after the commission of
the offense.

3. WHERE QUESTIONS:
These are questions that localize the place of incident, the city or town, the
district or barangay, the street or road, the number of the house or building.

4. WHEN QUESTIONS:
These are questions needed to determine and fix the time, day, month and year
when the crime was committed. When questions should be specified and as
accurate as possible.

5. WHY QUESTIONS:
These are questions that endeavor to ascertain the relatives, causes, antecedents,
previous, incidents, related facts, background occurrences that might help
explain the commission of the offense.

6. HOW QUESTIONS:
These are designed to help the investigator determine how the crime was
committed, the means/tools are employed, the crime was discovered and the
culprit enters the building/room.

I. The Golden rule in Criminal Investigation

The Golden rule states: Do not touch, alter, move, or transfer any object at the crime
scene unless it is properly marked, measured, sketched and/or photographed.

TOPIC 4: Tools of Criminal Investigation: INFORMATION

I. INFORMATION
It is the knowledge or facts which the investigator had gathered or acquired from
person's or documents, which are pertinent or relevant concerning the commission
of the crime or criminal activities.

A. Classification of information as to it's sources

1. Regular Sources
2. Cultivated Sources
3. Grapevines Sources

B. Methods used in acquiring information

1. ELICITATION
 Refers to a process of extracting information during an apparently normal and
innocent communication, where one or more of the involved parties is not aware
of the specific purpose of the conversation.

It is a very low risk activity. It is hard for the target to recognize as an

intelligence collection technique and easy to deny any intentional wrongdoing. It
is just a pleasant conversation among colleagues or friends.

Elicitation through a simple conversation is planned, systematic process requiring

careful preparation that generally includes the following;

a. Preparation - apply elicitation only with the specific purpose in mind. The
objective and the information desired must be clearly identified.

Before the approach, all available intelligence files and records, personality,
dossiers and knowledge possessed by others who have previously dealth with the
subject. This will help to determine the subjects background, motivation,
emotions and psychological nature.

b. Approach - approach the subject in normal surroundings to avoid suspicion

using the flattery or provocation.

Types:
 Flattery - people are susceptible to praise.
Variants:
 Teacher pupil approach - subject is traced as an authority.
 Kindred Soul approach - subject is placed in a pedestal having
some specialized quality.
 Good Samaritan approach - sincere and valid offers to help and
assistance are made to the subject.
 Partial Disagreement approach - produce talking by the word
'I'm sure " If I fully agree.

 Provocative approach - utilization of conversational gambits.

Variants:
 Teaser Bait approach - elicitor accumulates the sources of
knowledge about a particular subject.
 Manhattan from Missouri approach - elicitor adapts an
unbelievable attitude above anything.
 Joe Blow approach - it is "I know the answer to everything
approach.
 National Pride approach - defend their country and it's policies.

c. Conversation - once the approach has succeeded in opening the

conversation, device techniques to channel the conversation to the area of
interest.

d. Probe - is the process to keep the person or subject talking incessantly.

Types:
 Competition probe - used in connection with the teacher pupil
approach.
 Clarity probe - used to elicit information in an area which the
response is not clear.
  High pressure probe - it serves to pin down a subject in a
specific area.
 Hypothetical probe - it presents hypothetical situation.

Phases of Elicitation
a. Determination of the mission
b. Selection of the subject
c. Accomplishment of the mission

Elicitation Tricks
 By adopting to the ego, self esteem or prominence of the subject; you
might be able to guide him or her into a conversation on the area of
operation. (kindred Soul approach)

 By soliciting the subject's opinion and by insinuating that he or she is an

authority on a particular topic. (Teacher Pupil approach)

 By adopting an unbelievable attitude, you may be able to cause the

subject to explain in detail or to answer out without irritation. The agent
should not provoke the subject to the point where rapport is broken.
(Manhattan Soul Approach)

 By inserting bits of factual information on a particular topic, you might

influence the subject to confirm and further expand on the topic.
However careless or over use of this technique may give away more
information than gained.

 By offering sincere and valid assistance, you might be able to determine

subject's specific area of interest.
 By quoting something as fact.
 By disagreeing partially.
 By use of flattery liberally but sensibly.
 By sharing confidence with the subject.
 By use of analogies and or comparative situations.
 By use of a negative approach.
 By being incredilous and ask for proof.
 By use of refreshments, food and music to eliminate strange relationship
and make him willing to exchange confidence.

Human weakness to be considered in Elicitation.

 Gossip
 Need for recognition
 The habit of advising, teaching, correcting, substantiating, challenging
and contradicting.
 Challenging their expertise.

Why Elicitation works?

 Most of the people want to be polite and helpful even from strangers.

 People might be tempted to say more than they should on matters

appealing to their professional specialty.

 Self importance, people want their usefulness to be appreciated. They may

talk elaborately in response to praise.
  People shows genuine interest to those person's who treated them in the
same way.

 As an honest people, must are hesitant to withold information or be

suspicious of others motives and interest.

2. OBSERVATION AND DESCRIPTION

An individual's complete awareness of his surroundings is achieved through
maximum employment of his/her senses. ODEX focuses on factually reporting
one's own observations or the sensory experience recounted by others.

Psychologist estimate that approximately 85% of our knowledge is gathered

through sight, 13% through hearing, and 2% through remaining senses (taste,
smell, and touch)

Psychological process for accurate observation:

1. Attention - consists of the psychological process involved in becoming aware of
an existence of fact.

 Involuntary - you have no control and requires no effort (i.e a person who
is busy watching TV unexpectedly hears knocking on the door)

 Voluntary - more reliable in the sense that the mind is conditioned to focus
or observe a particular thing or subject, exerting more effort and less
control (i.e an owner carefully inspecting the interior and exterior of his
newly purchased vehicle).

Attention Factors
 Size (unusual sizes)
 Change (unusual changes)
 Repetition ( a type of mental conditioning, for example the ringing of the
bell, signals the end of university classes for every one and half hour).

 Striking quality (something irresistible to senses such as a highly distinct

or odor).
 Interest (something appealing, attracting arousing and intriguing that
captures attention).
 Organic condition (the normal functioning of organs that activates human
senses).

2. Perception
- involved in the understanding this fact of awareness. The following are the
perception factors:

 Mental Capacity - possession of enough intelligence to comprehend and

understand facts and things (i.e a high level of understanding may not be
expected nor observed among minors or those afflicted with mental
disorders).

 Educational Background - possession of specific knowledge through

formal education. A person might be mentally matured but his
understanding on things may still be limited due to lack of different
perception about things. (e.i computer program responses might be
 difficult to understand for someone who lacks proper technical education
related to this, or a man may not fully understand his health condition
due to lack of proper knowledge in medical practice.

 Empirical Background - Understanding is based on previous exposure

from the same set of facts and not by formal education. (i.e a person past
events for similar offense even without proper legal education
background).

 Occupational Background - perception may vary due to the occupation or

the nature of work which someone is engaged in (i.e an intelligence officer
might percieve a freshly applied "chalk mark" on a telephone booth to
the "signal mark" for a dead drop, while the same thing might not even
capture the attention of an ordinary man)

Report
Involved in identifying the name in one's own mind and narration of some facts
which have been perceived and identified. The following are reporting factors:

 Vocabulary - the choice of words and terms to accurately narrate someone's

own observation.

 Time lag - The time interval between the actual observation and reporting
might affect completeness and accuracy of the facts observed.
The memory's retentive capability diminishes over time. Accordingly, more
than one-half of the facts observed remembered are unconsciously omitted
from the memory within four hours. With this, things that are difficult to
remember should be properly recorded the earliest time possible.

 Recurrence of similar incident - Repetition of similar and related events

may cause overlapping facts that may lead to confusion upon reporting.

3. CASING
 is reconnissance or surveillance of a building, place or area to determine
it's suitability for intelligence use or it's vulnerability in an intelligence
operations.

Purpose of Casing
 Operative will know the best route to take to get there.
 Operative will know how to conduct himself without attracting
attention.
 Operative will know what security hazards are in the area and how
they can be avoided or minimized.
 Operative will know the best route to take to get out of the area.

Uses of Casing
 Aids in the planning of an operation by providing needed
information.
 It assists the agent handler to instill confidence in his agent during
the briefing phase by being able to speak knowingly about the area
of operation.
 Considered a security that offers some degree of protection for
those operating in the area unfamiliar to them.
  During the debriefing phase, it will aid in the operational testing of
the agent.

Methods of Casing
 Map Reconnaissance - a map reconnaissance alone may not be
sufficient but it can produce a certain amount of usuabe
information. From a map, it is possible to get a good survey of road
and street network.
 Personal Reconnaissance - is the most effective method and will
produce the most information since you know just what you are
looking for.
 Research - Such information can be occupied through research.
Research normally entails a study of unclassified sources such as
local newspapers, periodicals, public bulletin's, telephone and city
directories, radio and television broadcasts and other available
references.
 Prior information - Your unit will have on file reports from other
activities within your unit, and also from other intelligence units that
may provide you with information. In addition, town studies,
geodetic surveys, etc., can provide you with valuable information.
 Hearsay - This type of information is usually gained by the person
operating in the area of performing the casing job.
Casing should always be done with your ears open when visiting
such places as restaurant's, bars, places of amusement, and while
riding on a public transport facility. Some hearsay information
maybe gained by discreet questioning of the people in the area.

Preliminary Action in the conduct of Casing

A. Analyze your mission
 What is the purpose of Casing ?
 What are the requirements?
B. Study available overt information
 Examine street maps and other existing data. Local libraries
contain a wealth of such information - but have a logical reason
for your interest.
C. Check your resources.
 Time available, transportation, technical equipment, etc., must be
considered.
D. Decide in advance what things you are going to look for.
 What are you going to report?

DURING THE CONDUCT OF CASING

 Act naturally and in accord with cover, keeping cover story constantly
in mind.
 Make measurement and notes without drawing attention.
 Get all the possible information on the first visit to the area in order to
avoid repeated visits.

COVERAGE OF CASING
Location
  Pinpoint the exact location by indicating street address, intersections,
referrence to known points or landmarks, map coordinates, name,
outstanding identifying features, etc.

Characterization of the area

 A general description of the area that contains the target site should be
done (e.g traffic pattern, weather condition (Infiltration and exfiltration
routes, and security).
Approaches to the area
 Consider case of access, transportation available ( by foot, bus, cars,
taxicab, etc.)
 Traffic conditions (one way street, density of traffic, foot and vehicular,
spot traffic counts, parking conditions)
 Particularly peculiarities of the above (pedestrian traffic lights, parkway
lot attendants, retain keys to parked cars, usual tip for taxi drivers,
choke points, etc.
Special characteristics
 When does the area function normally?
 No area is static (special shopping hours, holidays , etc.)

People in the area

 Consider the nationality, mode of dressing, apparent occupation,
reaction to strangers, density, speech or language, other habits peculiar
to the local area, chances to be expected at different hours of the day,
days of the week (Sunday of holidays).

Sketches
 Are particularly valuable, show the scale of your sketch. Mark the area
plainly. Tie your skethes into the text of the report.

Photography
 Photos are of great value, a photo of every entrance/exit is an important
asset. But , do not endanger your security within the target area.

Commercial Pictures
 Remember that commercial pictures and post cards are often out of
date. Try to draw in the changes. Indicate which direction is north and
point out unmistakable landmarks.

Detail
 Try to report in such accurate detail that the failure of any mission based
on your report cannot be due to ignorance on the part of your agent.

4. CLANDESTINE OPERATION – COVERT/DISCREET

 A secret action undertaken in behalf of the government or other friendly
forces.

Basic Organizational Elements

a. Sponsor
b. Target or Rabbit
c. Agent or asset

Classification of Clandestine Agent

a. Principal Agent
b. Action Agent
 o Spy – is the primary and the most important human collector.
o Propagandist – mold the attitudes, opinions and actions of an
individual group.
o Saboteur – undertake positive actions against unfriendly power
resulting in the loss of an article, material or facility.
o Guerilla – is a member of paramilitary group organized to grass
the enemy.
o Strongman – is an agent available to provide special protection.
o Provocateur – induces an opponent to act to his own detriment.
o Cover action - exert influence from foreign government upon
discretion of the sponsor.
c. Support agent

5. COVER AND UNDERCOVER

a. Cover – any device utilized conceals the true nature of it’s acts and/or
existence from the observer.

Essential Types of Cover

 Natural Cover
 Artificial
 Cover within a cover
 Multiple cover

Hazards to cover
 Static or document opposition (ordinary citizen)
 Unhostile active opposition (Police, security agencies)
 Hostile active opposition (enemy intelligence operatives)

b. Cover Story – a biographical data which will portray the personality of the
agent he assumed.

c. Cover Support – assigned in target areas with the primary mission of

supporting the cover story.

d. Organizational Cover – any account consisting of biographical data which

when adopted by an individual will assume the personality he wants to
adopt.

6. UNDERCOVER ASSIGNMENT
 An investigation technique in which an agent conceal his official
identity to obtain information.

Uses of undercover
 Used independently to get first-hand information about the subject
of investigation.
 Supplement other investigative techniques.

Types of undercover assignment

 Dwelling
 Work
  Social
 Jurisdictional Assignment
 Combination Assignment
 Rope job – Striking up friendship with the subject.

Undercover agent
Special qualification
 Knowledge of the language
 Background regarding events
 Knowledge about the customs and habits
 Physical appearance
 An artist or an actor

Factors to consider in the selection of action (Undercover) agents

 Placement
 Acess
- Primary access
- Secondary access
- Outside access

General Nature of agent handling

 Sharing secret purpose.
 Agent controls the agent operationally and administrativelly.
 Rapport with each other.
 Respect with each other.
Basic Agent Management
 Agent handler must be in charge of the operation.
 The act insure the agent adherence.
 Good rapport must be established between the agent handler and
the agent.
 The agent handler must constantly reinforce the agent motivation.

Key element of Agent management.

 Direction and Control
a. Leadership b.Action c.Personal Example
 Natural Weakness
 Agent Training
 Agent Testing
 Agent Examination

Control
 Authority to direct agent to carry out tasks or the requirements in
behalf of the clandestine organization in acceptable manner and
security.

Two Categories of Control

 Positive Control
 Negative Control

Termination Problem
 Amount of knowledge the agent has
 Inclination to use knowledge to the disadvantage of the intelligence
service.
 Moral obligation to the agent
 Provocation
 Action taken in order to incite reaction from a known adversary or
to observe adversary.

Purposes
 Reveal the true status of an assumed adversary.
 Make a known adversary take seldom demanding action.

Provocateur
 An individual from the enemy forces who is deliberately
introduced in our custody with a specific mission of causing some
unfavorable action or reaction on our part.

7. SURVEILLANCE
 Consist of keeping persons, place or other targets under physical
observation.
 Definition of terms
a. Pre – Surveillance Conference – is a conference held before a
surveillance is conducted.

b. Stake – out – is the observation of places or areas from a fixed point.

c. Tailing or shadowing - is the observation of a person’s movement.

d. Undercover man – is a person trained to observe and penetrate

certain organization suspected of illegal activities.

e. Liaison program – is the assignment of trained intelligence personnel

to other agencies in order to obtain information.

f. Safe House – is a place, building, enclosed mobile, or an apartment,

where the police undercover men meet his action agent.

g. Drop – is a convinient, secured, and unsuspecting place where agents

can leave notes, small package or envelope.

h. Convoy – is an accomplice or associate of the subject.

i. Decoy – any person almost similar to the subject used to avoid or

elude surveillance.

j. Contact – refers to any person whom the subject picks or deals with
while he is under surveillance.

k. Made – occurs the operation was compromised.

l. Lost – happens when the agent do not know the whereabouts of their
subject.

m. Rabbit (Hare) – is a term referring to the subject of shadowing and

tailing.
 n. Test for tailing – is the common trick of the subject when he becomes
conscious that he is being tailed.

Type of surveillance
a. According to intensity and sensitivity
 Discreet – prevention of detection by the subject.
 Close – Surveillance is maintained where the prevention of loss of the
subject is paramout.
 Loose – subject need not be kept under constant observation. The
surveillance should be stopped if the subject becomes suspicious.

b. According to Methods
 Stationary
 Moving
 Technical

c. Shadowing, Tailing or Roping

 Shadowing or Tailing – act of the surveillant of following his subject
to detect criminal activities.
 Roping – surveillant assumes different roles and identity in order to
obtain information.
d. Procedures in Fixed Surveillance
 Using a room in a nearby house or building.
 The use of listening devices and to record them.
 Other surveillant may remain outdoor.
e. Tools used in fixed surveillance
 Binoculars or telescopes
 Movie cameras with telephone lens
 Wire tapping device with tape recording apparatus.
 Other listening devices
 In case there is difficulty in wire tapping device, an expert in lip
reading must be employed.
f. Methods of foot surveilance
 One-Man Shadow
 Two-Man Shadow
 Three-Man Shadow or ABC Shadow

8. INFORMANT AND INFORMER

a. Informant - any person who gives information to the police authorities relative
to a crime.

Types of Informants
 Anonymous Informant
 Rival Elimination Informant
 False Informant
 Frightened Informant
 Self-aggrandizing Informant
 Confidential Informant
 Mercenary Informant
 Double-crosser Informant
 Women Informant
 Motives of Informant
 Vanity
 Civic Mindedness
 Fear
 Repentance

Steps of Informants Recruitments (SIAT)

 Selection
 Investigation
 Approach
 Testing

Factors to consider in Informant Recruitment

 Sex
 Health
 Ability
 Age
 Education
 Personality

Dismissal of Informants
 The handler should avoid antagonizing the informant.
 Explain properly and humanely the reasons of dismissal.
 If file of the informant exists, dismissal must be in writing for future references.

b. The Informer - is a person who provides information to the police on a regular

basis. They are either paid regularly or in a case-to-case basis, or none at all.

II. INTERVIEW

A. Interview - is the simple questioning of a person who cooperates with the

investigator.

B. Cognitive Interview - conduct of interview upon willing and cooperative

witnesses, to narrate their accounts without interruption.

C. Question and Answer - interview style whereby after each question by the
investigator, the interviewee is required to answer.

D. The Golden Rule in Interview

"Never conduct or let anyone conduct an interview if the interviewer has not
gone to the crime scene."

E. Qualities of a good interviewer

1. Rapport
2. Forceful personality
3. Knowledge of human behavior
4. Conversational tone of voice
 5. Acting Qualities
6. Humility

F. Interview Format (IRONIC)

1. Identity - the investigator should identify himself to the witness by name,
rank and inquiry.

2. Rapport

3. Opening Statement

4. Narration - Allowing the witness to present in a narrative form without

injecting questions.

5. Inquiry - after the witness has told to story, the investigator can make
clarifying inquiries.

6. Conclusion - The interview should be concluded when the witness has

nothing pertinent to offer.

G. Reasons why witnesses refuse to talk or testify

1. Fear of Reprisal
2. Great inconvenience
3. Hatred against the police
4. Bias of the witness
5. Avoidance of Publicity
6. Family Restriction

H. Stages of handling the interview

 Preparation - investigator should review the facts in order that he would be
ready for the questioning.
 Approach - investigator must carefully select his kind of approach.
 Warm up - clear the atmosphere, promote a conducive ground for cordiality,
respect and trust for each other.
 Cognitive Interview

I. Rules in questioning a person involved in a crime

1. Ask question at a time
2. Avoid implied answers
3. Questions should be clearly stated
4. Saving faces
5. Yes and No answers are not allowed

J. Types of witness according to their attitude

1. Know-nothing type
2. Disinterested Type
3. The Drunken Type
4. Talkative Type
5. Honest Witnesses
6. Timid Witnesses
7. Witnesses who refuse to answer
III. INTERROGATION
A. Definition of terms
1. Interrogation – is the vigorous and confrontational questioning of a
reluctant suspect about his participation in a crime.

2. Custodial Investigation or Investigation – is the investigation conducted

by the investigator on the suspect who is under police custody.

3. Debriefing – is the interrogation of a friendly interrogee who has

information at the direction of or under the control of friendly
unintelligence service.

4. Interrogation Report – is an oral or written statement of information by

the questioning of an interrogee.

5. Interrogator – is a person who does the questioning of an interrogee.

6. Interrogee – refers to any person subjected to the interrogation process.

7. Screening – is the initial examination of an interrogee to determine the

extent of his knowledge.

8. Source – refers to any person who for any reason submits information of
intelligence interest usually on a voluntary basis.

9. Suspect – refers to any person believed to be associated with prohibited

activity.

10. Witness – refers to any person who has directs knowledge of facts
concerning an event or activity.

B. Forms of Interrogation
1. Direct - the subject is aware but he may not learn the true objectives of
Interrogation.

2. Indirect - the subject is aware.

C. Types of interrogation
1. Screening - This is usually applied immediately after capture to obtain
background information about the interrogee (subject).

2. Formal Interrogation (detailed). This is systematic attempt to exploit to an

appropriate depth those areas of the interrogee's knowledge.

3. Debriefing - It is generally used when the area of knowledge ability of the

Interrogation is known.

4. Interview - Similar to debriefing although it is less formal.

5. Interrogation of lay personnel (special type) - In this type, the techniques are
similar to interrogation but special effort must be made.

6. Tactical Interrogation - The level of interrogation where the source has

specific and detailed information that requires a trained expert in the subject
matter to be explored.
D. Phases of Interrogation
1. Planning of Interrogation

2. Approach (Meeting the interrogee) - The first meeting in which it is

extremely critical because the outcome may depend on the initial impression
created by the interrogator.

3. Questioning - this is the heart of the Interrogation.

4. Termination - the termination of the Interrogation will depend on various

factors such as physical condition of the subject.

5. Recording - the interrogator should take notes in cryptic if possible.

6. Reporting - the end product of an interrogation is the tactical Interrogation

report containing the information gained. Report must be made orally or in
written form.

E. The Techniques of interrogation

1. Emotional Appeal
2. Sympathetic Approach
3. Friendliness
4. Tricks and bluff techniques:
a. The pretense of solid evidence against the accused.
b. The weakest link
c. Drama
d. Feigning contact with family members
e. The line up
f. Reverse line up
5. Stern approach - the investigator displays a stern (demands immediate
response) personality towards the suspect by using the following methods:
a. Jolting - investigator selects the right moment to shout to the subject
with a pertinent question in an apparent righteous outrage.

b. Opportunity to lie - the suspect is given all the opportunities to lie.

6. The Mutt and Jeff or Sweet and Sour Method.

7. Removing the Ethnic and Cultural Barrier.
8. Searching for the Soft Spot.

F. Additional Modern Techniques of Interrogation

1. Rationalization - use of reasons
2. Projection - putting the blame to other person's, not blame alone to the
suspect.
3. Minimization - it is the act of minimizing the culpability of the suspect.
 G. Physical Signs of Deceptions
1. Excessive Sweating
2. Face Color Change
3. Dry Mouth
4. Excessive Breathing
5. Increase of Pulse Beat
6. Avoidance of Direct Eye Contact

III. INSTRUMENTATION
Instrumentation
 It is sometimes called CRIMINALISTICS.
 It is the process of applying instruments or tools of the police sciences in
criminal investigation and detection.
 This is the use of the Police Laboratory in the examination of physical
evidences.

The different divisions of forensic science include:

1. POLYGRAPHY OR LIE DETECTION TEST - Focused in detecting

deception.

2. POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY - division of forensic science focused on

providing photographical record of the crime scene.

3. FORENSIC CHEMISTRY - It involves the use of the science of chemistry in

the examination of fibers, hairs, powder burns, blood, stain, paints, poisonous
substances and other matters in their relevance to the Investigation.

4. FORENSIC MEDICINE - used to determine the cause of death as one of the

elements of corpus delicti and it could also approximate the time of death and
other pertinent and relevant matters in the investigation.

5. FORENSIC BALLISTICS or FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION - This is the

science of firearms identification.

6. DACTYLOSCOPY or PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION - This is otherwise

known as the science of fingerprint identification.

7. QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS EXAMINATION - establish if there is

alteration, superimposition, or erasures, either mutually or chemically of a
document.

8. FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY - the remove of dentures are of paramount

importance in the identification of unknown bodies especially when other
means of identification is lost.

9. FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY - This is a very recent science in the field of

Criminal Investigation and detection.

10. FORENSIC COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY - This is the age of advanced

information technology.

Modern discoveries of instrumentation

1. DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID) - DNA Fingerprinting I considered to
be the ultimate identification test in the conduct of criminal investigation. It
provides 100 percent positive identification of a suspect whose blood,
semen and/or other DNA-bearing body tissues of fluids were found at the crime
scene or with the victim.

2. Hair Examination - The roots of the hair when examined under this new
technology will determine the presence of drugs taken by the person two years
prior to the said examination.

3. Automated fingerprint identification system - A questioned fingerprint feed

into the AFIS machine which will automatically search the files of fingerprints
and renders report in matters of seconds.

4. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) - This is for the effective

identification on the location of criminals and object thru modern and special
gadgets. It points out the exact location of the subject or the person who
committed the crime.

END

THANK YOU FOR READING

Good luck and GOD BLESS