irections:

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41-45, you are
required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the
list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have
been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as

the humanities. You can, Mr. Menand points out, become a lawyer in three
years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a
doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half
of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.

[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: literature, languages, philosophy
and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of
American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2%
in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities
want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas
that every educated person should possess. But most find it difficult to agree
on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr. Menand
notes, “the great books are read because they have been read” – they form
a sort of social glue.

[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for
which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is
partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer
students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded
more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer
students require fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of thesis-writing,
many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which
they have not been trained.

[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they cut
across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts education
and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different
schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half
of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future
doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before
embarking on a professional qualification.

[E] Besides professionalising the professions by this separation, top American

universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public
money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research
grants rose fourfold between 1960 and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell
by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition
of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as
late as 1969 a third of American professors did not possess one. But the
key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr. Menand, is that “the
knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialisation are
transmissible but not transferable.” So disciplines acquire a monopoly not
just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the
producers of knowledge.

[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr. Menand, is to alter
the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced”. Otherwise,
academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly
detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticise.
“Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less
exclusionary and more holistic.” Yet quite how that happens, Mr. Menand
does not say.

[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and
Resistance in the American University should be read by every student
thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go
elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American
universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard
University, captured it skillfully.
G→41 → 42 → E → 43 → 44 →45

2022 Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane
window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your
laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of
your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky
inheritor of a dream come true.
The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors,
entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could
function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and
gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)

The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine

that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and
place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century’s culture machine.
But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also
act with caution. (42) I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people
do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in
passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked
computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are
doing.
All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and
birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the
world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools
but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods –
paintings, sculpture and architecture – and superfluous experiences – music,
literature, religion and philosopy.
(43)
For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still
stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a
pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading
material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a
huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)
Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task
that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.
(45)
What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the
concept of “stickiness” – creations and experiences to which others adhere.

[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture
and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture
requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip
oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.

[B] Applications like tumblr.com, which allow users to combine pictures, words
and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to
add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.

[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the
millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system
accessed by billions of people every day.

[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between
downloading and uploading – between passive consumption and active
creation – whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we
can only begin to imagine.
[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity
to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players
being replaced by CD players.

[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the
past half-century, much of the world’s media culture has been defined by a
single medium – television – and television is defined by downloading.

[G] The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the
flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly,
meaningful uploading.

The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a
million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both
inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010,
the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every
year since 2000.
Yet this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today’s global
challenges, including climate change, security, sustainable development and health.
(41) Humanity has the necessary agro-technolo- gical tools to eradicate
hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the
problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and
prosperity.
(42) This is a shame – the
community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real
world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no
radical innovation without creative destruction.
Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems
and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact.
Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental
change” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004. (43)

When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local:
Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium, for example.
And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation
of
knowledge is doubtful.
The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. (44)
_____________________ This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in
the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should
not expect more in today’s economic climate.

The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework
funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social
scientists. This year, it was proposed that the system be changed: Horizon 2020, a
new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has
resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social
science; rather, the complete
opposite. (45) That should create more
collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global
problems.
[A] The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other
categories, including health and demographic change; food security;
marine research and the bio-economy; clean, efficient energy; and
inclusive, innovative and secure societies.
[B] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what
it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation
ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young
ones.
[C] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one
that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals,
and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy
briefs.
[D] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000
social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.
[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior: all require behavioral
change and social innovations, as well as technological development.
Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing
consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about
developing clean energy.
[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such
problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a
specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it
within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.
[G] During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the
humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds –
including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate – varied
from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.

[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable – for
example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece; the pyramids of Giza in Egypt;
and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites
are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by
means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by
accident. Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a
butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of
Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City
subway in the 1970s.

[B] In another case, American archaeologists René Million and George Cowgill
spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacán in the
Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City. At its peak around AD
600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world.
The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornate ceremonial
areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common
people lived.

[C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for
when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically,
they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain
to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and
test samples have also become important for understanding the larger
landscapes that contain archaeological sites.

[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case,
many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copán,
Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual
 dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot.
The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of
the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500
and 850, when Copán collapsed.

[E] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey
methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne
technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment
carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about
what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate
general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings
or fields.

[F] Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists

who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British
archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh
Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted
through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he
located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur
Evans combed antique dealers’ stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching
for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that
dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans’s interpretations
of these engravings eventually led him to find the Minoan palace at
Knossos (Knosós), on the island of Crete, in 1900.

[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will
be successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for
surface clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a
certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points
across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using
such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal
detectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the
landscapes around sites. Two- and three-dimensional maps are helpful
tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting
the results of archaeological research.

41（） A 42 () E 43() 44() 45()

Part B Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45,
choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered
blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks.
Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in

the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out
relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English
grammar. (41) You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance by making
decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: Who is making the
utterance, to whom, when and where.
The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of
comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive
assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You
infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting
you with specific evidence and clues. (42)
Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same
track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute,
fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some
timeless relation of the text to the world. (43)
Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44)
This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely
relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical
periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping
readings of the same words on the page– including for texts that engage with
fundamental human concerns – debates about texts can play an important role
in social discussion of beliefs and values.
How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our
particular interest in reading it. (45) Such dimensions of reading suggest
– as others introduced later in the book will also do – that we bring an
implicit（often unacknowledged）agenda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then
necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more
worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other,
and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another.
Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or
relationship to your surrounding textual environment.
[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the
requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure?
Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are
likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.
[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our
gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain
interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.
[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning,
using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will
become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as
well as possible links between them.
[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any
given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the
ones the author intended.
[E] You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be
significant to you, or about its validity – inferences that form the basis
of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less
responsible.
[F] In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs
created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s
own thoughts.
[G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between
what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of
organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so
especially its language structures) and various kinds of background,
social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.

[A] Create a new image of yourself

[B] Have confidence in yourself
[C] Decide if the time is right
[D] Understand the context
[E] Work with professionals
[F] Know your goals
[G] Make it efficient

No matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you
present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in first impressions.
According to research from Princeton University, people assess your competence,
trustworthiness, and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way
you look.
The difference between today’s workplace and the “dress for success” era
is that the range of options is so much broader. Norms have evolved and
fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in
others not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-
 media services like Linkedln. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more
often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of
being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal
branding. It can be confusing.
So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an
upgrade? And what’s the best way to pull off one that enhances our goals? Here
are some tips:

As an executive coach, I’ve seen image upgrades be particularly helpful during

transitions – when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public
role, or changing work environments. If you’re in a period of change or just
feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you’re not sure, ask for
honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals. Look for
cues about how others perceive you. Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade and
that’s OK.

Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the
goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived
as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want
to look more “SoHo.” (It’s OK to use characterizations like that.)

Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What conveys status?
Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better
you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.

Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and
context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like
J.Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional
photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It’s not as expensive as you might
think.

The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more
time fussing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce
decision fatigue. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all
your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of
clothing at a time.

[A] The first published sketch, “A Dinner at Poplar Walk” brought tears to
Dickens’s eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly
Magazine. From then on his sketches, which appeared under the pen name
“Boz” in The Evening Chronicle, earned him a modest reputation.

[B] The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers, as it is generally known

today, secured Dickens’s fame. There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick
cigars, and the plump, spectacled hero, Samuel Pickwick, became a
national figure.

[C] Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared, a publishing firm approached

Dickens to write a story in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series
of woodcuts by the then-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had
originated the idea for the story. With characteristic confidence, Dickens
successfully insisted that Seymour’s pictures illustrate his own story
instead. After the first installment, Dickens wrote to the artist and asked
him to correct a drawing Dickens felt was not faithful enough to his
prose. Seymour made the change, went into his backyard, and expressed
his displeasure by committing suicide. Dickens and his publishers simply
pressed on with a new artist. The comic novel, The Posthumous Papers of
 the Pickwick Club, appeared serially in 1836 and 1837 and was first
published in book form in 1837.

[D] Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and, to many people, the
greatest English novelist of the 19th century. A moralist, satirist, and
social reformer, Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters
that capture the panorama of English society.

[E] Soon after his father’s release from prison, Dickens got a better job as
errand boy in law offices. He taught himself shorthand to get an even
better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament. At
the same time, Dickens, who had a reporter’s eye for transcribing the life
around him, especially anything comic or odd, submitted short sketches to
obscure magazines.

[F] Dickens was born in Portsmouth, on England’s southern coast. His father
was a clerk in the British Navy pay office – a respectable position, but
with little social status. His paternal grandparents, a steward and a
housekeeper, possessed even less status, having been servants, and
Dickens later concealed their background.Dickens’s mother supposedly
came from a more respectable family. Yet two years before Dickens’s birth,
his mother’s father was caught stealing and fled to Europe, never to
return. The family’s increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at
age 12 to work in Warren’s Blacking Warehouse, a shoe-polish factory,
where the other working boys mocked him as “the young gentleman.” His
father was then imprisoned for debt. The humiliations of his father’s
imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dickens’s
greatest wound and became his deepest secret. He could not confide them
even to his wife, although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of
his fiction.

[G] After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker world. In Oliver Twist, he
traces an orphan’s progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of
London. Nicholas Nickleby, his next novel, combines the darkness of
Oliver Twis t with th e sunlig ht of Pickwick. Th e popu lar ity of th ese
novels consolidated Dickens’ as a nationally and internationally celebrated
man of letters.

D 41 42 43 44 B 45

[A] In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and

prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The
commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and
Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival
twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White
House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett
was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments
began in June of 1871.

[B] Completed in 1875, the State Department’s south wing was the first to be
occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876),
Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary’s office decorated with carved
wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department
moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling
stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.

[C] The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the
three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with
formulating and conducting the nation’s foreign policy in the last quarter of
the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century – the
period when the United States emerged as an international power. The
 building has housed some of the nation’s most significant diplomats and
politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.

[D] Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical
events that have taken place within the EEOB’s granite walls. Theodore
and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower,
Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in
this building before

becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War,

and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors
and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after
the bombing of Pearl Harbor.

[E] The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique

position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the
United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B.
Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the
State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best
examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.

[F] Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When
the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington,
with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the
interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to
insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over
4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes
and two stained glass rotundas.

[G] The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The
first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of
fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded
conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In
1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building
necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.

41 C 42 43 F 44 45

[A] These tools can help you win every argument – not in the unhelpful sense
of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues
that divide people. Learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk
and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments – from a
verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain
mutual respect, and understanding – then we change the very nature of what it
means to “win” an argument.

[B] Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be

careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to
learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out
bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and
to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to
recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept
reasons on the opposite side.

[C] None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next
time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and
honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk
with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view.
 Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially.
Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.

[D] Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often
think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides
bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would
be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions – like, say,
tennis games. Pairs

of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who
entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many
people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.

[E] In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie
wrote: “There is only one way…to get the best of an argument – and that is to
avoid it.” This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken
view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social
lives – and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.

[F] These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a

conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you
don’t get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments.
You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of
these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that
divide you, but they can help you win – in one way.

[G] There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing
the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “Yes,” and I yell,
“No,” neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each
other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast,
suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not
have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that
a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less
time. Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared
values, since we both care about needy workers.
41 42 F 43 44 C 45

[A] Eye fixations are brief

[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude
[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal
[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact
[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated
[F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers
[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.

In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in
a friendly way. But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their
competitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here’s what hard science
reveals about eye contact:

41.

We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother’s eyes, and she will look
back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In adulthood,
looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can
catch someone’s attention in a crowded room, “Eye contact and smile” can signal availability and
confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.
 42.
Neuroscientist Bonnie Auyeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye
contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze
was recorded. This was also found in high-functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms,
who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being
explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.

With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of
Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages, depending on
the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it’s more
likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. “Whether you’re a
politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may
backfire if you’re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you,”said
Minson.

44.

When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or
mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another
spot, until several important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots. How the
whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current
research.

45.
In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with
self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with
avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues “Our findings indicate
that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain
reactions also differ.” A more direct finding is that people who scored highly for negative emotions
like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings
when others did not look directly at them.

In the movies and on television, artificial intelligence is typically depicted as something sinister that will upend
our way of life. When it comes to AI in business, we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss
of jobs, but in what ways is AI changing companies and the larger economy that don’t involve doom-andgloom mass
unemployment predictions?
A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies
currently use AI more often in computer-to-computeractivities than in automating human activities. Here are a few ways
AI is aiding companies without replacing employees:
Better hiring practices
Companies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious biasfrom hiring decisions. “There
are experiments that show that, naturally, the results of interviews are much more biased than what AI does,” says
Pedro Domingos, author of The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake
Our World and a computer science professor at the University of Washington. “(41) ” One company
that’s doing this is called Blendoor. It uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring process.
More effective marketing
Some AI software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates. One company
in the UK, Phrasee, claims their software can outperform humans by up to 10 percent when it comes to email open
rates. This can mean millions more in revenue. (42) _________ These are "tools that help people use data, not a
replacement for people,” says Patrick H. Winston, a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.
Saving customers money
Energy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills, saving them money while helping
the environment.Companies can also optimize their ownenergy use and cut down on the cost of electricity. Insurance
companies, meanwhile, can base their premiums on AI models that more accurately access risk. Domingos says, “ (43)
”
Improved accuracy
“Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics which makes data more valuable,” says
Winston. It “helps people make smarter decisions.” (44) __ Protecting and maintaining infrastructure A number of
companies, particularly in energy and transportation, use AI image processing technology to inspect infrastructure and
prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen. "If they fail first and then you fix them , it’s very expensive,”
says Domingos. “(45) ”
[A] AI replaces the boring parts of your job. If you're doing research, you can have AI go out and look for relevant
sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn’t have time for.
[B] One accounting firm, BY, uses an AI system that helps review contracts during anaudit. This process, along with
employees reviewing the · contracts, is faster and more accurate.
[C] There are also companies like Acquisio, which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels like
Adwords, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will yield best
results.
[D] You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it's useful for employees to go to.
[E] Before, they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much, or they would charge
them too little and then it would cost the company money.
[F] We’re also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplish something beyond
human scale.
[G] AI looks at resumes in greater numbers than humans would be able to, and selects the more promising candidates .

(41) Teri Byrd:

I was a zoo and wildlife park employee for years. Both the wildlife park and zoo claimed to be operating for the
benefit of the animals and for conservation purposes. This claim was false. Neither one of them actually participated in
any contributions to animal research or conservation. They are profitable institutions whose bottom line is much more
important than the condition of the animals.
Animals despise being captives in zoos. No matter how you “ enhance” enclosures, they do not allow for
freedom, a natural diet or adequate exercise. Animals end up stressed and unhealthy or dead. It’s past time for
transparency with these institutions, and it’s past time to eliminate zoos from our culture.
(42) Karen R. Sime:
As a zoology professor, I agree with Emma Marris that zoo displays can be sad and cruel. But she underestimates
the educational value of zoos.
The zoology program at my university attracts students for whom zoo visits were the crucial formative experience
that led them to major in biological sciences. These are mostly students who had no opportunity as children to travel to
wilderness areas, wildlife refuges or national parks. Although good TV shows can help stir children’s interest in
conservation, they cannot replace the excitement of a zoo visit as an intense, immersive and interactive experience.
Surely there must be some middle ground that balances zoos’ treatment of animals with their educational potential.
(43) Greg Newberry:
Emma Marris’s article is an insult and a disservice to the thousands of passionate people who work tirelessly to
improve the lives of animals and protect our planet. She uses outdated research and decades-old examples to undermine
the noble mission of organizations committed to connecting children to a world beyond their own.
 Zoos are at the forefront of conservation and constantly evolving to improve how they care for animals and
protect each species in its natural habitat. Are there tragedies? Of course. But they are the exception, not the norm that
Ms. Marris implies. A distressed animal in a zoo will get as good or better treatment than most of us at our local
hospital.
(44) Dean Gallea:
As a fellow environmentalist, animal-protection advocate and longtime vegetarian, I could properly be in the same
camp as Emma Marris on the issue of zoos. But I believe that well-run zoos, and the heroic animals that suffer their
captivity, do serve a higher purpose. Were it not for opportunities to observe these beautiful, wild creatures close to
home, many more people would be driven by their fascination to travel to wild areas to seek out, disturb and even hunt
them down.
Zoos are, in that sense, similar to natural history and archeology museums, serving to satisfy our need for contact
with these living creatures while leaving the vast majority undisturbed in their natural environments.
( 45) John Fraser:
Emma Marris selectively describes and misrepresents the findings of our research. Our studies focused on the
impact of zoo experiences on how people think about themselves and nature, and the data points extracted from our
studies do not, in any way, discount what is learned in a zoo visit.
Zoos are tools for thinking. Our research provides strong support for the value of zoos in connecting people with
animals and with nature. Zoos provide a critical voice for conservation and environmental protection. They afford an
opportunity for people from all backgrounds to encounter a range of animals, from drone bees to springbok or salmon,
to better understand the natural world we live in.

[A] Zoos which spare no effort to take care of animals should not be subjected to unfair criticism.

[B] To pressure zoos to spend less on their animals would lead to inhumane outcomes for the precious creatures in
their care.

[C] While animals in captivity deserve sympathy, zoos play a significant role in starting young people down
the path of related sciences.

[D] Zoos save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation.

［E］For wild animals that cannot be returned to their natural habitats, zoos offer the best alternative.

［F］ Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals’ wellbeing.

［G］ Marris distorts our findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link between man and
nature.