SOCIAL STUDIES - the seller cannot sell output at a price that is lower than the

floor price
Production function - the functional relationship between
output and the factors of land, labor, and capital Production - for the benefit of the seller/producer
capacity - the given amount of land, labor, and capital
resources that a company can use at a given time. Ceiling price

Total Product - the overall production of several units of a - the maximum price at which sellers can offer their goods for
given input Marginal Product - the additional output sale
produced by an additional unit of the input
- the seller cannot sell output at a price that is higher than
Average Product - the average contribution per unit of input the ceiling price

Law of Diminishing Returns - is in reference to the - for the benefit of the buyer/consumer
diminishing values of the Marginal Product
Elasticity of demand
Productivity - the ratio of output to input; measures how
1. Price elasticity of demand - the degree of responsiveness
much each unit of input can produce and how well it is
of quantity demanded for a good to a change in the price of
utilized Returns to Scale - the comparison between the
the good itself
increase in the units of output with the increase in the units
of the input Two measures of price elasticity o.d.:
FOUNDATION OF ECONOMICS a. Point elasticity - the degree of elasticity on a single
point on the demand curve
Demand - the willingness of the consumer to buy a
commodity at a given price b. Arc elasticity - the elasticity from one point to
another point on the demand curve
Law of Demand - there is an inverse relationship between
the price of a good and the demand for that good % change (Ä) in demand > % Ä in price = coefficient of price
elasticity is greater than 1; demand is elastic (or responsive to
Ceteris paribus - "all other things remaining constant"
price changes) % Ä in demand <% Ä in price = coefficient of
Non-price determinants of demand: p.e. is lesser than 1; demand is inelastic

1. Income % Ä in demand = % Ä in price = coefficient of p.e. is equal to

2. Price of a related good 1; demand is unitary elastic
3. Taste
4. Population
5. Expectations on future An elastic demand means that the goods are non-essential,
for example,
Supply - the amount of a commodity available for sale
An inelastic demand means that the goods are essential, for
Law of Supply - there is a direct relationship between the example, chocolates. rice.
price of a good and the supply for that good
2. Income elasticity of demand - the degree of
Non price determinants of supply: responsiveness of quantity demanded for a good to a change
in the income of the people demanding the good
1. Number of sellers
2. Improved technology Normal goods - As income increases, the demand for the
3. Cost of production normal good increases. Examples: clothes, fastfood meals

- has a positive sign to indicate the positive relationship

Equilibrium - the state of balance; attained when there is a between income and demand for the normal good
point where demand is equal to the supply
Inferior goods - As income increases, the demand for the
Shortage - when the demand exceeds supply Surplus - when inferior good decreases. Examples: ukay-ukay clothes, dried
the supply exceeds demand fish
Floor price - the minimum price at which sellers can offer - has a negative sign to indicate the negative relationship
their goods for sale between income and demand for the inferior good
3. Cross Elasticity of demand - the degree of responsiveness Intermediate goods - the semi-processed goods, which are
of quantity demanded of a good when a change in price takes not ready to be consumed
place in another good
Final goods - the goods ready for direct consumption
Market structures - the interconnected attributes of a market
Inflow - can raise the level of economic activity within the
Perfect competition - the ideal form but difficult to attain flow
Outflow-can lower the level of economic activity within the
Characteristics: flow
Examples of outflows:
1. Plurality of buyers and sellers;
1. Savings-the portion of income that is set aside, not for
2. Homogeneity of goods;
consumption yet
3. Perfect mobility of resources;
4. Perfect knowledge of market conditions 2. Taxes - the portion of income that is given to the
government; cannot be used until the latter makes something
Demand curve: straight horizontal line; demand is perfectly out of it
elastic; seller can sell any number of output at that given
price 3. Imports - the purchases made from foreign production; the
portion of income goes to another country
Imperfect competition
Gross Domestic Product - the measurement for the
1.Monopoly - where a single firm is the only supplier of a productive activities in the economy within the country.
good/service and there are no close substitutes
GDP = Gawa Dito sa Pilipinas
- has complete control of the market and of the price of his/
her good or service Gross National Product - the measurement for all final
products produced by the resources of the economy
- most extreme case of imperfect competition
GNP = Gawa Ng Pilipino
2.Monopolistic competition - where a relatively large
number of sellers offer relatively close substitutes of each GNP Accounting
other works under the concept of product differentiation -
the creation of variations of a product 1. Expenditure Approach-computing the GNP by
classifying the final goods according to their end use
- Competition does not focus only on price but also on
quality, advertising, and sales promotion. Components:

Advantage: Consumers have a wide range of products to a. Consumption (C) - the spending of households
choose b. Government spending (G)-spending for the non-
capital goods to maintain the operations of the
3. Monopsony - where the good/service is sought only by national and local government units
one buyer, where he/she dictates his/her terms to its sellers. c. Investment (1) - spending for the capital goods for
use in consumption
4.Oligopoly - where a small number of firms sell either d. Net Exports - Exports minus Imports
homogenous or differentiated products

-Firms, of about two to 15, tend to have an interdependence 2. Income Approach-computing the GNP by the total
among themselves. incomes earned by households in a nation in a year
- can be exposed to having output restriction and internal Current GNP-GNP expressed in current market prices
inefficiency
Real GNP-GNP expressed in a year in the past for comparison
Macroeconomics of GNP values between the year of reference and current
year
Employment - the use of economics in the production of
goods and services Per Capita GNP - GNP per member of the total population
Flow - the income earned over a particular period Inflation - the phenomenon where there is a continuing
increase in prices
Stock - the income earned at a given point in time
Who gains in inflation?
Raw materials - the unprocessed goods
 1. Flexible income earners, 4. The government is a borrower.
2. Speculators (or hoarders),
3. Debtors Classification of Taxes
Who loses in inflation?
1. Direct taxes - Taxes levied on people and they pay
1. Fixed income earners, the tax directly to a tax-collecting agency
2. Pensioners,
2. Indirect taxes - Taxes levied against goods/services
3. Creditors
and on people
Types of inflation
System of Taxation
1. Demand Pull Inflation - This is when excessive demand
pushes the prices of goods/services upward. 1. Regressive Tax - The rate of taxation decreases as the
income of taxpayers increases.
2. Cost Push Inflation-This is when increasing costs in
producing goods are carried onto the prices of those goods 2. Progressive Tax - The rate of taxation increases as the
themselves. income of taxpayer increases.
3. Structural Inflation - This is when the changes in the 3. Proportional Tax - The rate of taxation is in proportion to
structure of the economy affects the prices of goods. the income of taxpayer.
1. Deflation-the general decline in prices; caused by a The Government Budget
reduction in the supply of money or in spending
1. Deficit budget - when government
2. Disinflation-a slowing of the rate at which prices expenditure/spending exceeds government revenue
increase; usually occurs during a recession
2. Surplus budget - when government revenue exceeds
3. Hyperinflation - the extremely rapid inflation government expenditure/spending
4. Stagflation-condition of slowly growing economic 3. Balanced budget - when government
growth but fast growing prices expenditure/spending equals government revenue
5. Stagnation - the period of little or no economic Types of Fiscal Policy
growth
1. Expansionary fiscal policy - It is when the
Fiscal Policy government uses fiscal policy to increase the amount
of money available to the population.
Government Economic Functions
2. Contractionary fiscal policy - It is when the
1. The government is a tax collector.
government uses fiscal policy to decrease the
a. Income tax - tax imposed on incomes of individuals and amount of money available to the population.
businesses
Money and Monetary Policy
b. Personal income tax - Tax on incomes earned by
individuals Investment expenditure - the capital spending that is derived
c. Corporate income tax - Tax collected from businesses from accumulated savings and other sources external to the
d. Realty tax - Tax imposed on property circular flow
e. Estate tax - Tax paid by the heirs of inherited property
f. Capital gains tax - Tax paid by sellers of real property Savings - the unspent portion of income; set aside as stock
g. Community tax - Tax paid by the residents of the country; for future use
also known as residence certificate or cedula
h. Tariff Tax - imposed on imports from foreign countries Determinants of savings:
i. Ad valorem tax - Tax imposed on luxury imported goods
1. Price level
j. Sin tax - Tax imported alcoholic liquors and cigarettes
2. Population growth
k. Value Added Tax - Tax making the price of goods higher;
3. Income level
originally set at 10% of the value of the good/service; With
Expanded Value Added Tax, it is now at 12%
Determinants of investment:
2. The government is a big spender.
1. Savings levels 4. Profit
3. The government is an investor. 2. Interest rates 5. Expectations
3. Innovations
 5. Innovations
Factors internal to the economy
Money - anything of value that is generally accepted as a
medium of exchange and standard of value 1. volatility of investment spending
2. momentum
Functions of money 3. technological innovations
4. variations in inventories
1. Medium of exchange - to obtain ownership of goods
and services
Other factors
2. Standard of value- the basis of putting value on
1. fluctuations in government spending
goods
2. monetary policies
3. Store of value-should be able to retain value 3. Fluctuations in exports and imports

4. Standard of deferred payment - a means to pay off

one's debt Privatization-transfer of ownership from the public sector to
private sector
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas - The primary objective of the
Bangko Sentral is to maintain price stability conducive to a Advantages:
balanced and sustainable growth of the economy. It shall also
1. More efficient delivery of goods and services
promote and maintain monetary stability and the
2. More efficient management
convertibility of the peso (from RA 7653).
3. Better service and accountability
Elements of the Philippine Economy 4. Decrease in corruption

 Commerce - the trading of goods and services Domestic Trade

 Industry- the manufacturing of a good Middleman - a person who acts as an intermediary or agent
between the producer/s and the consumer/s
Business Organizations
Types of middleman
1. Sole Proprietorship - a person who owns the business and
is personally responsible for all activities in his/her business 1. Jobber - buys from wholesalers and sells to retailers
who aren't generally served by the wholesalers
2. Partnership - an agreement resulting from two or more
persons in which they combine their resources in a business 2. Wholesaler-buys from producers and sells them, in
bulk, to retailers
3. Corporation - a group of people authorized to act as a
single entity but the owners are separated and distinct 3. Retailer - buys goods, in bulk, from the producers or
middlemen, and sell them, in still smaller quantities,
4. Cooperative - an effort for a joint use of all of the directly to the consumers
members' available resources to improve their income
Non-store retailing-retailing outside retail stores; usually
Business cycle - sequence of economic activities in a nation's done through internet, catalogs, phone, up to door-to-door
economy selling
Four phases: Recession - Recovery - Growth - Decline Underground economy - the unreported economic activities;
like those of sidewalk vendors
Factors that shape the business cycle
Foreign Trade
1. economic forces, like productivity
Law of Absolute Advantage - the ability of an individual, a
2. Political factors; election of new officials with new policies
firm, or country to produce a greater quantity of a good or
3. Government control of money service than other competitors; crucial for a country to
identify what resource/good/service that it can offer to world
Factors outside the business cycle trade

1. Government policies Law of Comparative Advantage-states that a country should

2. International trade and competition specialize in the production of goods in which they have a
3. International exposure greater comparative advantage, and should import the goods
4. Consumer demand in which they have the lesser advantage
Specialization - when people/countries concentrate their ARTICLE II: Declaration of Principles and State Policies
efforts on a particular set of tasks
-Philippines is a democratic and republican State.
Bases for international trade
-The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of national
1. Natural resources. policy, adopts the generally accepted principles of
2. Product differentiation international law as part of the law of the land....
3. Difference in technology
4. Difference in demand - Civilian authority is, at all times, supreme over the military.
5. Entrepreneurship The Armed Forces of the Philippines is the protector of the
6. Labor resource people and the State.

-The prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect

Economic Growth and Development
the people.
Economic growth-measured in terms of increases in output
-The maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life,
or in production
liberty, and property, and the promotion of the general
Economic development - covers economic growth and the welfare are essential for the enjoyment by all the people of
processes by which a nation improves the economic, political, the blessings of democracy.
and social well-being of its people
-The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable.
Indicators of economic development
State Policies
1. The GNP
The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy. In its
2. Growth in income
relations with territorial integrity, national interest, and the
3. Extent of industrialization
right to self-determination. other states the paramount
4. Unemployment rate
consideration shall be national sovereignty, -The Philippines,
5. Social Indicators
consistent with the national interest, adopts and pursues a
policy of freedom from nuclear weapons in its territory.
Sustainable development -...meets the needs of the present
ARTICLE III: Bill of Rights
without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs. -No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property
without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied
the equal protection of the laws.
PREAMBLE
-The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and
Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be
and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall
aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and issue except upon probable cause to be determined
develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our personally by the judge after examination under oath or
posterity the blessings of independence and democracy affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may
under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched
love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this and the persons or things to be seized.
Constitution.
The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be
ARTICLE 1: National Territory inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, or when
public safety or order requires otherwise as prescribed by
The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, law.
with all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all
other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty -No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of
or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial, and aerial expression, or of the press, or the right of the people
domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, peaceably to assemble and petition the government for
the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters redress of grievances.
around, between, and connecting the islands of the
-No law shall be made respecting an establishment of
archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions,
religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free
form part of the internal waters of the Philippines.
exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship,
without discrimination or preference, shall forever be
allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of
civil or political rights. all judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies. No person
shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
-The right of the people to information on matters of public
concern shall be recognized. Access to official records, and to - No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political
documents, and papers pertaining to official acts, beliefs and aspirations.
transactions, or decisions, as well as to government research
-No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a
data used as basis for policy development, shall be afforded
punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been
the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by
duly convicted.
law.
- Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or
-The right of the people, including those employed in the
inhuman punishment inflicted. Neither shall death penalty be
public and private sectors, to form unions, associations, or
imposed, unless, for compelling reasons involving heinous
societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be
crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for it. Any death
abridged. -Private property shall not be taken for public use
penalty already imposed shall be reduced to reclusion
without just compensation.
perpetua.
-No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed.
- Against any prisoner or detainee or the use of substandard
-Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and
or inadequate The employment of physical, psychological, or
adequate legal assistance shall not be denied to any person
degrading punishment penal facilities under subhuman
by reason of poverty.
conditions shall be dealt with by law.
- Any person under investigation for the commission of an
-No ex post facto law or bill of attainder (an act of a
offense shall have the right to be informed of his right to
legislature declaring a person or group of persons guilty of
remain silent and to have competent and independent
some crime and punishing them, often 77 without a trial)
counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot
shall be enacted.
afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one.
These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the
presence of counsel.
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF RIGHTS
-No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other
means which vitiate the free will shall be used against him. 1. Natural/Inherent Rights - God-given rights given to
human beings as he created us, but the State do not
-Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or confer these so they have to be 'translated' into man-
Section 17 hereof shall be inadmissible in evidence against made laws.
him.
2. Statutory Rights - Rights assured by laws passed by
-No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense the state's legislative branch
without due process of law.
3. Constitutional Rights - Rights assured, indicated, and
- In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed protected by the Constitution (primarily found in its
innocent until the contrary is proved, and shall enjoy the right Art. III)
to be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of the
nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS
speedy, impartial, and public trial, to meet the witnesses face
to face, and to have compulsory process to secure the 1. Civil Rights - guarantees the right of citizens to secure
attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in their means of happiness
his behalf. However, after arraignment, trial may proceed
2. Political Rights - guarantees the participation of
notwithstanding the absence of the accused provided that he
citizens in the administration of their government
has been duly notified and his failure to appear is
unjustifiable. 3. Rights of a defendant- rights to a person when he is
charged with a criminal case
-The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be
suspended except in cases of invasion or rebellion when the RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS OF LAW
public safety requires it.
1. SUBSTANTIVE DUE PROCESS aims to protect
-All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of individuals against policy enactments which exceed
their cases before the limits of governmental authority
 2. PROCEDURAL DUE PROCESS - requires the (3) Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers,
government to follow fair procedures that apply who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of
equally to everyone majority; and

 WARRANT OF ARREST - an order in writing issued by (4) Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
a judge commanding a peace officer to take a
designated person into custody in order that he may Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the
be bound the answer the commission of an offense Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to
acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those who
 SEARCH WARRANT - an order in writing issued in the elect Philippine citizenship in accordance with paragraph (3),
name of the People of the Philippines, signed by a Section 1 hereof shall be deemed natural-born citizens.
judge and directed to a peace offer, commanding him
to search for personal property described therein and  Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the
bring it before the court manner provided by law.

 LIBERTY OF ABODE - an individual may build his  Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall
home in any place that may appeal to him retain their citizenship, unless by their act or
omission they are deemed, under the law, to have
 LIBERTY TO TRAVEL - an individual may go from one renounced it.
place to another, anytime of the 24 hours.
 Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national
 CITIZENSHIP -the legal status of a person in relation interest and shall be dealt with by law.
to the state
May be exercised by all citizens of the Philippines..., who are
 NATIONALITY-the ethnic origin of a person at least eighteen years of age, and who shall have resided in
the Philippines for at least one year and in the place wherein
 JUS SANGUINIS-basis of citizenship is the blood they propose to vote for at least six months immediately
relationship; the principle that our Constitution preceding the election. No literacy, property, or other
adopts substantive requirement shall be imposed on the exercise of
suffrage.
 JUS SALI-basis of citizenship is the place of birth
ARTICLE VI: The Legislative Department
INSTANCES OF SUFFRAGE
The legislative power shall be vested in the Congress of the
1. Elections - the people choose their officials for
Philippines which shall consist of a Senate and a House of
definite and fixed periods
Representatives...
2. Plebiscite - the people decide on whether to ratify or
SENATE
to reject any proposed amendment to, or revision of,
the Constitution Composed of twenty-four Senators who shall be elected.
Qualifications to run:
3. Referendum - the submission of a law, or of a part of
it, passed by the national or local legislature to the 1. a natural-born citizen of the Philippines
people for their rejection or ratification 2. able to read and write
3. a resident of the Philippines for not less than two years
4. Initiative - the people directly propose or enact laws
immediately preceding the day of the election
5. Recall - the method of removing a local elected 4. on the day of the election, is at least 35 years of age 4.
officer from office during his term/before his term 5. a registered voter
ends by a vote of the people in an election called for Term of office: six years and shall commence... at noon on
that purpose June 30 next following their election.

ARTICLE IV: Citizenship No Senator shall serve for more than two consecutive terms.

The following are citizens of the Philippines:

(1) Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
the adoption of this Constitution;
Shall be composed of not more than 250 members.
(2) Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the
Who shall be elected from legislative districts Who shall be
Philippines;
elected through a party-list system of registered national,
regional, and sectoral parties or organizations Each city with a House where it originated within thirty days after the date of
population of at least 250 000, or each province, shall have at receipt thereof; otherwise, it shall become a law as if he had
least one representative. signed it.

Qualifications to run: CULTURE-refers to the customary ways in which social groups

organize their ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving and
1. a natural-born citizen of the Philippines these are passed on from one generation to another
2. able to read and write
3. on the day of the election, is at least 25 years of age Components of Culture
4. (except for the party-list representatives) a registered
voter in the district in which he shall be elected 1.Norms- the guidelines which serve as the expectations for
5. a resident thereof for a period of not less than one year people to do in relation with one another; the shared,
immediately preceding the day of the election. standard rules to specify what is right and wrong; there are
three kinds of norms: folkways, mores, and laws

Term of office: a term of three years which shall begin... at I. Folkways - the habitual ways of doing something
noon on June 30 next following their election. No member of without giving much thought; do not have
the House of Representatives shall serve for more than three particular moral and ethical significance
consecutive terms.
II. Mores - the vital norms to a society; the society's
Regular election of the Senators and the Members of the code of ethics and moral standards; there are
House of Representatives shall be held on the second two kinds: duty and taboo
Monday of May. The Congress, by a vote of two-thirds of
a. Positive mores/duty - the behavior that must be
both Houses in joint session assembled, voting separately,
done because it is good "thou shall behavior"
shall have the sole power to declare the existence of a state
of war. b. Negative mores/taboo - the behavior that must not
be done because it is bad "thou shall not behavior"
In times of war or other national emergency, the Congress
may, by law, authorize the President, for a limited period and c. Laws - the formalized norms enacted by people with
subject to such restrictions as it may prescribe, to exercise legitimate authority; have formal sanction
powers necessary and proper to carry out a declared national
policy. 2. Non-material culture (ideas, beliefs, values)

Every bill passed by the Congress shall embrace only one  Ideas - man's conception of his physical, social, and
subject which shall be expressed in the title thereof. cultural world

No bill passed by either House shall become a law unless it  Beliefs - man's conviction about a certain idea; man's
has passed three readings on separate days, and printed perception of reality
copies thereof in its final form have been distributed to its
Members three days before its passage, except when the  Values - abstract concepts of what's important; what
President certifies to the necessity of its immediate guides a person's way of life
enactment to meet a public calamity or emergency
3. Material culture - the concrete and tangible objects
Every bill passed by the Congress shall, before it becomes a created and used by man to satisfy his varied needs and
law, be presented to the President. If he approves the same, wants.
he shall sign it.
4. Symbols-an object, gesture, sound, color, or design that
Otherwise, he shall veto it and return the same with his represents something other than itself; an arrival of mutually
objections to the House where it originated, which shall enter shared meaning
the objections at large in its Journal and proceed to
Different viewpoints/perspectives on culture
reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of all
the Members of such House shall agree to pass the bill, it 1. Cultural relativism- States that cultures differ and
shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other only has a meaning within its cultural setting Every
House by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if cultural element must be received in terms
approved by two-thirds of all the Members of that House, it
shall become a law. In all such cases, the votes of each House 2. Culture shock - The feeling of disbelief and
shall be determined by yeas or nays, and the names of the disorganization when one encounters a different
Members voting for or against shall be entered in its Journal. cultural pattern
The President shall communicate his veto of any bill to the
 3. Ethnocentrism - The feeling of superiority of his 2. Invention - the utilization and/or combination of
culture over other cultures Sees his own culture as previously known elements to produce an original product
the only right way of living
3. Rebellion - the replacement of whole social order and
4. Xenocentrism - The feeling of inferiority of his culture existing norms and proposal of new order and norms
as to other cultures Believes that what is foreign is
best; reverse ethnocentrism 4. Diffusion-the spread of cultural traits directly (through, for
example, trade) or indirectly (influences); there are four
5. Noble savage mentality - the notion that simple kinds:
cultures or earlier cultures are better to live in than
the current one the individual is in a) Acculturation-cultural borrowing and cultural
imitation
6. Subculture - Refers to the smaller groups which
develops a more distinct culture from the larger b) Assimilation - blending of two distinct cultures
society they are in through long periods of interactions

7. Counterculture - Refers to the smaller groups whose c) Amalgamation- hereditary fusion of members of
standards is in conflict with and oppose the standards different societies
of the dominant culture
d) Enculturation-deliberate infusion of a new culture to
8. Culture lag - Refers to the gap between the material another
and non-material cultures; usually, material culture
5. Colonization - the establishment of a colony subjected to
advances more rapidly.
the rule of the colonizing state
Symbolic uses of culture
Anthropology - a social science of man dealing with the
1. Pop culture - the popular culture of the contemporary physical, cultural, and social culture of minority groups of the
society society

2. Culture of poverty- the ways of life of the poor, implying a Sex - based on the biological differences of humans
cycle of deprivation
Gender-based on the socio-cultural differences of humans
3. Culture of opulence - The ways of life of the rich in their
Gender identity- the inner experience or sense of oneself as
world of glitz and glamour
a result of socialization
4. Culture of conspicuous consumption - the ways of life of
Gender roles - activities assigned to individuals; starts in
the superrich in buying goods and services which are in
family then reinforced by other social settings
excess of what they actually need
Sanction - system of reward and punishment to ensure that
5. Culture of silence - The individual's or group's habit of
norms are followed
silence as a resigned response to authority
Deviance - any activity by members of a social group that
6. Culture of corruption - The established patterns of illegally
violates the established social norms
obtaining wealth and power in the office
Types of Deviance
7. Culture of apathy - The inaction and lack of interest of the
people in regard to the issues and concerns which need 1. Innovators - accept goals, but reject means to achieve
attention and resolution those; ex. corrupt government officials
8. Culture of dehumanization - the abusive and exploitative 2. Ritualists-reject goals, but accept social norms; ex.
practices by the power-wielding members of the society religious fanatic
against the deprived and disadvantaged group of the society
3. Retreatists - rejects both goals and means to achieve
Causes of cultural change those; ex. alcoholics
1. Discovery-the process of finding a new place/object that 4. Rebels-rejects both goals and means to achieve those, but
previously existed sets up new goals or means; ex. rebel leaders
Gemeinschaft - a social system wherein most relationships Marriage - the systematized and institutionalized purpose of
are personal, traditional, private, and filial a social system continuing a family, and of begetting and rearing children
wherein most relationships are impersonal
Patterns of family organization
Gesselschaft - formal, contractual, and bargain-like
a. Based on internal organization
Demography-the statistical analysis and description of
human populations with reference to their size, structure, 1. Nuclear family-composed of a husband and a wife and
age, sex, and other related factors their children in a union recognized by other members of the
society
Fertility-the actual number of children born in a given area at
a given time 2. Extended family-composed of two or more nuclear
families, economically and socially related to each other
Crude birth rate- number of registered births per 1000
3. Conjugal family - the nuclear family from a core family only
Mortality-the number of deaths in a given area at a given consisting of spouses and their children
time Crude death rate - number of registered deaths per
1000 4. Consanguineal family- the nuclear family from only
consisting of blood relatives core family
Life expectancy - the average number of years a person can
expect to live from the moment of birth

Migration - the spatial movements of a person or group of b. Based on descent (genealogical ties of a person)
persons from one place to another, for permanent or
1. Bilateral descent- accounting of descent through both the
temporary residency; there are two kinds:
father's and the mother's families
1. Immigration - when one enters his/her place of
2. Patrilineal descent- accounting of descent through the
destination
father's family only
2. Emigration - when one leaves his/her place of origin
3. Matrilineal descent- accounting of descent through the
Population pyramid - a graph displaying the age and gender mother's family only
structure of a population
c. Based on residence
Dependency ratio- the proportion of 0-4 and the 65-over age
1. Patrilocal- the family lives with or near the husband's
levels per one hundred persons aged 15-64
family
Population density - the number of persons that can be
2. Matrilocal - the family lives with or near the wife's family
equally distributed per square kilometer, considering the
population in the area 3. Neolocal- the family lives in a new home, independent
from each of the couple's parents
Demographic transition theory
4. Bilocal- the family lives with or near the husband's or
- Societies go through five stages of population dynamics:
wife's family
a) Stage 1-birth and death rates are high and stable
Based on authority
b) Stage 2-birth rate remains high; death rate declines
1. Patriarchy- the oldest male in the family is in-charge,
due to improvement of medicine and health services;
usually the father
infant mortality rate declines
2. Matriarchy- the oldest female in the family is in-charge,
c) Stage 3-death rate is low; birth rate diminishes due
usually the mother
to expansion of women's education and access to
contraception 3. Equalitarian/Egalitarian - the husband and the wife is in-
charge, exercising a more or less equal amount
d) Stage 4 - birth and death rates are low
Other terms and concepts
e) Stage 5-only recently added; predicted both more-
and less- fertile societies Alienation-an individual's feelings of estrangement from a
situation,
Archaeology-the scientific analysis of the material remains or Tientsin Convention - Opium trade is made legal; Christian
artifacts group, or a culture missionaries and foreigners are allowed to have residence in
China.
Ascribed status-a social position assigned to a person at birth
Boxer Rebellion - The US was last of the imperialist countries
Caste system-a system of social inequality in which an to grab a alece of land in China; they recommended an open
individual's status is determined at birth, usually according to door policy for China.
their parents' social position
Empress Dowager secretly talked with rebel groups to fight
Cultural pluralism-emphasizes the advantages of cultural off the Europeans. The Righteous and Harmonious Fists
diversity sparked a rebellion, but didn't make a big success.
Discrimination-act of mistreatment of people based on Boxer Protocol (most notable result): Europeans are allowed
categorization which are irrelevant to the situation to house nilitary forces to their respective spheres of
influence.
Ethnography-the direct participant observation of a small
group, and recorded in written description British Imperialism in India
Generalized others- a child's generalized impression of what After the Mughal empire collapsed, there was a power
other people expect from him/her vacuum (the political ondition when someone has lost control
of something and no one has eplaced them) in India. Sepoy,
Hegemony-the ideological/cultural domination of one social
in Persian, means soldier.
group over another
Charles Cornwallis - first British governor-general in India
McDonaldization of society-the principles (efficiency,
calculability, predictability) of the fastfood restaurant are British reforms:
coming to dominate more and more sectors of society
1.Introduced an educational system in India, based from
Megalopolis-a developing urban form in which separate Britain's and English as the medium of instruction
cities grow together and become interdependent
2. Sanctioned slavery and female infanticide
Skepticism-a call for objective analysis of all aspects of
society; a suspension of judgment until all information are in 3. (Tries to) eradicate thuggi (an organised gang of
professional robbers and murderers) and suttee (funeral
Sociobiology-states that social groups adapt to their custom where a widow sets herself on fire on her husband's
environment, by the evolution of genetically determined death)
traits Stereotypes-simplified and unsupported generalizations
about others; used for discrimination 4. Stopped locals to be in control of economic decisions, of
crops to produce, of purchasing goods by fellow Indians .
Underground economy-the business of surviving as shown by
sidewalk vendors, street vendors means that the entry is Sepoy Mutiny - Cause: a spread of rumor that riffles are
ranked first in the world in its respective category sealed with the oil from pig's or cow's fat

Taiping Rebellion-leader: Hung Hsiu-chuan; He wanted to The first war for independence by the Indians - swaraj -
establish a new dynasty: Taiping Tienkuo (Heavenly Kingdom means 'self-rule
of Great Peace); controlled southeastern part of China; set
the capital in Nanking; rebellion is ended by Frederick Act for the Better Government India - Britain now has a
Townsend; Manchu government called Townsend and his direct control over India, following the mutiny
army as The Ever Victorious Army'.
Effects: - unified India and developed its economy -
Second Opium War (1856-1860) constructed facilities, roads, dams, bridges, dikes

Cause: a group of Chinese attacked a British vessel containing Indians were not able to produce crops for food - Indians
opium; the French teamed up with the British. became a second- class citizen in their own country

Russians occupied Ussuri and established Vladivostok, a Modernization and Westernization of Japan
military base in Pacific. Japanese occupied Rukyu Island, off
Commodore Matthew Perry-forced Japan, with their show of
Formosa.
big military force to enter into trade with the United States
Kanagawa Convention - USA was able to have an embassy in Government of the India Act of 1935 - partial independence
Japan; this was the start of imperialism in Japan of

Emperor Mutsuhito - founded the government of Meiji Japan - India Indians can now elect fellow Indians in higher
or the enlightened rule' posts
- It allows a direct election.
Sent scholars to overseas to study other countries' practices, - Burma is separated from India.
Germany's centralized government and weaponry

Japan's economy was already highly developed in early 20th Rise of nationalism in China
century
Sun Yat-sen: Father of modern China Founded Revive China
Japan won the (First) Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) and Society; to grab the power from Qing but was not successful
resulted in Treaty of Shimonoseki. They also won the Russo-
Japanese War (1904-1905) and resulted in Treaty of Then founded Kuomintang (Nationalist Party), which believes
Portsmouth. the progress of China will come from its modernization

Japan annexed Korea as a protectorate (a state that is Double Ten-National Day of the Republic of China;
controlled and protected by another); imposed the Japanese
ways. Kuomintang overthrew the Qing dynasty. Sun became the
first president of China.
Rise of Nationalism in India
Yuan Shikai-replaced Sun Yat-sen as the president
Indian National Congress was founded in 1885; Muslim
League in 1906. Three Principles of the People:

1. Nationalism
2. Democracy
Indians fought side by side with Britain, in hopes that the 3. People's welfare
latter will give their independence. Britain didn't do this.

Indians rejected the Government of the Indian Act of 1919, May Fourth Movement (1919)
since it only recognizes a small number of the Indians' rights.
Initiated by university students as a response to the verdict of
Under the Rowlatt Act, it allowed the British to jail Indians for the Treaty of Versailles over China (especially of the transfer
two years, without due process. of Germany's occupied territories in China to Japan) Mao Tse-
tung-a teacher of University of Beijing; later known as a great
Indians went to Punjab for a prayer brigade, without knowing revolutionary leader
that public gatherings are not allowed. Reginald Dyer ordered
to shoot people. This is the Amritsar Massacre. He founded the Communist Party in Shanghai; aimed to unite
with Nationalist Party and to accept Soviet Union's offers
Mohandas K. Gandhi and the independence movement
Nationalist Party became stronger after Michael Borodin, a
satyagraha-active non-violence/civil disobedience political adviser from Soviet Union, offered aid.
also known as Mahatma, which means 'Great Soul' Nationalist Party
Campaign: Led by Chiang Kai-shek
1. Do not buy products from Britain Shanghai Massacre- Many members of the Communist Party
2. Do not enter the British-held public school were killed by the forces of Kai-shek.
3. Do not pay taxes
4. Do not participate in the elections 1928 - Chiang became the president of Nationalist Republic
5. Do not wear clothes worn by the British. of China

His promises of progress weren't fulfilled due to corrupt

Salt Act-The Indians should buy their salt only from the officials under his authority; many transferred their support
British government, and there is an additional tax in buying it. to the Communist Party.

-As a response, Gandhi led the Indians for the Salt March.
Communist Party - Volksraad (People's Council) - for expression of
grievances Partal Komunis Indonesia (Indonesian
Led by Mao Tse-tung: He believed that the famers of the rural Communist Party) - was easily defeated by
areas can be the manpower he needs for a revolution. government
A civil war happened between the two parties (1930). - General Study Club - became the Nationalist Party of
Indonesia, where Sukamo became its leader
Mao led the Red Army.
- Sukarno became first president of Indonesia
Long March- military retreat undertaken by the Red Army of
the Communist Party of China to evade the pursuit of the Vietnam
Kuomintang; the (around) 12500 km-long march from Jiangxi
to Shaanxi - Nguyen Al Quoc- communist leader; changed his
name to Ho Chi Minh; founded the Indochinese
Sun Yat-sen: Three Principles of the People. Communist Party
Mao Tse-tung: The New Democracy.
1949-Chiang retreated in Formosa, creating the Republic of - also founded Viet Minh (League for the
China. Mao created in Mainland China the People's Republic Independence of Vietnam)
of China.
Rise of Nationalism in West Asia
Rise of Nationalism in Southeast Asia
Turkey
Philippines
- Kemalism (Six Arrows)- contains the founding
- colonized by Spain, British (only in Manila), American, ideology of the Republic of Turkey
Japanese
- Mustafa Kemal Ataturk - Turkey's first president;
- forefront nationalistic groups: Propagandistas, Father of Turks
Katipunan
Arab World and Saudi Arabia
- 1896 Revolution- first nationalistic revolution in Asia
- Pan-Arabism-the unification of the Arab world
- Spark of nationalism against Spanish forces:
execution of GomBurZa, then of Rizal - Sykes-Picot Agreement - a secret 1916 agreement
between the United Kingdom and France defining
- Date of full independence (from all other countries): their respective spheres of influence and control in
July 4, 1946 West Asia after the collapse of Ottoman Empire

Burma - McMahon-Hussein Correspondence - Britain agreed

to recognize Arab independence after World War I
- colonized by Britain; became a province of India
- Balfour Declaration-promised a national home for the
- Dobama Asiayone (We Burmese Association) (1937)- Jews in Palestine
Aung San became its leader, then became a prime
minister - Abdul Aziz (Sheik Ibn-Saud)-most powerful of the
Arab clans; was able to unite all kingdoms, then
- Aung San-known as 'bogyoke'; founder of: formed Saudi Arabia
Communist Party of Burma, Tatmadaw (armed
forces), Union of Burma Persia (Iran)

Indonesia (East Indies) - Reza Shah Pahlavi - built the Trans-Iranian Railway
(1927- 38); emancipated women (1935)
- colonized by Netherlands
Israel and Zionism
- Budi Utomo (Glorious Endeavor)-founded by Wahidin
Sudirobusodo in 1908; improve the lives of farmers; - Zionism-belief that Judaism is a nationality and a
first nationalistic organization in Indonesia religion at the same time, and that its goal is to
create and to develop their own state in their
- Sarekat Islam (Islamic Association)-founded by Cemar ancestral homeland, which is Israel founded by
Tjokroaminoto in 1912; for peace and economic Theodore Herzl World War II in Asia and in the Pacific
reform
 - Kamikaze - Japanese pilots who initiated suicide communist North and democratic South; Ho Chi Minh
attacks to deliberately targeted enemy ships led the north; Ngo Dinh Diem initially led the south.

- Manhattan Project - the code name of a research - Second Vietnam War-1959-1975; Communist forces
and development undertaking that produced the first defeated its opponents.
nuclear weapons
Cambodia
- Harry Truman was the US President in this certain
period in history. - became the military base of North Vietnam
- Khmer Rouge - the Cambodian communists led by Pol
- Little Boy - the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima Pot
on August 6, 1945 by the Boeing B-29 Tensions in West Asia

- Fat Man - the atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki on - First Arab-Israeli War - Israelis won.
August 9, 1945
- Second Arab-Israeli War - Cause: Gamar Abdel Nasser
- Potsdam Declaration - called for the surrender of all (the president of Egypt then) decided to occupy Suez
Japanese armed forces; Japan did so on August 10, Canal.
1945
- Third Arab-Israeli War or Six-Day War - Israelis won
- V-J Day- Victory over Japan Day; the day on which the war; occupied Judea and Samaria (of Jordan),
Japan surrendered, in effect ending the war Golan Heights (of Syria), Sinai, Gaza Strip, and West
Bank
Cold War in Asia
- Fourth Arab-Israeli War or Yom Kippur War - Yom
- Cold War - state of tension between superpowers Kippur is most important holiday of the Jewish year.
USA (led the Western or Democratic Bloc) and Soviet
Union (led the Eastern or Communist Bloc) - During this time, Israel was under its first female
prime minister-Golda Meir
- There was a tension between mainland China
(supported by Soviet Union) and Taiwan (led by - Anwar Sadat, then president of Egypt, went to Israel
Chiang Kai-shek; supported by USA). and offered peace, "We used to reject you... Yet,
today we agree to live with you in permanent peace
- China invaded Mongolia and Tibet, both of which are and justice."
autonomous already.
- Camp David Accrod of 1978 - first mutual peace
Korean War of 1950-1953 agreement between Israel and Arab countries.
- 38th parallel - the dividing line between the Korean - Palestinian Liberation Front - formed by Yasser
peninsula, creating the two Koreans Arafat; Palestinians do not want to be governed by
Israelis
- North of 38th parallel - occupied by Soviet Union,
became communist North Korea - intifada - series of Palestinian demonstrations,
nonviolent actions like mass boycotts
- South of 38th parallel- occupied by USA, became
democratic South Korea Religions in Asia
- 1950-North Korea invaded the South. Douglas Hinduism - world's oldest religion
MacArthur led the opposing forces for three years.
- pantheism - the belief that God is equal to the
- Demilitarized zone - an area in which treaties or universe, its physical matter, and the forces that
agreements between nations, military powers or govern it
contending groups forbid military installations,
activities or personnel - moksha - liberation from the cycle of death and
rebirth (samsara)
Vietnam Wars
- believes in reincarnation and karma
- Battle of Dien Bien Phu - 1954; the nationalist and
communist forces joined to heavily defeat the French - Brahma, who creates the universe; Vishnu, who
preserves the universe; Shiva, who destroys the
- 17th parallel - the dividing line, established by the universe.
1954 Geneva Accord, between Vietnam, creating the
 - Wailing Wall - based on the practice of mourning at
the only remnant left of the Temple Mount and
Buddhism praying for its rebuilding
- Siddhartha Gautama - left the royal life; prayed under - Kosher-food that adhere to the dietary law
a Bodhi tree; knowns as "the enlightened one"
- symbol-Star of David
- Four Noble Truths: the essence of Buddha's
teachings; the truth of suffering, the truth of the Sikhism
origin of suffering, the truth of the end of suffering,
and the truth of the path that leads to the end of - founded by Guru Nanak in Punjab, India
suffering.
- 5K's of Sikhism
- Eightfold Path - a guide to the right thoughts and
 Kesh (uncut hair) - hair is symbol of strength
actions of man
and holiness
- Nirvana - state of ultimate happiness  Kara (steel bracelet) - symbol of connection
with Guru
- Wheel of Drama - its eight spokes are the Eightfold  Kanga (wooden comb) - symbol of a clean
Path mind and body
 Kaccha (cotton underwear)
Islam  Kirpan (steel sword) - symbol for
God/defense for the poor
- Muhammad founded Islam on Medina. Allah is the
Shintoism
supreme God. Quran is the Holy Book.
- the ethnic religion of the Japanese; for establishing a
- Hegira - Muhammad's departure from Mecca to
link a between present-day Japan and its ancient
Medina
past.
- Five Pillars:
- kami - the spirits or phenomena that are worshipped
 Shahadah: reciting the Muslim profession of faith
Jainism
 Salat: performing prayers five times each day
 Zakat: paying alms for the poor and the needy - three principles: ahimsa (non-violence),
 Sawm: fasting during Ramadan anekantavada (non-absolutism), and aparigraha (non-
 Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca attachment)
jihad - holy war
symbol: crescent moon (Some) Regional organizations
Christianity
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
- Jesus is the Son of God. Christ means "anointed one". - founded: 1967
Bible Is the Holy Book. - number of current members: 10
- headquarters: Jakarta, Indonesia
- world's largest religion; observes monotheism - intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates
economic, educational, and cultural integration
- three main groups: Roman Catholicism,
amongst its members
Protestantism, Eastern Orthodoxy

- head of churches: Roman Catholicism - Pope; Eastern Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
Orthodoxy-Patriarch; Protestantism-no recognized
- founded: 1989
main leader
- number of current members: 21
- symbol - cross - headquarters: Singapore
- a response the growing interdependence of the Asia-
Judaism Pacific

- Abraham is considered as the father of Judaism Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
- Exodus - how the Israelites leave slavery in Egypt - founded: 1960
through the strength of Yahweh, their God, to the - number of current members: 14
Promised Land of Canaan - headquarters: Vienna, Austria
 - coordination and unification of the petroleum Mt. Olympus-highest mountain in Greece; believed to be the
policies of its Member Countries and ensure the home of the gods.
stabilization of oil markets.
The City-State of Athens
The Egyptian Civilization
Attica - main site of Athenian civilization aristocracy and
God of the sun: Ra; god of the sky: Horus direct democracy practiced

Egypt was divided into two kingdoms: Lower Egypt (where its Draco-best known for his Draconian code - response to the
ruler wore a red crown) and Upper Egypt (ruler wore white) unjust interpretation of oral law by Athenian aristocrats
King Menes was able to unite the two kingdoms. He Solon-best known for his Council of the Four Hundred, which
established Memphis as its capital. laid the foundations of democracy

Old Kingdom (around 2660-2180 BCE); referred as "Age of The City-State of Sparta
Pyramids" Observed theocracy - a system of government in
known for their great military force
which priests rule in the name of God or a god
Helots- the slave-warriors of Sparta
Middle Kingdom (around 2040-1640 BCE) Nebhepetre
Mentuhotep II - first ruler of the Middle Kingdom Delian League - was an association of Greek city-states
Amenemhet II started coregency or a joint ruling, with his son whose purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire
Peloponnesian War - was fought by the Delian League led by
Senusret I
Athens against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta
Hyksos successfully invaded Egypt. Ahmose was able to crush
Hippocrates- a Greek doctor; regarded as Father of Medicine;
the invaders after some time.
professionals today swear by the Hippocratic Oath
New Kingdom Demosthenes- the greatest orator

Ahmose introduced a centralized government. Amenhotep IV Aristarchus - presented the first known model that placed
introduced monotheism; their god was known as Aton. the Sun at the center of the known universe
Amenhotep IV changed his name into Akhenaton.
Thucydides - historian who wrote about the Pelopponesian
Sphinx- a mythical creature with the body of a lion and the War
head of a human
Phidias - sculptor of the Statue of Zeus in Olympia
The Greek Civilization
Socrates-known for the Socratic Method
Minoan Civilizatiion
Plato-student of Socrates; wrote 'The Republic', about a just
Hellas- the term that the Greeks would call themselves; from society and a just man
their mythological leader, Hellenes
Aristotle - wrote 'Politics', an explanation of the strengths
Four races of Greeks - Acheans, lonians, Dorians, Aetolians and weaknesses of monarchy, aristocracy, democracy

The island Crete housed the Minoans, from their ruler King Zeno-founded the Stoic school of philosophy
Minos.
Epicurus-introduced the concept of epicureanism, the
Mycenaean Civilization importance of disciplining one's desires

Tholos - a circular structure, often a temple, of ancient The Roman Civilization

Greece
Etruscans - the first known people in the Italic peninsula
Megaron - was the great hall in ancient Greek palace
Law of the Twelve Tables - Italy's first code of law, binding on
complexes
both patricians and plebeians
Polis- the term for Greek city-states
Punic Wars - a series of three wars fought between Rome
Acropolis-a polis built upon an area of elevated ground and Carthage

Phratry - A clan group consisting of a number of families Hannibal-known for leading the Carthaginian army and a
team of elephants across the Alps in the Second Punic War.
 Central and South American Civilizations - Bubonic Plague - also known as Black Death;
originated in China then killed up to 60% of the
Maya (2000 BCE-250CE) population in Europe
- Hunab Ku-creator of earth; Itzama - god of sky - Thomas Aquinas - wrote Summa Theologica; divided
into three parts, each discussing God the Father,
- famous for use of mathematics and astronomy
man, and Jesus
Aztec (around 1325-1521)
- Beowulf - one of the most important works of Old
- Tenochtitlan - capital of the empire English/Anglo- Saxon literature

- Huitzilopochtli-god of sun and war; Tlaloc - god of - Song of Roland - a French epic poem; based on the
rain; Quetzalcoatl - god of wind and wisdom Battle of Roncevaux Pass in 778, during the reign of
Charlemagne
- Hernan Cortes - Spanish leader who overthrew the
empire - Nibelungenlied - a German epic poem; tells of
dragon-slayer Siegfried at the court of the
Inca (around 1438-1533) Burgundians, how he was murdered, and of his wife
Kriemhild's revenge
- Manco Capac-founder of the civilization
- Divine Comedy - a long narrative poem about an
- Cuzco - capital of the empire imaginative vision of the afterlife by Dante Alighieri
- Viracocha-creator of earth; Inti-god of sun - Canterbury Tales - written by Geoffrey Chaucer;
group of pilgrims as they embarked a journey from
- ayllu- the traditional form of a community
London to Canterbury
- Francisco Pizarro captured the last free-reigning
- Guild - an association of artisans or merchants who
Incan emperor, Atahualpa
oversee the practice of their craft in a particular town
Holy Roman Empire
- Mercantilism - promoted governmental regulation of
- Dark Ages - a cultural-economic deterioration a nation's economy for the purpose of augmenting
occurred in Western Europe following the decline of state power at the expense of rival national powers
the Roman Empire
- manorialism - peasants of medieval Europe were
- founded by Charlemagne around 800CE; lasted for rendered dependent on their land and on their lord
about a thousand years
- feudalism - relationships derived from the holding of
- Francis II-last Holy Roman emperor land in exchange for service or labour

- Voltaire: "The Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, - John Wycliffe - an advocate for translation of the
nor Roman, nor an empire" Bible into the vernacular; attacked the privileged
status of the clergy;
- Visigoth - found a territory in Gaul and Spain
- John Huss-first Church reformer; morning star of the
- Ostrogoth- under the leadership of Odoacer, they Reformation
overthrew Romulus Augustulus
- Martin Luther-wrote '95 Theses', which attacked the
Middle Ages indulgences set by the Church, therefore sparking the
Reformation
- Benedictine Rule - integration of prayer, manual
labour, and study into a daily routine to recapture - Ulrich Zwingli - most important figure in the Swiss
Protestant Reformation
- Crusades (1095-1291) - a series of religious wars
Christian lands from Muslim control, especially of - John Calvin - wrote doctrines of predestination and
Holy Land of the absolute sovereignty of God in salvation of the
human soul
- Third Crusade is also known as the The Kings'
Crusade. - King Henry VIII - initiated the English Reformation,
separating the Church of England from papal
authority and appointing himself the Supreme Head
 of the Church of England; best known for his six John Napier - the discoverer of logarithms; made common
marriages. the use of the decimal point in arithmetic and mathematics

- Counter-Reformation - the period of Catholic Christian Huygens - the inventor of the pendulum clock
resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant
Reformation Isaac Newton – formulated the laws of motion and universal
gravitation.
- Diet of Worms - made famous by Martin Luther's
appearance for his response to charges of heresy Age of Enlightenment

- Edict of Worms - declared Luther to be an obstinate Age of Enlightenment -centered on reason as the primary
heretic and banned the reading or possession of his source of authority and legitimacy
writings
Thomas Hobbes - wrote "Leviathan", which established the
First Wave of Colonialism and Imperialism social contract theory

Bartholomew Diaz - first known European to sail around the John Locke - postulated that, at birth, the mind was a tabula
southernmost tip of Africa rasa; believed to start the concept of introspection Voltaire -
advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and
Vasco da Gama - first European to reach India by sea separation of church and state.

Christopher Columbus - accidentally arrived upon the Baron de Montesquieu - wrote "The Spirit of the Laws",
Americas and thought the inhabitants were Indians which includes a divided French society composed of three
classes: the monarchs, the aristocrats, and the commoners
Amerigo Vespucci - the first person to recognize North and
South America as distinct continents Jean-Jacques Rousseau - wrote "Emile, or On Education" a
treatise on the education of the whole person for citizenship
Francisco Pizarro-led an expedition that conquered the Inca
Scientific Revolution
Empire Juan Ponce de Leon - the first Governor of Puerto
Rico by appointment of the Spanish crown James Hargreaves - invented the spinning jenny in 1764

John Cabot - led the first European exploration of the Richard Arkwright- the creator of the modern factory system
mainland of North America
Edmund Cartwright - invented the power loom
Francis Drake-led the second circumnavigation of the world
in a single expedition Second Wave of Colonialism and Imperialism

Alfonso de Albuquerque- led the conquest of Goa, India and White Man's Burden - the alleged duty of white colonizers to
of Malacca in 1511; appointed head of the fleet of the care for nonwhite indigenous subjects in their colonial
Arabian and Persian seas, and of the Indian Ocean possessions

Columbian exchange - the widespread transfer of plants, protectorates - a country that is controlled and protected by
animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas a more powerful country
between the Americas and the Old World
spheres of influence - any area in which one nation wields
Scientific Revolution dominant power over another

Nicolaus Copernicus - Polish astronomer who reintroduced a American Revolution

heliocentric model of the Solar System
Boston Tea Party - a group of Massachusetts colonists
Johannes Kepler - best known for his laws of planetary disguised as Mohawk Indians board three British tea ships
motion and dump 342 chests of tea into the harbor

Galileo Galilei - inventing the thermoscope and the telescope First Continental Congress - a meeting of delegates from
for scientific observations of celestial objects twelve of the Thirteen Colonies in response to the British
Parliament's
Rene Descartes - the father of analytical geometry

enactment of the Coercive Acts in the American colonies

Second Continental Congress - the convention eventually led Fundamental Concepts in Economics
up to the Declaration of Independence
PRODUCTION – The use of economic resources to create
Declaration of Independence - Main author: Thomas goods and services
Jefferson;
DISTRIBUTION – the manner of distribution of total output
Purpose: To announce and explain separation from UK. and income among individuals

French Revolution CONSUMPTION – the spending by individuals on goods and

services
Oath of the Tennis Court - an oath by the French Estates-
General for the Third Estate (after which they were locked SCARCITY- the economic problem between having unlimited
from a meeting) never to separate until a written constitution human wants and needs, but only having limited resources.
had been established for France

Reign of Terror - a period of about 11 months during the

French Revolution, after King Louis XVI's death EVOLUTION OF MAN

Maximillen de Robespierre- the architect of the Reign of 1. Dryopithecus – a possible ape-form ancestor of
Terror then overthrown and arrested by the National present humans because of the resemblance of its
Convention teeth with ours.

Napoleon I- the first emperor of France; military leader who 2. Ramapithecus – a more developed ape-form ancestor
rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led found in Siwalik Hills, India; appeared around 14
several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary million years ago.
Wars
3. Australopithecus Afranicus – first of theape-form
Hundred Days' War - the date on which Napoleon arrived in ancestors to be considered a hominid; size of brain is
Paris after escaping from exile on Elba, and the date of the same with modern humans.
return of Louis XVIII to Paris
4. Homo habilis – called as “Man of Skills” or “Handy
Nationalism in Europe and its Colonies Man” since they used stones (from cooled lava) for
activities, like to cut meat
Simon Bolivar-political leader who played a leading role in
the establishment of Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, 5. Homo erectus – called as “Upright Man”; appeared
Peru, and Panama as sovereign states around 500,000 years ago.

Jose Maria Morelos-revolutionary priest who led the 6. Homo sapiens – size of the skull is same to modern
Mexican humans; appeared around 250 000 years ago

independence movement Jose de San Martin - the prime 7. Neanderthal – probably appeared during the Ice Age
leader of the southern part of South America's successful in Europe around 70 000 years ago
struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire
8. Homo sapiens sapiens – the fully developed homo
United Provinces of Central America - union of what are now sapiens who appeared around 35 000 years ago
the states of Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica,
and Nicaragua
SYSTEMS OF GOVERNMENT
Risorgimento - an ideological and literary movement that
helped to arouse the national consciousness of the Italian Unitary System
people
• A central government that holds all legitimate power.
Giuseppe Mazzini
Otto von Bismarck • There is little or no sphere of government autonomy to
local or component units like the provinces, barangays and
Realpolitik- a system of politics or principles based on cities in the Philippines.
practical rather than moral or ideological considerations
• The central government is given all authority to make all
Pan-Slavism - the political ideology concerned with the policies, although it may deputize other governmental
advancement of integrity and unity for the Slavic-speaking structures to act on its behalf.
peoples Czar Nicholas II.
• Political power is more centralized (concentrated are on • DECONCENTRATION – the process by which the agents of
central authority) in unitary than federal systems. central government control are relocated and geographically
dispersed

Unitary System
FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
• Advantage – In this kind of government there is clear
hierarchical authority.
A. MONARCHY
• Disadvantage – For the reason that the loyalty of the • A government that has a single person who is generally
citizens is focused on the governmental authority, citizens considered the ruler by the title and birthright. Titles include:
tend to identify with the country as a whole rather than with Czar, King, Queen, Emperor, Caesar, etc.
regional authorities. • Power is absolute and is either taken through conquest or
passed down to family members without regard for ability or
appropriateness.
Federal State • Society is formed around feudal groups or tribes in which
the ruling family delegates power and authority based upon
a. Local governmental authorities are set-up by the the desires of a single individual.
constitution and these authorities are given certain political
decisions over which they have a legal monopoly of control. a. Absolute Monarchy - The monarch exercises absolute
power and wields executive, legislative and judicial powers
b. A federal government is one in which government powers (predominated in France).
are divided between the central government and its local
government units as specified in the constitution of the state.
b. Limited Monarchy - The monarch delegates powers. For
c. In contrast to a unitary state, there is an explicit sharing of example, the legislative body, judicial power by the court and
power among levels of government in a federation, and no executive power by the King / Queen exercise legislative
level has legal power to dominate any other level in policy power. They rule according to their constitution. (United
domains. Kingdom, Belgium, the Netherlands, Japan, Spain)

d. The essence of federation is coordination not hierarchy

• Advantage – Central or local government is independent in B. DICTATORSHIP

its sphere of jurisdiction. • A type of government controlled by a single individual and
giving the people little or no individual freedom.
• Disadvantage – There is a duplication of
• Typically a person who rules by threat of force.
offices and personnel in central and local government, and to
maintain this would be a heavy financial burden to the • People who are loyal to a dictatorship swear allegiance to
government. the person first and the country second.

Confederation • Fascism, Theocracies, Monarchies and Communism can all

be dictatorships.
• This is an association wherein states delegate certain power
to a supranational central government but retain primary
power. • A Republic cannot be a dictatorship.

− Examples: United Nations, European Union, ASEAN, APEC, • This can be applicable during a period of chaos or
United Arab Emirates discontent when the leader seeks emergency powers to
implement policies.
Key Terms
• DECENTRALIZATION – the transfer of powers from central • Can also be used by a leader to remain in office and
government to lower levels in a politicaladministrative and maintain power.
territorial hierarchy
• DEVOLUTION – the transfer of “natural resource
1. Authoritarianism – The political actions and decisions of
the ruler are not constrained, while political rights and
management to local individuals and institutions’ located freedoms of the citizens are significantly limited.
within and outside of government”
2. Totalitarianism – Under this type of regime, government 1. Citizens - Active participation of the citizenry is
uses ideology to captivate people’s loyalty to the leader- necessary in order to prevent government from
dictator. The totalitarian dictator wields absolute power. The committing abuses. Citizens can help to balance
use of coercion, violence and force is a tool to maintain between power and authority of government
obedience from the people officials. Citizens should exercise their freedom and
rights within the bounds of the Constitution and the
Characteristics of Totalitarianism law, just as government should exercise its authority
within limits.
2. Suffrage and the Electoral Process - Suffrage is the
As a form of government the totalitarian dictatorship is built
right conferred by law upon a qualified group of
on an ideological foundation. Government utilizes ideology to
citizens to choose their public officials and to
participate in the determination of proposed policies
captivate the people’s belief and loyalty to the leader-
whenever these policies are submitted to them for
dictator. A totalitarian leader wields absolute power.
approval. The citizens must use this right to elect
qualified people who can govern competently and
responsibly.
II. RULED BY THE FEW 3. Political Parties - Intertwined with democratic
government, this is a group of officials or would-be
ARISTOCRACY officials who are linked with a sizable group of
Derived from the Greek etymology “Aristo” which means the citizens into an organization; a chief object of this
“best” and “Kratia or Kratos” which means rule. A organization is to ensure that its officials attain power
government by the “best members of the community. or are maintained in power. The party’s nature as a
Aristocrats are presumably men of the highest intelligence structure, tying together a large group of officials and
and integrity. They belong to the elite in society. Their social citizens, provides an avenue by which one part may
status, wealth and political power are inherited control or communicate with another. It
is this that has made it such a versatile tool of
modern politics.
OLIGARCHY
4. Interest Groups - is an organized group of citizens
This is also a government of a wealthy few but they do not
one of whose goals is to ensure that the state
come from nobility like aristocrats. Oligarchs believe that the
follows. They aim to represent public opinion and
most important requisites to claim of power are wealth, good
having it heard in an organized and effective way to
social positions and education; it is unlikely that oligarchy
government authorities
could serve the interest of the masses since they use their
positions in the government for their personal benefit. They
build economic empires for themselves and their family
AUTOCRACY
III. RULED BY MANY • A single person holds power.

• Power is usually inherited or kept by force, i.e. dictatorships

DEMOCRACY and monarchies.
“Demos” derived from the Greek term for people and • Government by a single person having unlimited power;
“kratos” which means rule. The Constitution guarantees despotism (domination through threat of punishment and
freedom of speech, freedom of association, freedom of violence)
religion and freedom of expression.

Two essential features of Democracy: OLIGARCHY

• A few individuals hold power.
1. Majority Rule - the majority of citizens choose their • Wealth and military power usually influence who the
leaders who then have the mandate to govern and make oligarchs will be
public policies.
2. Minority Rights - This is ensured so long as the minority of
citizens openly attempts to win majority support for leaders
and policies without loss of individual rights just as the DEMOCRACY
majority enjoys these rights. • Government is elected by the people.
• A democracy is determined either directly or through
A democracy is made to work when the following interact: elected representatives
ANARCHY PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM
• Executive power belongs to the Prime Minister and his
• A situation where there is no government. Cabinet. They are the leaders of the majority party in the
• This can happen after a civil war in a country, when a Parliament and they remain in office as long as they have the
government has been destroyed and rival groups are fighting confidence and support of the parliamentary majority.
to take its place.
• Anarchists are people who believe that government is a bad
thing in that it stops people organizing their own lives • They participate in parliamentary debates and defend their
policies and bills, and see to it that they are approved for the
nations welfare and for their respective constituents, since
they are also elected as members of parliament
CAPITALIST
• In a capitalist or free-market country, people can own their
own businesses and property.
• People can also buy services for private use, such as ARTICLE VI. SECTION 28. 1987 CONSTITUTION
healthcare. • The rule of taxation shall be uniform and equitable.
• But most capitalist governments also provide their own • The Congress shall evolve a progressive system of taxation.
education, health and welfare services
• Charitable institutions shall be exempt from taxation.
• No law granting any tax exemption shall be passed without
COMMUNIST the concurrence of a majority of all the Members of the
Congress.
• In a communist country, the government owns property
such as businesses and farms. PROGRESSIVE & REGRESSIVE TAXATION
• It provides its people's healthcare, education and welfare
• Progressive taxation is a type of tax system that is designed
to put the greatest tax burden on those who make the most
REPUBLIC money. Hence, the more you earn, the higher your tax rate.
• A republic is a country that has no monarch.
• The head of the country is usually an elected president • An opposing form of tax is regressive taxation, where those
who make the least of amount of money pay the highest
taxes. Hence, the less you earn, the higher your tax rate.
REVOLUTIONARY
• If a government is overthrown by force, the new ruling
group is sometimes called a revolutionary government PROPORTIONAL TAXES
Proportional taxes take the same percentage of everyone's
income, wealth or expenditure, but the rich pay a larger
PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM amount in total.
• The executive power is exercised by a single president
elected by popular vote.
• S/he holds office for a specific period of time fixed by the TAXATION
constitution of the state. • The act of levying the tax, i.e., the process or means by
which the sovereign, through its lawmaking body, raises
• S/he appoints the members of his / her cabinet who are
income to defray the necessary expenses of the government.
responsible to the president. Their service is co-terminus with
the presidents. • An enforced proportional contribution levied by the law
• An essential element of this system is the separation of making body of the state to raise revenue to support the
powers of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, indispensable and all the necessary expenses of the
which is made more effective by checks and balances of the 3 government
branches.
• This is the form of government of the United States and the
Philippines
PRINCIPLES OF TAXATION
 1. Enforced - as it involves the mandate of the law so PRINCIPLES OF COOPERATISM
that its imposition is mandatory to those covered by 1. Voluntarism
it.
• This means that each member of a cooperative becomes a
2. Proportional - tax is proportioned upon a taxpayer’s member voluntarily and is not restricted by social , political or
ability to pay. religious discrimination . In fact anyone who meets the
qualifications set by a cooperative's bylaws can be a member
3. Raise revenue - goes with the very heart of taxation, if he willingly shoulders their responsibility.
to earn income for the government.
2. Democracy
4. Support the expenses of the government - related
to public purpose of the imposition of taxation • Coops are democratic organizations with officers and
managers elected or appointed in a manner agreed on by
TYPES OF TAXATION members. Each member, no matter the amount of his share,
1. SPECIFIC TAXES – Fixed amount paid by user per unit is entitled to one vote.
produced. Example: Excise taxes paid on petrol and alcohol
and tobacco.

2. AD VALOREM TAXES – Percentage of value of the product 3. Limitation of share capital interest
is paid in tax by the producer.
• Example: Value Added Taxes • In the context of cooperativism, interest on a member
share capital is limited so that no person- especially those
KINDS OF TAXES with money- can have an overwhelming equity in the coop.

1. INCOME TAX is a tax on all yearly profits arising from

property, profession, trades or offices or as a tax on a 4.Sharing all location of cooperatives surplus or savings.
• At bottom, it mandates distribution of surplus equitably so
person’s income, emoluments, profits and the like. that no member, gains at the expense of another.

2. WITHHOLDING TAX ON COMPENSATION is the tax Education and training of cooperatives members, officers
withheld from individuals receiving purely and employees, and of the general public in the principles
compensation income. and techniques of cooperation.

3. VALUE ADDED TAX is a business tax imposed and

collected from the seller in the course of trade or • Promotion of cooperation between cooperatives at local,
business on every sale of properties (real or personal) national and international levels.
• Concern for community by working for its sustainable
lease of goods or properties (real or personal) or development through policies approved by the cooperative
vendors of services. It is an indirect tax, thus, it can members.
be passed on to the buyer.
KINDS OF COOPERATIVES
COOPERATIVES
1. Credit Cooperative – promotes thrift and savings
A cooperative is a duly registered association of persons with among its members and creates funds in order to
a common bond of interest, who have voluntarily joined grant loans for productivity.
together to achieve a lawful common social or economic end,
making equitable to contribution to the capital required and 2. Consumer Cooperative – the primary purpose is to
accepting a fair share of the risks and benefits of the procure and distribute commodities to member and
undertaking in accordance with universally accepted non-members.
cooperative principle. 3. Producers Cooperative – undertakes joint production
whether agricultural or industrial.
 4. Service Cooperative – engages in medical, and dental public domain suitable for agriculture.
care, hospitalization, transportation, insurance,
housing, labor, electric light and power,
communication and other services. RETENTION LIMITS
• Under RA 6657, the landowner retains a maximum of five
5. Multi- Purpose Cooperative - combines two (2) or hectares.
more of the business activities of these different
types of cooperatives. • Three hectares is awarded to each child of the landowner
provided that he/she is at least fifteen years of age, and that
he/she is actually tilling the land or directly managing the
KINDS OF MEMBERSHIPS farm.
• A regular member is entitled to all the rights • The landowner has the right to choose which area to retain.
and privileged of membership as stated in the
Cooperative Code and the coops by- laws.
• An associate member has no right to vote and to REPUBLIC ACT 8532
be voted upon and is entitled to such rights and • RA 8532 amends Section 63 of the CARL and legislates an
privileged provided by the cooperatives by laws. additional FIFTY BILLION PESOS for the CARL’s
• Fifteen (15) natural persons of legal age who are citizens of implementation until 2008.
the Philippines. • In addition to the sources of funds identified in Section 20
of EO 229, RA 8532 also appropriates not less than three
CARP billion pesos from the General Appropriations Act (GAA)

• The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP)was • However, the Department of Justice Opinion No. 9 of 1997
instituted on June 10, 1988. adds that "the ten-year implementation period should be
• The centerpiece program of President Corazon Aquino’s regarded as directory and not mandatory."
administration, it was considered the most comprehensive of
all the redistributive programs established by past • This means that the period for implementation set under
administrations. both Acts should be regarded as mere target periods within
which the implementation of the program should be
CARP completed. This does not indicate the end of the program
Its enabling law, Republic Act 6657, aimed not only to grant itself.
land to the tillers, but also to provide them with the
necessary support services that would ensure the REPUBLIC ACT 9700
productivity of the landgiven to them under the law. • An Act Strengthening The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Program (CARP), Extending The Acquisition And Distribution
LEGAL BASES Of All Agricultural Lands, Instituting Necessary Reforms,
• Section 21 of Article II or the Declaration of Principles and Amending For The Purpose Certain Provisions Of Republic
State Policies asserts, "the State shall promote Act No. 6657, Otherwise Known As The Comprehensive
comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform." Agrarian Reform Law Of 1988, As Amended, And
Appropriating Funds Therefor.
• The National Economy and Patrimony Article (XXII), in
Section 1, par. 2 reiterates, "the State shall promote • CARPER law which was signed by GMA on August 7, 2009
industrialization and full employment based on sound contains an extension of the budget for CARP especially the
agricultural development and agrarian reform." Land Acquisition and Distribution (LAD) program for five
years starting July 1, 2009 and the necessary reforms to
complete the acquisition and distribution of the remaining
SCOPE One Million Hectares of private agricultural lands to landless
The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law covers, regardless farmers
of tenurial arrangement and commodity produced, all public
and private agricultural lands as provided in Proclamation No. • CARPER law provides for clarification of policies and its
131 and Executive Order 229, including other lands of the interpretation by CARP implementation agencies including
the decision of judicial courts.
SCOPE 2. How should goods and services be produced? – labour
intensive, land intensive, capital intensive? Efficiency?
1. All alienable and disposable lands of the public domain
devoted to or suitable for agriculture; 3. Who should get the goods and services produced? – even
distribution? more for the rich? for those who work hard
2. All lands of the public domain in excess of the specified
limits, as determined by Congress;

3. All other lands owned by the Government devoted to or FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

suitable for agriculture;
1. LAND - Natural resources used to produce goods and
4. All private lands devoted to or suitable for agriculture services. The return to land is rent.
regardless of the agricultural products raised or that
can be raised thereon. 2. LABOR - Time and effort that people devote to
producing goods and services. The return to labor is
EXCLUSION wages.

1. Landholdings with an area of five (5) hectares and below 3. CAPITAL - All the equipment, buildings, tools and
are excluded from coverage. other manufactured goods used to produce other
goods and services. The return to capital is interest.
2. A comprehensive inventory system in consonance with the
National Land Use Plan in accordance with the Local 4. ENTREPRENEURIAL ABILITY - A special type of human
Government Code shall be instituted by the DAR within one resource that organizes the other three production
(1) year from the effectivity of the law. factors, makes business decisions, innovates, and
bears business risk. Return to entrepreneurship is
profit.
WHAT IS ECONOMICS?
• Economics is the study of how we use our scarce productive PRODUCTION POSSIBILITY FRONTIER
resources for consumption, now or in future. (Paul The boundary between combinations of goods and services
Samuelson) that can be produced and those that cannot.
• Resources are scarce: Society has limited resources and 1. Production efficiency - When it is not possible to
therefore cannot produce all the goods and services people produce more of one good without producing less of
wish to have. some other good. Production efficiency occurs only at
1. Microeconomics - The study of the decisions of people and points on the PPF.
businesses and the interaction of those decisions in markets. 2. Economic growth - Means pushing out the PPF. The
The goal of microeconomics is to explain the prices and two key factors that influence economic growth are
quantities of individual goods and services. technological progress and capital accumulation.

2. Macroeconomics - The study of the national economy and

the global economy and the way that economic aggregates LAW OF DEMAND
grow and fluctuate. The goal of macroeconomics is to explain
average prices and the total employment, income, and • Demand curve - the relationship between the quantity
production. demanded of a good and its price, all other influences on
consumers’ planned purchases remaining the same. Other
things remaining the same, the higher the price of a good,
the smaller is the quantity demanded.
THE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
1. What goods and services should an economy produce? – • Substitution effect - the opportunity cost of a good
should the emphasis be on agriculture, manufacturing or increases, people buy less of that good and more of its
services, should it be on sport and leisure or housing? substitutes.
• Income Effect - Faced with a high price and an unchanged • Price ceiling - A regulation that makes it illegal to charge a
income, the quantities demanded of at least some goods and price higher than a specified level. When a price ceiling is
services must be decreased. applied to rents in housing markets, it is called a rent ceiling.

• Black market - An illegal trading arrangement in which

buyers and sellers do business at a price higher than
legally imposed price ceiling.
LAW OF SUPPLY
• Other things remaining the same, the higher the price of a • Minimum wage law - A regulation that makes hiring labor
good, the greater is the quantity supplied. below a specified wage illegal.

• Supply of a good depends on: • Externalities – Social costs, but no private costs.

1. The price of the good

2. The prices of factors of production
3. The price of other goods produced IMPERFECT COMPETITION
4. Expected future prices •Monopoly - An industry that produces a good or service for
5. The number of suppliers which no close substitute exists and in which there is one
6. Technology supplier that is protected from competition by a barrier
preventing the entry of new firms.

EQUILIBRIUM •Price discrimination - The practice of charging some

customers a lower price than others for an identical good or
• A situation in which opposing forces balance each other. of charging an individual customer a lower price on a large
purchase than on a small one, even if the cost of servicing all
• Equilibrium in a market occurs when the price is such that customers is the same.
the opposing forces of the plans of buyers and sellers balance
each other. •Monopolistic competition - A market structure in which a
large number of firms compete with each other by making
• Equilibrium price = the price at of quantity demanded similar but slightly different products.
equals the quantity supplied.
•Oligopoly - A market structure in which a small number of
• Equilibrium quantity = the quantity bought and sold at the producers compete with each other.
equilibrium price.
KEY TERMS

•Consumption expenditure - The amount spent on

ELASTICITY consumption goods and services.
• Price elasticity of demand – A measure of the •Savings – What remains out of income after consuming.
responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good to a
change in its price, other things remaining the same. •Capital - The plant, equipment, buildings, and inventories of
raw materials and semi-finished goods that are used to
• Inelastic demand -If the quantity demanded remains produce other goods and services.
constant when the price changes, then the elasticity of
demand is zero and demand is said to be perfectly inelastic. •Investment - The purchase of new plant, equipment, and
buildings and the additions to inventory. Investment
• Elastic demand - If the quantity demanded is indefinitely increases the stock of capital.
responsive to a price change, then the magnitude of the
elasticity of demand is infinity, and demand is said to be •Depreciation - the decrease in the stock of capital that
perfectly elastic. results from wear and tear and the passage of time

WHEN MARKETS DO NOT WORK

• Gross domestic product - GDP is the total of all economic 3. For whom? The government decides who will get what is
activity in one country, regardless of who owns the produced in a command economy.
productive assets.
MARKET ECONOMY
• Gross national product - GNP, is the total of incomes In a pure market economy there is no government
earned by residents of a country, regardless of where the involvement in economic decisions. The government lets the
assets are located. market answer the following three basic economic questions:
1. What? Consumers decide what should be produced in a
•Budget deficits (spending exceeds revenues) boost total market economy through the purchases they make.
demand and output through a net injection into the circular 2.How? Production is left entirely up to businesses.
flow of incomes. Businesses must be competitive in and produce quality
•Budget surpluses (revenues exceed expenditure) may be products at lower prices than their competitors.
prudent if a government is building up a large surplus on its 3.For whom? In a market economy, the people who have
social security fund in order to meet an expected increase in more money are able to buy more goods and services.
its future pensions bill as the population ages. MIXED ECONOMY
•Tighter or looser. Fiscal policy is said to have tightened if a •A combination of command and market economic systems.
deficit is reduced or converted into a surplus or if a surplus is •All economies in the world today are mixed. There is some
increased, after taking into account the effects of the government involvement in the economy.
economic cycle. A move in the opposite direction is called a •The government regulates the economy. Its role is to
loosening of fiscal policy. regulate but not control.
•Market forces control most consumer goods but
• Price Floors (minimum prices) - Type of government government directs industry in need areas.
intervention is prices deemed too low. Only effective if set
above equilibrium price. Effect of price floor is to ensure that
surplus is produced. Example: The United States government is involved in the
economy through laws and regulations on businesses, and
• Price Ceiling (maximum prices) - A regulation that makes it provides socialistic programs, like welfare, Medicaid, and
illegal to charge a price higher than a specified level. When a Medicare.
price ceiling is applied to rents in housing markets, it is called
a rent ceiling. TRADITIONAL ECONOMY
•An economic system in which economic decisions are made
• Opportunity Cost – the cost expressed in terms of the next based on customs, beliefs, religion and habits.
best alternative sacrificed. Helps us view the true cost of
decision making. •Advantages – there is little friction among members because
relatively little is disputed.
4 MAIN TYPES OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
• Disadvantages – It restricts individual initiative and has a
1. Command Economy lack of advanced goods, new technology, and growth.
2. Market Economy
3. Mixed Economy
4. Traditional Economy
CULTURE AND SOCIETY
COMMAND ECONOMY
SOCIAL PARADIGMS
In a command economy the government answers the three
• Theory: a systematic explanation of how two or more
basic economic questions.
phenomena are related
1. What? A dictator or a central planning committee decides
• Paradigm: a set of fundamental assumptions that guides
what products are needed.
thinking
2. How? Since the government owns all means of production
• Sociological imagination (C. Wright Mills)
in a command economy, it decides how goods and services
• Examining personal experiences in the context of the larger
will be produced.
social structure.
STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALISM • formal rules enacted by the state
• Focus – balance in societies

CULTURE SUBCULTURE

The knowledge, language, values, customs, and material A category of people who share distinguishing attributes,
objects that are passed from person to person and from one beliefs, values, and/or norms that set them apart in some
generation to the next in a human group or society significant manner from the dominant culture. (form around
common ethnic/religious heritage, SES, occupation)
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
Material Culture COUNTERCULTURE

• The physical or tangible (see, touch) objects that members • A group that strongly rejects dominant societal values and
of a society make, use, and share norms and seeks alternative lifestyles.
• Also a subculture
• Raw Materials → Technology → Stuff
WHAT IS DEVIANCE?

Non-Material Culture • Any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant

social norms in the society or group in which it occurs.
• The abstract or intangible human creations of society that
influences people’s behavior • Interestingly – one who is considered “deviant” by one
category of people may be seen as “conformist” in another
• Language, beliefs, values, rules of behavior, family patterns, group.
political systems
• It depends on the time, place and context in which it
Symbols occurs, and on the people who define and apply the norms.

• Anything that meaningfully represents something else

SOCIAL STRUCTURE
Language Micro level
• A set of symbols that expresses ideas and enable people to • Role conflict – occurs when one is pulled in different
think and communicate with one another directions from different statuses
• Role strain – incompatible demands are built into a single
Values status
• Collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad,
and desirable or undesirable in a particular culture
Macro level – Social institutions
Norms • Widely accepted, relatively stable clusters of roles, statuses
and groups that are designed to satisfy the basic needs of a
• Established rules of behavior or standards of conduct
society
Folkways
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
• Standards of behavior that are socially approved but not
• The division of society into layers, or strata of people who
morally significant
have unequal amounts of scarce but desirable resources
Mores
• Refers to inequality among groups of people, not
• Norms of morality individuals
• Social mobility – The movement of people from one social
Taboos position to another.
• Subjects or behaviors absolutely forbidden by a culture
TYPES OF STRATIFICATION
Laws
Caste System language is necessary to acquire another language and
• social stratification based on ascribed status. culture.

• India and South Africa • Bureaucracy – government based on a specialized set of

Class System offices usually hierarchically organized
• social stratification based on achieved status.
• Caste system – the ranking of members in a society by
ETHNOCENTRISM occupational status and degree of purity or pollution as
• The practice of judging all other cultures by one’s own determined by their birth.
culture

• Based on the assumption that one’s own way of life is • Cultural transmission – how culture is passed on through
superior to all others learning from one generation to another. Also referred to as
• Can be positive or negative. enculturation or socialization.

CULTURAL RELATIVISM • Discrimination – the act of disqualifying or mistreating

The belief that the behaviors and customs of any culture people on grounds rationally irrelevant to the situation.
must be viewed and analyzed by the culture’s own standards
or within the context of a particular society’s responses to • Division of labor – the division of tasks in a society between
problems and opportunities. women and men, old and young, ability, knowledge,
experience.
GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE
• Multilateral agreement established under US leadership in • Economic development – the institutional changes made to
1948 promote economic betterment. It is the social organizational
• Objective is to liberalize trade by eliminating tariffs, changes made to promote growth in an economy.
subsidies, & import quotas • Economic growth – the overall growth in an economy.
• 19 original members grew to 120. Gross national product and gross domestic product are the
usual measures of economic growth.
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
• Enculturation – the process of learning one's own culture,
The WTO was created during the Uruguay Round of GATT to also called socialization.
police and enforce GATT rules
• “deals with the rules of trade between nations at a global • Equality – a measure of how similar people are to one
or near-global level”. another. It can be measured quantitatively with such
measures as wealth concentration, coefficients, and
percentiles.
KEY TERMS
• Acculturation – culture change resulting from contact • Equity – the institutional arrangements to promote
between cultures. A process of external culture change. equality. Equity is not quantitatively measured; it is
determined by people agreeing that their institutions are fair.
• Adaptation – patterns of behavior which enable a culture to
cope with its surroundings. • Ethics – the principles of conduct governing an individual or
group; concerns for what is right or wrong, good or bad.
• Assimilation – when one ethnic group absorbs another, so
that the cultural traits of the assimilated group become • Extended family – a composite family composed of other
indistinguishable. (minority incorporated into the majority. relatives besides the nuclear families.

• Attitudes – data that describe how people think, believe, • Family of orientation – nuclear family consisting of oneself
and feel. and one’s father, mother and siblings.

• Bilingual education – teaching a second language by relying • Family of procreation – nuclear family consisting of oneself
heavily on the native language of the speaker. The theory is and one’s spouse and children.
that maintaining a strong sense of one's one culture and • Gender – socially agreed-upon traits of men and women.
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - a measure of an economy's FALLACIES OF RELEVANCE
economic performance. It is the market value of all goods 1. ad baculum – Appeal to Force
and services produced within the boundaries of a country. 2. ad misericordiam – Appeal to Pity
3. ad populum – Appeal to Emotion
• Gross National product (GNP) - a measure of an economy's 4. ad verecundiam – Appeal to Authority
economic performance. It is the market value of all goods 5. ad hominem – Mirror-image: appeal to authority
and services produced by the residents of a particular 6. ad ignoratium – Appeal to Ignorance
country. It includes the income of those residents earned bY 7. ignoratio elenchi – Irrelevant Conclusion
corporations owned overseas and from working abroad.
FALLACIES OF PRESUMPTION
• Hidden curriculum – set of unwritten rules of behavior that
are taught in schools. 1. Accident

• Legitimacy – the right to hold and use power, usually based 2. Converse Accident
on the consent of the governed 3. False Cause
4. Begging the Question
• Multiculturalism - stressing the importance of different 5. Complex Question
cultures, races, and ethnicities.
ACCIDENT
• Matriarchy - where a mother figure and women have The fallacy of accident begins with the statement of some
authority. principle that is true as a general rule, but then errs by
• Patriarchy - where a father figure and males have authority. applying this principle to a specific case that is unusual or
atypical in some way.
• Polygamy – an individual who has more than one spouse.
CONVERSE ACCIDENT
• Polygyny – a man has more than one wife. The fallacy of converse accident begins with a specific case
• Prejudice – categorical like or dislike of a group of people that is unusual or atypical in some way, and then errs by
based on real or imagined characteristics deriving from this case the truth of a general rule.

• Religion – set of beliefs and practices that pertain to sacred FALSE CAUSE
things among a community of believers. (Durkheim: elements The fallacy of false cause infers the presence of a causal
– sacred objects, beliefs, rituals and community. connection simply because events appear to occur in
correlation or (in the post hoc, ergo propter hoc variety)
• Qualitative methods – rich descriptions of cultural
temporal succession.
situations obtained from interviewing, participant
observation, and collection of oral and textual materials. BEGGING THE QUESTION
Ethnographies are reports from qualitative research. Begging the question is the fallacy of using the conclusion of
an argument as one of the premises offered in its own
• Quantitative methods - numerical tabulations and statistical
support. Although this often happens in an implicit or
comparisons made possible by systematic surveys,
disguised fashion, an explicit version would look like this:
observations, or analysis of records. Data are used to test
hypotheses and identify the strength of patterns observed COMPLEX QUESTION
using qualitative methods. The fallacy of complex question presupposes the truth of its
own conclusion by including it implicitly in the statement of
• Sex – the biological differentiation of male and female.
the issue to be considered: Have you tried to stop watching
too much television? If so, then you admit that you do watch
too much television.
FALLACIES
1. Fallacies of Relevance FALLACIES OF AMBIGUITY
2. Fallacies of Presumption 1. Ambiguous Langauge
3. Fallacies of Ambiguity 2. Equivocation
3. Amphiboly
4. Accent
5. Composition • 1565, Feb 13. With four ships and 380 men, Miguel Lopez
6. Division de Legaspi arrives in the Philippines.
7. Avoiding Fallacies
• 1589. The Spaniards establish the first school in the
AMBIGUOUS LANGUAGE Philippines, the College of San Ignacio.
In addition to the fallacies of relevance and presumption we • 1600. The Galleon trade between Manila and Acapulco,
examined in our previous lessons, there are several patterns Mexico begins. But Manila serves merely as a transshipment
of incorrect reasoning that arise from the imprecise use of port for the exchange of goods between Spain and Mexico on
language. An ambiguous word, phrase, or sentence is one the one side and China on the other.
that has two or more distinct meanings. The inferential • 1603. Chinese insurrection in Manila.
relationship between the propositions included in a single
argument will be sure to hold only if we are careful to employ • 1762, Sep 22. In a side encounter of the European Seven
exactly the same meaning in each of them. The fallacies of Years War, the British attack Manila with 13 vessels and 6,830
ambiguity all involve a confusion of two or more different men under the command of General William Draper and
senses. Admiral Samuel Corning. The British win the battle and
occupy the city.
EQUIVOCATION • 1812, Mar 19. The Spanish Cortes promulgates the Cadiz
An equivocation trades upon the use of an ambiguous word Constitution. It is a liberal constitution, vesting sovereignty in
or phrase in one of its meanings in one of the propositions of the people, recognizing the equality of men and the
an argument but also in another of its meanings in a second individual liberty of the citizen, and granting suffrage, but
proposition. providing for a hereditary monarchy and for Catholicism as
the state religion.
Really exciting novels are rare. But rare books are expensive.
Therefore, really exciting novels are expensive. • 1863. The educational system in the archipelago is
reformed, allowing the natives higher levels of training.
AMPHIBOLY Wealthier native families start sending their children to study
An amphiboly can occur even when every term in an in Spain.
argument is univocal, if the grammatical construction of a • 1872, Feb 17. Three martyr priests are publicly garroted as
sentence creates its own ambiguity. alleged leaders of the Cavite Conspiracy, a movement for
A reckless motorist Thursday struck and injured a student secularization and nationalism, which is distasteful to the
who was jogging through the campus in his pickup truck. Spanish friars. They are Jose Burgos(born Feb 9, 1837),
Therefore, it is unsafe to jog in your pickup truck. Mariano Gomez (born Aug 2, 1799) and Jacinto Zamora (born
Aug 14, 1835).
• 1882, Mar 3. A talented offspring of the native elite, Jose
SPANISH COLONIZATION Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda (Jun 19, 1861 - Dec
• 1521, Mar 16. A Spanish expedition, sailing across the 30, 1896) leaves Manila for Barcelona to continue his studies
Pacific Ocean from east to west, and led by the Portuguese in medicine.
Ferdinand Magellan (died Apr 27, 1521) lands on Homonhon
Island east of Samar with three small ships, named the • 1888, Dec 13. Filipinos in Barcelona establish the
Concepcion, Trinidad and Victoria. Magellan calls the place organization La Solidaridad. It demands for the Philippines
San Lazaro Island since March 16 is Saint Lazarus day. freedom of press, speech and assembly, equality before the
• 1521, Mar 31. The first mass on Philippine soil is celebrated law, participation in governmental affairs, social and political
on Limasawa. freedom and representation in the Spanish Cortes.
• 1521, Apr 27. Magellan dies in a battle with Lapu-Lapu, • 1892, Jul 3. In Ilaya St, Tondo, Rizal founds La Liga Filipina to
chieftain of Mactan, an island near Cebu. give the people a chance for direct involvement in the reform
• 1543, Feb 2. The leader of the most successful Spanish movement. Andres Bonifacio (Nov 30, 1863 - May 10, 1897) is
expedition after Magellan, Ruy Lopez de Villalobos (died Apr one of Rizal's partners.
4, 1546) arrives in the archipelago. He names the islands the • 1894, Jul 8. Andres Bonifacio forms the Katipunan. Its
Philippines in honor of the son of King Charles I, Philip II members come from the lower and the middle class. The
(1556-1598) of Spain. organization wants to awaken nationalism and free the
Filipino people from Spanish oppression and friar despotism.
The organization believes that reforms can only be obtained
by means of a revolution. • 1898, Feb 8. The Katipunan is revived by Emilio Jacinto (Dec
15, 1875 - Apr 16, 1899) and Feliciano Jocson.
• 1896, Aug 19. Spanish authorities discover the Katipunan • 1898, May 19. Aguinaldo and his companions return to the
when one of its members, Teodoro Paterno, betrays the Philippines.
organization to an Agustinian priest, Fr. Mariano Gil. All those • 1898, May 24. Aguinaldo proclaims a dictatorial
implicated are ordered arrested but many Katipuneros evade government and issues two decrees which show his trust and
arrest and flee to the hills of Balintawak. reliance in US protection.
• 1896, Aug 23. A revolution is proclaimed by Bonifacio. The
event is marked in history as the Cry of Balintawak. In this • 1898, Jun 12. The Philippines is proclaimed independent
instance, Filipinos tear up their cedulas (I.D. cards) issued by from Spain in Kawit, Cavite. For the first time, the Philippine
the Spanish government and thereby mark the beginning of flag is officially raised and the Philippine National Anthem is
the uprising against the Spaniards. publicly played. The proclamation places the US in the special
position of protector of Philippine independence.
• 1896, Oct 31. A new group of the Katipunan is formed in
Cavite; it discards the leadership of Andres Bonifacioand is • 1898, Jun 23. Through the advice of Apolinario Mabini (Jul
headed by Emilio Aguinaldo (Mar 22, 1869 - Feb 6, 1964). 23, 1864 - May 13, 1903), a paralytic but nevertheless the
• 1896, Nov 13. Rizal arrives in Manila and is immediately "brains of the Katipunan", the Philippine dictatorial
imprisoned at Fort Santiago. government is changed to a revolutionary government, and
• 1896, Dec 20. Rizal is sentenced to death by a Spanish court in Malolos, Bulacan the Malolos Republic is institutionalized.
martial. Governor Camilo Polavieja orders his execution. The Malolos republican government is geared to fight for
• 1896, Dec 30. The Spaniards execute Jose Rizal in Philippine independence until it is recognized by the free
Bagumbayan (today's Rizal Park). nations of the world.
• 1897, Mar 22. The Katipunan holds its election. Aguinaldo is • 1898, Aug 14. The Spanish in Manila surrender to the US
elected as president while Bonifacio is elected only as after a pre-arranged mock battle. A US military government is
director of war. Bonifacio is insulted by the election results established by General Meritt.
and refuses to recognize the new leadership.
• 1897, Apr 29. Katipuneros arrest Andres Bonifacio and his • 1899, Feb 6. The US Senate ratifies the Treaty of Paris with
brothers Procopio and Ciriaco on orders of Aguinaldo, who Spain and gives the US military a free hand to subdue the
considers the former a threat. The Bonifacios are charged Philippines.
with sedition and treasonbefore a military court of the
Katipunan.
AMERICAN COLONIZATION
• 1897, May 8. The Katipunan court finds the Bonifacios
guilty. They are sentenced to death. • 1901, Mar 2. The Army Appropriation Act, also known as
• 1897, May 10. Andres Bonifacio and his brothers are the Spooner Amendment, is passed by the US Senate. It
executed at Mt. Buntis, Maragondon, Cavite. provides that the US President governs the Philippines by the
authority of Congress and not as Commander-in-Chief of the
• 1897, May 31. Aguinaldo establishes a Philippine republican
Armed Forces, thereby formally ending the US military
government in Biak-na-Bato, San Miguel, Bulacan.
regime in the archipelago.
• 1901, Mar 23. Aguinaldo is captured by US authorities.
• 1897, Aug 10. Aguinaldo begins negotiating with the • 1901, Apr 1. Aguinaldo takes an oath of allegiance to the
Spaniards, represented by Pedro Paterno. US.

• 1897, Dec 14. The Pact of Biak-na-Bato between the • 1902. The Cooper Act, otherwise known as the Philippine
Spanish and Aguinaldo is signed. Aguinaldo agrees to Bill of 1902, is passed by a US Senate committee, establishing
surrender all arms and to go with his companions into exile in the Philippine Assembly as the lower chamber of a bicameral
Hong Kong upon payment of 800,000 pesos and an additional legislature. The Philippine Commission makes up the upper
900,000 pesos for the noncombatants who suffered losses house. The Cooper Act also provides for a bill of rights.
because of the war. • 1916, Oct 16. The Jones Law, sponsored by US
Congressman William Atkinson Jones, is enacted. It promises beaten to death by their guards. Those who reach San
independence upon the establishment of a stable Fernando, Pampanga, are taken to a concentration camp at
government. Capaz, Tarlac.

•1934, Mar 24. The Tydings-McDuffie Law, known as the • 1943, Jun 20. Japanese Premier Hideki Tojo nominates an
Philippine Independence Law, is approved by US President all Filipino 20 member Preparatory Commission for Philippine
Roosevelt. It provides for a ten year transition period of the Independence.
Commonwealth of the Philippines under a constitution to be
drafted by a Constitutional Convention, the members of • 1943, Sep 4. The Commission drafts a new Constitution
which are to be elected by the people. which provides for a unicameral national assembly.

• 1943, Sep 20. The 108 delegates to the National Assembly

•1902. The Cooper Act, otherwise known as the Philippine are chosen by the members of the Preparatory Commission
Bill of 1902, is passed by a US Senate committee, establishing for Philippine Independence.
the Philippine Assembly as the lower chamber of a bicameral • 1943, Sep 15. The members of the National Assembly elect
legislature. The Philippine Commissionmakes up the upper Jose P. Laurel as the President of the Philippines.
house. The Cooper Act also provides for a bill of rights. • 1945, Aug 9. The Americans drop an atomic bomb over
• 1916, Oct 16. The Jones Law, sponsored by US Nagasaki, Japan.
Congressman William Atkinson Jones, is enacted. It promises • 1945, Aug 15. Japan accepts defeat.
independence upon the establishment of a stable • 1946, Jul 4. The US declares the Independence of the
government. Philippines.
• 1934, Mar 24. The Tydings-McDuffie Law, known as the DEFECT OF SPANISH COLONIAL RULE
Philippine Independence Law, is approved by US President
Roosevelt. It provides for a ten year transition period of the • Frequent changes in the government of Spain brought also
Commonwealth of the Philippines under a constitution to be political instability in the Philippines
drafted by a Constitutional Convention, the members of • From 1837-1897, the Philippines was ruled y 50 Spanish
which are to be elected by the people. governor generals, each serving an average of 1 year and 3
months in office.Flipinos were not given a voice in their own
• 1934, Jul 10. Election by the Filipino people of the 202 government.
delegates to the Constitutional Convention is held in • Their previous representation in the Spanish Cortes (law
fulfillment of the Tydings-McDuffie Law. making body in Spain) from 1810-1837, was not restored.
• 1934, Jul 30. The Philippine Constitutional Convention is
inaugurated. The officers are: Claro M. Recto (Feb 8, 1890 - • Only minor government offices were opened to the
Oct 2, 1960), President; Ruperto Manansala and Teodorico Filipinos
Sandico, Vice Presidents; Narciso Pimentel, Secretary; and • Ventura de los Reyes the only Filipino who became part of
Jose Diokno, Sergeant-at-arms. the Spanish Cortes in 1812.Defective administration of Justice
• Courts were really courts of injustice.
JAPANESE COLONIZATION • Spanish judges were ignorant and dishonest
• 1941, Dec 8. Immediately after the bombing of Pearl • Judicial trials were slow and expensive.No equality before
Harbor, Japanese fighter planes attack the Philippines as an the law
ally of the US, shocking the unprepared US and Filipino • Spaniards were given more rights and privilege that
troops. Douglas MacArthur, the Commander of the US Armed Filipinos
Forces in the Far East, decides to retreat to the Bataan • Justice was for the rich and influential and not for the poor.
peninsula.

• 1942, Apr 9. Bataan, under US commander General Edward RISE OF PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
King, is the last province that surrenders to the Japanese • The Propaganda Movement was a peaceful crusade for
armies. The infamous Death March follows, the painful trek reforms but not a revolutionary movement.
of 36,000 US and Filipino soldiers and guerillas without food • It began in 1872 ended in 1892, after GOMBURZA 's
and water. Prisoners of war are bayonetted or brutally execution and when Rizal was exiled to Dapitan.
AIMS OF PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT in Madrid on January 12, 1869.
• Equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the law. Officers include:
• Assimilation of the Philippines as a regular province of • Miguel Morayta President
Spain. • General Felipe de la Corte Vice-President
• Restoration of Philippine representation in the Spanish • Dr. Dominador Gomez - Secretary
Cortes.

• Filipinization of the parishes LA LIGA FILIPINA

• Granting of individual liberties to Filipinos such as: Freedom • The Philippine League
of Speech, Freedom of the press, Freedom of assembly, • July 3, 1892 established by Rizal in a house at Ilaya St.
Freedom to petition for grievances. Tondo, Manila
• Its constitution was written in Hongkong
SUPPORTERS OF PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT • Ambrosio Salvador President
• Ferdinand Blumentritt in Ateneo de Leitmeritz, Austria • Agustin de la Rosa Fiscal
• Miguel Morayta Central de Madrid • Bonifacio Arevalo Treasurer
• Francisco Pi y Margall former president of the First Spanish • Deodato Arellano – Secretary
Republic
• Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla leader of the Republican Party of Spain • Motto: Unus Instar Omnium (One Like All)
• Don Juan de Atayde Spanish writer. • The Constitution was written by Rizal in Hong Kong.
• This Constitution provided for the creation of a Provincial
LA SOLIDARIDAD Council for every province, and a Popular Council for every
• Founded by Graciano Lopez Jaena in Barcelona on February town.
15, 1889. • Every Filipino who loves the Philippines is qualified to be a
Aims: member.
• To work peacefully for reforms
• To portray the sad conditions of the Philippines so that • 3 days after its establishment, Gov. Gen. Eulogio Despujol
Spain might remedy them. ordered the arrest and exile of Rizal in Dapitan.
• To promote liberal ideas and progress • Andres Bonifacio exerted efforts to organize chapters in
• To champion Filipino aspirations for democracy and various districts of Manila.
happiness. •Liga split into two groups:

LA SOLIDARIDAD 1.Cuerpo de Compromisarios pledged to continue supporting

• Mariano Ponce Naning, Kalipulako, Tikbalang the La Solidaridad
• Antonio Luna Taga-Ilog 2. Katipunan radicals headed by Bonifacio
• Jose Maria Panganiban Jomapa ,JMP
• Jose Rizal Dimas-Alang, Laong-Laan
• Dominador Gomez Ramiro Franco SOME REFORMS GRANTED BY SPAIN
FREEMASONRY • Abolition of the tobacco monopoly in 1882.
• Graciano Lopez-Jaena established the first Filipino Masonic • Abolition of the hated tribute in 1885.
Lodge in Barcelona known as Revolucion. • Creation of the office of civil governor for every regular
• Marcelo H. Del Pilar established the Lodge Solidaridad province and making the alcalde mayor as judge of the court
which was recognized by the Grande Oriente Español of first instance.
• Jose Rizal joined Lodge Acacia, his first Masonic Lodge. •Extension of the Spanish Penal Code to the Philippines in
• Pedro Serrano Laktaw founded the first Filipino Masonic 1887.
Lodge in Manila called Lodge Nilad • Establishment of city government in Cebu, Iloilo, Jaro,
Batangas, Albay, Naga and Vigan.

ASSOCIACION HISPANO-FILIPINO LAWS HONORING/COMMEMORATING FILIPINO HISTORICAL

• Founded by Filipino Propagandists and their Spanish friends FIGURES FOR DR.RIZAL
A. Decree of December 20, 1898, issued by General Emilio
Aguinaldo, declared December 30 of every year a day of • Mariano Ponce - Propagandist, Historian,
national mourning in honor of Dr. Jose Rizal and other victims Diplomat and Managing Editor of La Solidaridad.
of the Philippine Revolution. • Gregoria de Jesus – Lakambini of Katipunan and Wife of
B. Act No. 137, which organized the politico-military district Andres Bonifacio.
of Morong into the Province of Rizal, was the first official step • Fernando Ma. Guerrero – Poet of the Revolution
taken by the Taft Commission to honor our greatest hero and
martyr. • Felipe Agoncillo – Outstanding Diplomat of the First
Philippine Republic.
WHAT IS THE RIZAL LAW OR RA 1425? • Rafael Palma - Cofounder of La Independencia and First UP
An Act to Include in the Curricula of All Public and Private president .
Schools, Colleges and Universities courses on the Life Works • Juan Luna - Greatest Filipino Painter.
and Writings of JOSE RIZAL, particularly his novels • Marcelo H. Del Pilar – Greatest Journalist and Moving Spirit
NOLI ME TANGERE and EL FILIBUSTERISMO POEMS of the Propaganda Movement.
• Mi Ultimo Adios (Ang Huling Paalam/My Last Farewell) - • Leona Florentino - First Filipino Poetess (from Ilocos Sur).
written at his death cell in Fort Santiago on the eve of his
execution. • Pedro Paterno - Peacemaker of the Revolution.
• Isabelo delos Reyes – Founder of Philippine Socialism.
• Sa Aking Mga Kabata (To My Fellow Children) - first poem, • Artemio Ricarte – Revolutionary General, known as Viborra.
written when he was eight years old, urging love of native • Jose Palma - Wrote the Spanish Lyrics of the Philippine
language. National Anthem.
• Mi Retiro (My Retreat) – written by Rizal in a response to a • Lakandola - Chief of Tondo, Friendly to the Spaniards.
request from his mother. • Rajah Soliman - The Last Rajah of Manila
• Mi Primera Inspiraccion (My First Inspiration) – written in
Ateneo, dedicated to his mother. • Leonor Rivera - Cousin and Fiancee of Jose Rizal.
• A La Juventud Filipina (Sa Kabataang Pilipino/To the Filipino • Marcela Agoncillo - Maker of the First Filipino Flag.
Youth) - won first prize, written age 18 when he was in UST. • Galicano Apacible - One of the Founders of Katipunan.
• A Las Flores de Heidelberg – written when Rizal attended • Jose Ma. Panganiban - Bicolandia's Greatest Contribution to
lecture courses in the University of Heidelberg. The ancient the Historic Campaign for Reforms.
city of Heidelberg is a scenic attraction in Europe. • Diego Silang - Leader of the Ilocano Revolt

FILIPINO HEROES • Maria Josefa Gabriela Silang - Continued the Fight After her
Husband's Death.
• Dr. Jose Rizal - The National Hero. • Lapu-Lapu - Chieftain of Mactan Who Killed Magellan. First
• Andres Bonifacio - The Great Plebian and Father of the Filipino Hero.
Katipunan. • Francisco Dagohoy - Leader of the Longest Revolt in Bohol.
• General Gregorio del Pilar - Hero of the Battle of Tirad Pass. • Epifanio delos Santos - A Man of Many Talents; the Former
• General Emilio Aguinaldo - President of the First Philippine Highway 54 is Now Named After him (EDSA).
Republic. • Francisco Baltazar - Prince of Tagalog Poets
• Apolinario Mabini – Sublime Paralytic and Brains of the
Revolution • Teresa Magbanua – First Woman Fighter in Panay. Visayan
Joan of Arc.
• GOMBURZA - Martyred Priests of 1872. • Trinidad Tecson - Mother of Biak-na-Bato.
• Agueda Esteban - Wife of Artemio Ricarte Who Carried
• Trece Martirez - 13 Martyrs from Cavite. Secret Messages About Spanish Troops.
• Emilio Jacinto - Brains of the Katipunan. • Marina Dizon - Daughter of One of the Trece Martirez.
• General Antonio Luna - Cofounder of La Independencia. • General Francisco Makabulos - Leader of the Revolt in
• Melchora Aquino ( Tandang Sora ) - Mother of Balintawak. Tarlac.
• Julian Felipe - Composer of the Philippine National Anthem
• Graciano Lopez-Jaena - Greatest Filipino Orator of the
Propaganda Movement.
• Panday Pira - First Filipino Cannon-maker.