1What term is used for grouping of small land holdings with

bigger ones?
Answer:
The term used for grouping of small land holdings with bigger
ones is consolidation Of land holdings.
2.Explain any five features of Indian agriculture.
features of Indian agriculture.
1.Indian agriculture is mainly of intensive subsistence type.
2.It is mainly practised in areas of high population pressure on
land.
3.It is labour-intensive farming, where high doses of
biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining high
yields.
4.Farmers continue to take maximum output from the limited
land in the absence of alternate source of livelihood, which
leads to enormous pressure on agricultural land.
5.The right of inheritance has led to division of land among
successive generations and rendered the size of land holding
uneconomical.
What is White Revolution related to?
White Revolution is related to production of milk. It is also
called operation flood.
 3 What is primitive subsistence farming? Explain any four
features of primitive subsystem farming in India
Primitive subsistence farming in this agriculture farming on a
small patch of land with the help of primitive tools such as hoe
and digging stick is done family and community labour mostly
work
Features of primitive subsistence agriculture
1.in India it is practised on small patches of land with the help
of primitive tools.
Ii) This type of agriculture totally depends monsoon. – When
the soil fertility(decreases, the farmers shift uponto another
plot of land.
iii) land productivity in this type of agriculture is low asthe does
not use the fertilizer and other modern inputs
4. What is the Slash and burn agricultural?
1.It is a Slash and burn agricultural. Farmers clear a patch of
land and produce cereals and other food crops to sustain their
family when soil fertility decreases the farmer shift and clear a
fresh pets of land of cultivation this type of shifting allows a
nature to replanished the fertility of the soil through the
natural process
2. land productivity in the type of agriculture is low as the
farmer does not used fertilizer it is known by different name in
a different part of the country
5 Different names of Slash and burn In different states of India
Jhumming. ____ Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram Nagaland
Pamlou –Manipur
Dipa—Bastar district of Chhattisgarh, Andaman Nicobar Islands
Bewar,Dahiya. M.P
Podu,Penda—Andhrapradesh
Pama Dabi. ,koman,Bringa -Odisha
Kumari. -western Ghats
Valre,Waltre—south-eastern Rajasthan
Khil. Himalaya belt
Kuruwa -Jharkand

6.What is intensive subsistence farming? Write three features

of intensive subsistence farming.
Or
Name the farming method most commonly used in India?
Write it’s important features
Intensive subsistence farming is practised in areas of high
pressure of population i on agricultural land. In this type of
farming the agriculture production is increased by using the
high doses of biochemical inputs and better agriculture

The following are the three features of this type of farming.

1.It is labour-intensive farming.

2.High doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for
obtaining higher , production.
3 Farm size is small and uneconomical due to the division of
land.
4 Farmers take maximum output from the limited land
5 Farmers do not have any alternative source of livelihood.
Thus, there is enormous pressure on agricultural land

7.Explain any five characteristics of commercial farming in

India.
The following are the five characteristics of commercial farming
in India.
1.The main characteristic of commercial farming is the use of
high doses of modern inputs, like HYV seeds, chemical
fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides, in order to obtain higher
productivity.
2 The degree of commercialisation of agriculture varies from
one region to another, for example rice is a commercial crop in
Punjab and Haryana but in Odisha it is a subsistence crop.
3.Plantation is also a type of commercial farming where a single
crop is grown on a large area.
4.Plantations cover large areas using capital intensive inputs
with the help of migrant labourers.
6.In India tea, coffee, rubber, sugar cane and banana are
important plantation crops.
8 Define plantation agriculture. Explain any four
characteristics of plantation agriculture.
Plantation is a type of commercial farming where a single crop
is grown on a large area.
The following are the four characteristics of plantation.
1.Plantations have very large areas.
2.Capital-intensive inputs are used.
3.Migrant labourers are used.
4.All the produce is used as raw material in respective
industries.
5.The development of plantations is the result of a well-
developed network of transport and communication,
connecting plantations to markets
9.Describe the conditions required for the cultivation of tea.
Name two major tea-producing states of India.
Or
Name one of important beverage crop and specify the
geographical conditions required for its growth
Or
Describe any four geographical conditions required for the
growth of tea, Mention the two major tea producing states of
South India
OR
Name the important beverage crop introduced by the British
in India Explain the geographical conditions needed for its
cultivation. White any two important states where it is grown.
OR
In which agricultural production, India is the leading producer
as well as exporter in world? Describe the geographical
requirements for its growth and development
OR
What are the soil type, climatic conditions and rainfall
conditions required for the cultivation of tea? Write two
states of India where tea grows
Tea is a beverage crop introduce in India initially diabetes te
cultivation is an example of plantation agriculture
Ans. Tea: Grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climates.
Soil type: Deep and fertile, well-drained soil, rich In humus and
organic matters.
Climate: Warm and moist, frost-free climate Throughout the
year.
Rainfall: Frequent showers throughout the year
states: Assam, West Bengal, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Himachal
Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Andhra Pradesh, Meghalaya and Tripura.
11.In which season are rabi crops sown in India?
Answer:
The rabi crops are sown in India in winter from October to
December.
12Which are the Kharip crops? In which season are grown in
India?
The country Kharip crops are grown with the onset of the
monsoon in different parts of country and these are harvested
in September – October
Important crops grown during this season are
paddy,msize,jawar,and soyabean,tur(arhar) moong urad,
cotton jjute, groundnut
13.What is Zaid
In between the Rabi and Kharif season there is a short season
during the summer months known as a Zaid season
Some of the crops introduced during the watermelon Max
melon cucumber vegetables and foddercrop.
14 .How has irrigation changed the cropping pattern in many
regions of India. Explain with examples.

Irrigation has changed the cropping pattern of many regions,

with farmers shifting to water-intensive and commercial
crops.

1.Due to the success of the Green Revolution in Punjab,

Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan, these
states have started growing rabi crops like wheat, barley, peas
and gram.
2. Paddy has become an important crop of Punjab and Haryana.
In states like Assam, West Bengal and Orissa, three crops of
paddy are grown in a year. They are Aus, Aman and Boro.
3. The development of canal irrigation and tubewells has made
it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab,
Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.

4.The use of modem inputs like HYV (High Yielding Variety)

seeds, fertilizers and irrigation has contributed to high
production of maize.
15. Name the two most important staple food crops in India.
Mention the geographical conditions required for their growth
and the regions where it is produced

Or
Wheat and rice farming in India are fairly different from each
other.” Support the statement with five suitable examples.

The two most important staple food crops in India are rice and
wheat.
The geographical conditions required for the growth of rice are
as follows.
It requires high temperature—above 25°C.

It requires high humidity for its growth.

It requires annual rainfall above 100 cm.

Rice is grown in the plains of North and north-eastern India,

coastal areas and the deltaic region. In some part of Panjab,
Harayana, and western Uttarpradesh, Rajasthan

The geographical conditions required for the growth of wheat

as follows.
It is a rabi crop and needs cool growing season.
It requires bright sunshine at the time of ripening.
It also requires 50 to 70 cm of annual rainfall, well distributed
over the growing season.
The wheat producing states are Punjab, Harayana., Uttar
pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and parts if Madhya pradesh

16 Which is the leading sugarcane producer state of India?

Answer:
Uttar Pradesh is the leading producer of sugarcane in India.
17.Explain any five steps taken by the central and state
governments to improve
Indian agriculture after independence.
Or
Describe three technology and institutional Reform Made in
India in the field of agriculture in India
Or
What were the attributes of comprehension Land
Development programme initiated in India in 1980s and 1990s
Answer:
Various initiatives taken by the central and state governments
to ensure the increase in agricultural production after
independence are as follows.
1.Land Reforms Collectivisation, consolidation of holdings,
cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc. Were given priority
to bring about institutional reforms in the country after
independence.
Land reforms were the main focus of the First Five Year Plan.
2.Agriculture reforms The Green Revolution based on the use
of package technology and the White Revolution (Operation
Flood) were some of the strategies initiated to improve Indian
agriculture.
3.Minimum Support Price Policy, provisions for crop
insaurance, subsidy on agricultural inputs and resources such as
power and fertilisers, Grameen banks, Kissan Credit Card (KCC)
and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme are some of the
reforms brought by the government.
4.Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research
(ICAR), agricultural universities, veterinary services and animal
breeding centres, horticulture development and weather
forecast etc. Were given priority for improving Indian
agriculture.
5. Soil testing facilities cold storage and transportation facilities
are provided by the government for the farmers

18“Agriculture and industry are complementary to each

other.” Justify the statement.
Agriculture and industry are complementary to each other in
the following ways.
1.Agro-based industries in India have given a major boost to
agriculture by raising its productivity.
2. Industry has contributed to agriculture by using the
implements like irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides,
pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines tools, sprinkles and
drip irrigation systems.
3.Thus, development and competitiveness, and manufacturing
industry has not only assisted agriculturalists in increasing their
productivity, but also made production process very efficient.
4.In the present day world of globalisation, industry needs to be
more efficient and competitive.
4.Today we are not only self-sufficient in agriculture but our
farmers are able to compete with other farmers in the world.
4. Today, we are able to produce goods for international
market.
19.Why is the growth rate in agriculture decelerating? How
did the Government Of India make efforts to modernise
agriculture? Explain.
The growth rate in agriculture is decelerating due to the
following reasons.
1. Reduction in public investment in agriculture especially for
irrigation, power, rural roads, etc.
2. Subsidy on fertilisers has decreased leading to increase in
the cost of production.
3.Reduction in import of agricultural goods
4. Lack of employment in agriculture
5.Erratic nature of monsoon rainfall

To modernise agriculture the Government of India has taken

concerted efforts Like the following.
1.Setting up of Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
2. Setting up of agricultural universities, veterinary services and
animal breeding centres. Horticulture development Research
and development in the field of meteorology and weather
forecast
3 Improvement of rural infrastructure
15.Mention the geographical conditions required for the
growth of cotton along with any four cotton-producing states.
Cotton is a kharif crop. India is believed to be the original home
of the cotton plants. The geographical conditions required for
the growth of cotton are as follows.
1. Cotton grows in the drier parts of the black cotton soil of the
Deccan Plateau.
2.Cotton needs high temperature,
3.mmlight rainfall, 210 forest-free days and bright sunshine for
its growth.
3 It requires 6 to 8 months to grow.

Major cotton-producing states are Maharashtra, Gujarat,

Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka
20.Explain rubber cultivation in India under the following
heads.
(a) Importance
(b) Geographical conditions
(c) Any two rubber-producing states
Importance:
Rubber is an important industrial raw material.
Geographical conditions:
It is an equitable crop, which is grown in tropical and
subtropical areas.
It requires moist and humid climate with temperature above
25°C and rainfall above 200 cm.
Two rubber-producing states:
It is mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Garo
hills of Meghalaya
21 What are millets ? Give brief description of the climatic
conditions and producing states of the millets grown in India
Ans. Millets are coarse grains but have high nutritiona value eg
ragi-rich in iron, calcium
(1) Jowar-Rain fed crops mostly grown in mois area. States
producing-Maharashtra, Karnataka and
(ii) Bajra-grown well on sandy soils & shallow
black soil.
States producing Rajasthan, Maharash Gujrat, Haryana and UP
ii) Ragi-grown well in dry region on red, black
sandy and loamy soils. States producing-Tamil Nade, Himachal
Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Sikkim.
18 Which crop is known as the 'golden fibre ? 2+3=5 Explain
any two geographical conditions essential for the cultivation
of this crop. Mention its any four uses.

(i) Jute is called the golden fibre.

(ii) Geographical conditions:
(a) Grows well in drained fertile soil of the flood plains where
the soil is renewed every year.
b) High temperature is required during the time of
growth.
Uses: Can be used to manufacture gunny bags, mats, ropes,
yarn, carpets and other artefacts.
22. Name any four oilseeds produced in India. Explain the
importance of oilseeds in our day to day life.
Ans. (i) Groundnut
(ii) Mustard
(iii) Coconut
(iv) Sesamun
(v) Soyabean, sunflower, etc.
Importance of oilseeds: Most of these are edible in the form of
oil. Used as raw material for manufacturing paints, varnishes,
soaps, perfumes etc, oil cake is used as cattle feed. Oil cake is
also used as a fertiliser.
23 Mention any two geographical conditions required for the
growth of maize crop in India. Describe any three factors
which have contributed to increase in maize production.
Ans. (i) Geographical conditions required for the growth of
maize crop in India:
(a) It is a kharif crop which requires temperature between 21°C
to 27°C.
(b) It grows well in alluvial soil.
(ii) Use of modern inputs such as HYV Seeds, fertilisers and
irrigation have contributed to the increasing production of
maize.
24 Describe four geographical conditions required for the
growth of sugarcane.Name two major sugarcane producing
states of North India.
OR
What geographical conditions are required for the cultivation
of sugarcane? Name two largest producing states of
sugarcane.
Geographical conditions required for the growth Of sugarcane
in India:
(i) It is a tropical as well as sub-tropical crop so it
requires a hot and humid climate with Temperature
of 24°C to 27°C.
(ii) It requires an annual rainfall between 75 cms. (iii) It
can be grown on a variety of soils.
(iii) Major sugarcane producing states of North India Are:
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab and Harya
Q.25 what is horticulture
Cultivation of fruits and vegetables is known as a horticulture
26. What is sericulture
Rearing of silkworms for the production of silk fibre is known
as a sericulture