Arab Republic of Egypt ECAR Part 1

Ministry of Civil Aviation

PART 1
Definitions and Abbreviations

1.1 General Definitions

Accident. An occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft which takes place
between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight until such time
as all such persons have disembarked, in which:
(a) A person is fatally or seriously injured as a result of:
(1) Being in the aircraft;
(2) Direct contact with any part of the aircraft, including parts which have become
detached from the aircraft; or
(3) Direct exposure to jet blast, except when the injuries are from natural causes,
self-inflicted or inflicted by other persons, or when the injuries are to stowaways
hiding outside the areas normally available to the passengers and crew; or
(b) The aircraft sustains damage or structural failure which:
(1) Adversely affects the structural strength, performance or flight characteristics of
the aircraft, and
(2) Would normally require major repair or replacement of the affected component,
except for engine failure or damage, when the damage is limited to the engine,
its cowlings or accessories; or for damage limited to propellers, wing tips,
antennas, tires, brakes, fairings, small dents or puncture holes in the aircraft skin;
or
(c) The aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible.
Note 1: For statistical uniformity only, an injury resulting in death within thirty days of
the date of the accident is classified as a fatal injury.
Note 2: An aircraft is considered to be missing when the official search has been
terminated and the wreckage has not been located.
Accredited medical conclusion. The conclusion reached by one or more medical
experts acceptable to ECAA for the purposes of the case concerned, in consultation with
flight operations or other experts as necessary.
Accounting management. An ATN systems management facility to monitor users for
use of network resources and to limit the use of those resources
ADS application. An ATN application that provides ADS data from the aircraft to the
ATS unit(s) for surveillance purposes.
Advisory airspace. An airspace of defined dimensions, or designated route, within hich
air traffic advisory service is available.
Advisory route. A designated route along which air traffic advisory service is available.
Aerial work. An aircraft operation in which an aircraft is used for specialized services
such as agriculture, construction, photography, surveying observation and patrol, search
and rescue, aerial advertisement, etc.
Aerodrome. A defined area on land or water (including any buildings, installations and
equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and
surface movement of aircraft.
Aerodrome control service. Air traffic control service for aerodrome traffic.
Aerodrome control tower. A unit established to provide air traffic control service to
aerodrome traffic.
Aerodrome elevation. The elevation of the highest point of the landing area.
Aerodrome operating minima. The limits of usability of an aerodrome for:
(a) Take-off, expressed in terms of runway visual range and/or visibility and, if
necessary, cloud conditions;
(b) Landing in precision approach and landing operations, expressed in terms of visibility
and/or runway visual range and decision altitude/height (DA/H) as appropriate to the
category of the operation;
(c) Landing in approach and landing operations with vertical guidance, expressed in
terms of visibility and/or runway visual range and decision altitude/height (DA/H);
and
(d) Landing in non-precision approach and landing operations, expressed in terms of
visibility and/or runway visual range, minimum descent altitude/height (MDA/H)
and, if necessary, cloud conditions.

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Ministry of Civil Aviation
Aerodrome reference point. The designated geographical location of an aerodrome.
Aerodrome traffic. All traffic on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome and all aircraft
flying in the vicinity of an aerodrome.
Aeronautical administrative communication (AAC). Communication used by
aeronautical operating agencies related to the business aspects of operating their flights
and transport services. This communication is used for a variety of purposes, such as
flight and ground transportation, bookings, deployment of crew and aircraft or any other
logistical purposes that maintain or enhance the efficiency of over-all flight operation.
Aeromedical board means the Egyptian Aeromedical Board.
Aeronautical fixed service (AFS). A telecommunication service between specified fixed
points provided primarily for the safety of air navigation and for the regular, efficient and
economical operation of air services.
Aeronautical fixed telecommunication network (AFTN). A worldwide system of
aeronautical fixed circuits provided, as part of the aeronautical fixed service, for the
exchange of messages and/or digital data between aeronautical fixed stations having the
same or compatible communications characteristics.
Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP). A publication issued by or with the
authority of a State and containing aeronautical information of a lasting character
essential to air navigation.
Aeronautical mobile-satellite (R)* service (RR S1.36). An aeronautical mobile-satellite
service reserved for communications relating to safety and regularity of flights, primarily
along national or international civil air routes.
Aeronautical mobile service (RR S1.32). A mobile service between aeronautical
stations and aircraft stations, or between aircraft stations, in which survival craft stations
may participate; emergency position-indicating radio beacon stations may also participate
in this service on designated distress and emergency frequencies.
Aeronautical operational control (AOC). Communication required for the exercise of
authority over the initiation, continuation, diversion or termination of flight for safety,
regularity and efficiency reasons.
Aeronautical passenger communication (APC). Communication relating to the non-
safety voice and data services to passengers and crew members for personal
communication.
Aeronautical station (RR S1.81). A land station in the aeronautical mobile service. In
certain instances, an aeronautical station may be located, for example, on board ship or
on a platform at sea.
Aeronautical telecommunication network (ATN). An internetwork architecture that
allows ground, air-ground and avionic data subnetworks to interoperate by adopting
common interface services and protocols based on the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model.
Aeronautical telecommunication station. A station in the aeronautical
telecommunication service.
Aeroplane. A power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft, deriving its lift in flight chiefly from
aerodynamic reactions on surfaces which remain fixed under given conditions of flight.
AIDC application. An ATN application dedicated to exchanges between ATS units
(ATSUs) of air traffic control (ATC) information in support of flight notification, flight
coordination, transfer of control, transfer of communication, transfer of surveillance data
and transfer of general data.
Aircraft address. A unique combination of twenty-four bits available for assignment to
an aircraft for the purpose of air-ground communications, navigation and surveillance.
Aircraft - category. Classification of aircraft according to specified basic characteristics,
e.g. aeroplane, helicopter, glider, free balloon.
Aircraft earth station (AES). A mobile earth station in the aeronautical mobile-satellite
service located on board an aircraft (see also “GES”).
Air-ground control radio station. An aeronautical telecommunication station having
primary responsibility for handling communications pertaining to the operation and
control of aircraft in a given area.
Air-report. A report from an aircraft in flight prepared in conformity with requirements
for position, and operational and/or meteorological reporting.
Air-taxiing. Movement of a helicopter/VTOL above the surface of an aerodrome,
normally in ground effect and at a ground speed normally less than 37 km/h (20 kt).

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 Arab Republic of Egypt ECAR Part 1
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Air A1craft - type of. All aircraft of the same basic design A1including all modifications
thereto except those modi A1fications which result in a change in handling or flight
characteristics.
Air Carrier means any person who undertakes to engage in commercial air
transportation in scheduled and/ or unscheduled service over domestic routes.
International routes, or a combination thereof.
Air carrier operating certificate means a document issued by the ECAA certifying that
the applicant has been found to be properly and adequately equipped and capable of
conducting a safe operation under the Egyptian Civil Aviation Supervisory Regulations
Air defence identification zone (ADIZ). Special designated airspace of defined
dimensions within which aircraft are required to comply with special identification and/or
reporting procedures additional to those related to the provision of air traffic services
(ATS).
Air navigation means the operation of aircraft in air space. It includes air transportation
operations and all other operational uses of aircraft in flight.
Air taxiway. A defined path on the surface established for the air taxiing of helicopters.
Air traffic. All aircraft in flight or operating on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome.
Air traffic advisory service. A service provided within advisory airspace to ensure
separation, in so far as practical, between aircraft which are operating on IFR flight plans.
Air traffic control means a service operated by appropriate authority to promote the
safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of air traffic.
Air traffic control clearance means authorization for an aircraft to be protected under
conditions specified by an air traffic control unit.
Air traffic control service. A service provided for the purpose of:
(a) Preventing collisions:
(1) Between aircraft, and
(2) On the manoeuvring area between aircraft and obstructions, and
(b) Expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of air traffic.
Air traffic control unit. A generic term meaning variously, area control centre,
approach control unit or aerodrome control tower.
Air traffic service. A generic term meaning variously, flight information service,
alerting service, air traffic advisory service, air traffic control service (area control
service, approach control service or aerodrome control service).
Air traffic services airspaces. Airspaces of defined dimensions, alphabetically
designated, within which specific types of flights may operate and for which air traffic
services and rules of operation are specified.
Air traffic services reporting office. A unit established for the purpose of receiving
reports concerning air traffic services and flight plans submitted before departure.
Air traffic services unit. A generic term meaning variously, air traffic control unit,
flight information centre or air traffic services reporting office.
Air transit route. A defined path on the surface established for the air transitting of
helicopters.
Air transport or air transportation means the operation of Egyptian registered civil
aircraft for the purpose of transporting persons and property.
Air operator certificate (AOC). A certificate authorizing an operator to carry out
specified commercial air transport operations.
Airborne collision avoidance system (ACAS). An aircraft system based on secondary
surveillance radar (SSR) transponder signals which operates independently of ground-
based equipment to provide advice to the pilot on potential conflicting aircraft that are
equipped with SSR transponders.
Aircraft. Any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of
the air other than the reactions of the air against the earth’s surface.
Aircraft address. A unique combination of twenty-four bits available for assignment to
an aircraft for the purpose of air-ground communications, navigation and surveillance.
Aircraft approach category means a grouping of aircraft based on a speed of 1.3 Vso (at
the maximum certificated landing weight). Vso and the maximum certificated landing
weight are those values as established for the aircraft by the certificating authority of the
state of manufacture:
(a) Category A: Speed less than 91 knots;
(b) Category B: Speed 91 knots or more but less than 121 knots;
(c) Category C: Speed 121 knots or more but less than 141 knots;
(d) Category D: Speed 141 knots or more but less than 166 knots; and
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Ministry of Civil Aviation
(e) Category E: Speed 166 knots or more.
Aircraft avionics. A term designating any electronic device - including its electrical part
- for use in an aircraft, including radio, automatic flight control and instrument systems.
Aircraft certificated for single-pilot operation. A type of aircraft which the State of
Registry has determined, during the certification process, can be operated safely A1with
a minimum crew of one pilot.
Aircraft engine means an engine that is used or intended to be used for propelling
aircraft. It includes turbo superchargers, appurtenances, and accessories necessary for its
functioning.
Aircraft flight manual means a document containing the limitations, procedures,
information, and data including approved information pertaining to each aircraft of an
approved design and models thereof pertinent to the safe operation of that particular
aircraft.
Aircraft operating manual. A manual, acceptable to the State of the Operator,
containing normal, abnormal and emergency procedures, checklists, limitations,
performance information, details of the aircraft systems and other material relevant to the
operation of the aircraft.
Aircraft stand. A designated area on an apron intended to be used for parking an
aircraft.
Airframe means the fuselage, booms, nacelles, cowlings, fairing, airfoil surfaces
(including rotors but excluding propellers and rotating airfoils of engines), and landing
gear of an aircraft and their accessories and controls.
Airman means any person who serves in the capacity of pilot in command, or as other
pilot, flight engineer, or as other member of the flight crew each having assigned duties
to perform aboard that aircraft for its safe operation during flight time: and any person
who serves in the capacity of a mechanic performing or supervising the inspection,
maintenance, repair or overhaul of aircraft, aircraft engines, aircraft propellers, or aircraft
appliances, and any other person who serves in the capacity of a flight instructor, an
aircraft dispatcher, or a repairman, performing duties under the provisions and
requirements of these regulations.
Airman certificate means a document issued by the Chairman of the Civil Aviation
Supervisory Authority certifying that he has found the applicant qualified under the Civil
Aviation Regulations governing the capacity in which the certificate authorizes the holder
to act as an airman.
AIRMET information. Information issued by a meteorological watch office concerning
the occurrence or expected occurrence of specified en-route weather phenomena which
may affect the safety of low-level aircraft operations and which was not already included
in the forecast issued for low-level flights in the flight information region concerned or
sub-area thereof.
Airport traffic area means, unless otherwise specifically designated by ATC, that
airspace within a horizontal radius of 5 nautical miles from a geographical center of any
airport at which an operating control tower is located, extending from the surface up to,
but not including, on altitude of 3,000 feet above the elevation of the airport.
Airway. A control area or portion thereof established in the form of a corridor.
Alert phase. A situation wherein apprehension exists as to the safety of an aircraft and
its occupants.
Alerting service. A service provided to notify appropriate organizations regarding
aircraft in need of search and rescue aid, and assist such organizations as required.
Alternate aerodrome. An aerodrome to which an aircraft may proceed when it becomes
either impossible or inadvisable to proceed to or to land at the aerodrome of intended
landing.
Altitude. The vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point,
measured from mean sea level (MSL).
Appliance means any instrument, mechanism, equipment, part, apparatus, appurtenance,
or accessory, including communications equipment, that is used or intended to be used in
operating or controlling an aircraft in flight, is installed in or attached to the aircraft, and
is not part of an airframe, engine, or propeller.
Application. The ultimate use of an information system, as distinguished from the system
itself.
Application entity (AE). Part of an application process that is concerned with
communication within the OSI environment. The aspects of an application process that

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 Arab Republic of Egypt ECAR Part 1
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need to be taken into account for the purposes of OSI are represented by one or more
AEs.
Application information. Refers to the application names (e.g. AE qualifiers such as
ADS and CPC), version numbers, and addresses (the long or short TSAP, as required) of
each application.
Approach and landing operations using instrument approach procedures.
Instrument approach and landing operations are classified as follows:
(a) Non-precision approach and landing operations. An instrument approach and landing
which utilizes lateral guidance but does not utilize vertical guidance.
(b) Approach and landing operations with vertical guidance.
(c) An instrument approach and landing which utilizes lateral and vertical guidance but
does not meet the requirements established for precision approach and landing
operations.
(d) Precision approach and landing operations. An instrument approach and landing
using precision lateral and vertical guidance with minima as determined by the
category of operation.
Approach control service. Air traffic control service for arriving or departing controlled
flights.
Approach control unit. A unit established to provide air traffic control service to
controlled flights arriving at, or departing from, one or more aerodromes.
Appropriate ATS authority. The relevant authority designated by the State responsible
for providing air traffic services in the airspace concerned.
Approved, unless used with reference to another person, means approved by the
Egyptian Civil Aviation Authority.
Approved design means a design that meets the specifications, drawings, reports, and
documentary evidence for aircraft engines, propellers, appliances, or parts that comply
with applicable airworthiness requirements of the State of Manufacture, or other state
which has accepted the approved design and has issued Airworthiness Certification
Requirements covering that approved design.
Approved examiner or check airman means any person who is authorized by the
ECAA to conduct a pilot proficiency test or a practical test for an airman license or
rating issued under this Part or a person who is authorized to conduct a knowledge test
under this Part.
Approved maintenance organization. An organization approved by a Contracting
State, in accordance with the requirements of Annex 6, Part I, Chapter 8 - Aeroplane
Maintenance, to perform maintenance of aircraft or parts thereof and operating under
supervision approved by that State.
Apron. A defined area, on a land aerodrome, intended to accommodate aircraft for
purposes of loading or unloading passengers, mail or cargo, fuelling, parking or
maintenance.
Apron management service. A service provided to regulate the activities and the
movement of aircraft and vehicles on an apron.
Area control centre. A unit established to provide air traffic control service to
controlled flights in control areas under its jurisdiction.
Area control service. Air traffic control service for controlled flights in control areas.
Area navigation (RNAV) means a method of navigation that permits aircraft operations
on any desired course within the coverage of station-referenced navigation signals or
within the limits of self contained system capability.

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ATS route. A specified route designed for channelling the flow of traffic as necessary for
the provision of air traffic services.
ATS surveillance service
Term used to indicate a service provided directly by means of an ATS surveillance system.
ATS surveillance system.
A generic term meaning variously, ADS-B, PSR, SSR or any comparable ground-based
system that enables the identification of aircraft.
ATN directory services (DIR). A service which provides the capability for an
application entity or user in the ATN community to query a distributed directory data
base and retrieve addressing, security and technical capabilities information relating to
other users or entities within the ATN community
ATN security services. A set of information security provisions allowing the receiving
end system or intermediate system to unambiguously identify (i.e. authenticate) the
source of the received information and to verify the integrity of that information.
ATN systems management (SM). A collection of facilities to control, coordinate and
monitor the resources which allow communications to take place in the ATN
environment. These facilities include fault management, accounting management,
configuration management, performance management and security management.
ATSC class. The ATSC class parameter enables the ATSC user to specify the quality of
service expected for the offered data. The ATSC class value is specified in terms of ATN
end-to-end transit delay at 95 per cent probability.
Automatic terminal information service (ATIS). The automatic provision of current,
routine information to arriving and departing aircraft throughout 24 hours or a specified
portion thereof.
ATS communications (ATSC). Communication related to air traffic services including
air traffic control, aeronautical and meteorological information, position reporting and
services related to safety and regularity of flight. This communication involves one or
more air traffic service administrations. This term is used for purposes of address
administration.
Automatic dependent surveillance (ADS). A surveillance technique in which aircraft
automatically provide, via a data link, data derived from on-board navigation and
position-fixing systems, including aircraft identification, four-dimensional position and
additional data as appropriate.
Automatic terminal information service (ATIS). The automatic provision of current,
routine information to arriving and departing aircraft throughout 24 hours or a specified
portion thereof.
Authorized instructor means:
(a) A person who holds a valid ground instructor certificate issued under this Part when
conducting ground training in accordance with the privileges and limitations of his or
her ground instructor certificate;
(b) A person who holds a current flight instructor rating issued under this Part when
conducting ground training or flight training in accordance with the privileges and
limitations of his or her flight instructor rating; or
(c) A person authorized by the ECAA to provide ground training or flight training under
Parts 121, 141 or 142 when conducting ground training or flight training in
accordance with that authority.
Authorized representative of the civil aviation authority means an employee of the
Civil Aviation Supervisory Authority (CASA) or any private person, authorized by the
Chairman to perform any of the duties of the Chairman as delegated to those employees
or as delegated to a designated private person.
Aviation medical examiner means a licensed physician designated by the Chairman of
the Civil Aviation Supervisory Authority to perform required airman medical
examinations and to issue or deny medical certificates as prescribed by the Civil Aviation
Regulations.
Balloon. A non-power-driven lighter-than-air aircraft.
Bare Earth. Surface of the Earth including bodies of water and permanent ice and snow,
and excluding vegetation and man-made objects.
Cabin crew means a person assigned to duty in an aircraft passenger cabin for the
purpose of assuring passenger safety during flight time in accordance with the Civil
Aviation Regulations.

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 Arab Republic of Egypt ECAR Part 1
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(a) As used with respect to the certification, ratings, privileges, and limitations of airmen
means a broad class of aircraft. Examples include airplane, rotorcraft, glider and
lighter-than-air; and
(b) As used with respect to the certification of aircraft, means a grouping of aircraft
based upon intended use or operating limitations. Examples include transport,
normal, utility, acrobatic, restricted, experimental, glider, and balloon.
Cabin crew member. A crew member who performs, in the interest of safety of
passengers, duties assigned by the operator or the pilot-in-command of the aircraft, but
who shall not act as a flight crew member.
Calendar. Discrete temporal reference system that provides the basis for defining
temporal position to a resolution of one day (ISO 19108*).
Canopy. Bare Earth supplemented by vegetation height.
Category: Categories of precision approach and landing operations:
(a) Category I (CAT I) operation. A precision instrument approach and landing with a
decision height not lower than 60 m (200 ft) and with either a visibility not less than
800 m or a runway visual range not less than 550m.
(b) Category II (CAT II) operation. A precision instrument approach and landing with a
decision height lower than 60 m (200 ft), but not lower than 30 m (100 ft), and a
runway visual range not less than 350 m.
(c) Category IIIA (CAT IIIA) operation. A precision instrument approach and landing
with:
(1) A decision height lower than 30 m (100 ft) or no decision height; and
(2) A runway visual range not less than 200 m.
(d) Category IIIB (CAT IIIB) operation. A precision instrument approach and landing
with:
(1) A decision height lower than 15 m (50 ft) or no decision height; and
(2) A runway visual range less than 200 m but not less than 50 m.
(e) Category IIIC (CAT IIIC) operation. A precision instrument approach and landing
with no decision height and no runway visual range limitations.
Category with respect to the certification, ratings, privileges, and limitations of
airmen, means a broad classification of aircraft. Examples include: airplane; rotorcraft;
glider; and lighter-than-air.
Category with respect to the certification of aircraft, means a grouping of aircraft
based upon intended use or operating limitations. Examples include: transport, normal,
utility, acrobatic, limited, restricted, and provisional.
Category with respect to transport category rotorcraft:
(a) Category A , means multiengine rotorcraft designed with engine and system
isolation features specified in Part 29 and utilizing scheduled takeoff and landing
operations under a critical engine failure concept which assures adequate designated
surface area and adequate performance capability for continued safe flight in the
event of engine failure.
(b) Category B, means single-engine or multiengine rotorcraft which do not fully meet
all Category A standards. Category B rotorcraft have no guaranteed stay-up ability
in the event of engine failure and unscheduled landing is assumed.
Certificate of airworthiness means the same as a Certificate of Fitness for Flight, and
indicates the issuing authority has determined the aircraft meets all requirements for
certification at date of issue.
Certificate of fitness for flight means the same as Certificate of Airworthiness.
Certificated: unless used with reference to another person, means certificated and/or
validated by the Egyptian Civil Aviation Supervisory Authority
Certify as airworthy (to). To certify that an aircraft or parts thereof comply with
current airworthiness requirements after maintenance has been performed on the aircraft
or parts thereof.
Charter flights and other special services means any commercial air transport
operation other than approved scheduled operations conducted by a certificated Egyptian
air carrier or air taxi.
Note: Charter Flights and other special services shall be conducted under the rules of that
regulation applicable to ECAR 121 operators or as otherwise authorized by the ECAA.
Class:
(a) As used with respect to the certification, ratings, privileges, and limitations of
airmen, means a classification of aircraft having similar operating characteristics.

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Examples include, single engine, multiengine, land, sea, helicopter, and free balloon;
and
(b) As used with respect to the certification of aircraft, means a broad grouping of
aircraft having similar characteristics of propulsion, flight, or landing, Examples
include: airplane, rotorcraft, glider, landplane, seaplane, and balloon.
Class I: As used with regard to airman medical certification means a medical certificate
issued by an ECAA designated Aviation Medical Examiner in accordance with standards
prescribed for the ICAO Class I medical assessment in chapter 6 on Annex 1 to the
Convention of International Civil Aviation.
Class II: As used with regard to airman medical certification means a medical certificate
issued by a CAA designated Aviation Medical Examiner in accordance with standards
prescribed for the ICAO Class II medical assessment in chapter 6 of Annex 1 to the
Convention of International Civil Aviation.
Clearway means, for turbine engine powered airplanes, and area beyond the runway, not
less than 500 feet wide, centrally located about the extended centerline of the runway,
and under the control of the airport authorities. The clearway is expressed in terms of a
clearway plane extending from the end of the runway with an upward slope not
exceeding 1.25 percent, above which no object nor any terrain protrudes. However,
threshold lights may protrude above the plane if their height above the end of the runway
is 26 inches or less and if they are located at each side of the runway.
Co-pilot. A licensed pilot serving in any piloting capacity other than as pilot-in-command
but excluding a pilot who is on board the aircraft for the sole purpose of receiving flight
instruction.
Cockpit crewmember means a pilot, flight engineer, or other airman assigned for duty in
an aircraft during flight time in accordance with the Civil Aviation Regulations.
Commercial air transport operation. An aircraft operation involving the transport of
passengers, cargo or mail for remuneration or hire.
Commercial air transportation means the operation of Egyptian registered aircraft for
the purpose of the carriage of persons or property for compensation or hire.
Common reference systems
Configuration (as applied to the aeroplane). A particular combination of the positions of
the moveable elements, such as wing flaps and landing gear, etc., that affect the
aerodynamic characteristics of the aeroplane.
Configuration management. An ATN systems management facility for managers to
change the configuration of remote elements.
Configuration deviation list (CDL). A list established by the organization responsible
for the type design with the approval of the State of Design which identifies any external
parts of an aircraft type which may be missing at the commencement of a flight, and
which contains, where necessary, any information on associated operating limitations and
performance correction.
Congested area. In relation to a city, town or settlement, any area which is substantially
used for residential, commercial or recreational purposes.
Control area. A controlled airspace extending upwards from a specified limit above the
earth.
Control zone means a controlled airspace extending upwards from the surface of the
earth to a specified upper limit.
Context management (CM) application. An ATN application that provides a log-on
service allowing initial aircraft introduction into the ATN and a directory of all other data
link applications on the aircraft. It also includes functionality to forward addresses
between ATS units.
Context management (CM) server. An ATS facility that is capable of providing
application information relating to other ATSUs to requesting aircraft or ATSUs.
Control zone. A controlled airspace extending upwards from the surface of the earth to a
specified upper limit.
Controlled aerodrome. An aerodrome at which air traffic control service is provided to
aerodrome traffic.
Controlled airspace means an airspace of defined dimensions within which air traffic
control service is provided to controlled flights.

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Controlled airspace. An airspace of defined dimensions within which air traffic control
service is provided in accordance with the airspace classification.
Controlled flight. Any flight which is subject to an air traffic control clearance.
Controller pilot data link communication (CPDLC). A means of communication
between controller and pilot, using data link for ATC communications.
Crew member. A person assigned by an operator to duty on an aircraft during a flight
duty period.
Crewmember means a person assigned to perform duty in an aircraft during flight time.
Critical engine means the engine whose failure would most adversely affect the
performance or handling qualities of an aircraft.
Critical power-unit(s). The power-unit(s) failure of which gives the most adverse effect
on the aircraft characteristics relative to the case under consideration.
Cruising level. A level maintained during a significant portion of a flight.
Culture. All man-made features constructed on the surface of the Earth by man, such as
cities, railways, and canals.
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC). A mathematical algorithm applied to the digital
expression of data that provides a level of assurance against loss or alteration of data.
Horizontal reference system
World Geodetic System - 1984 (WGS-84) shall be used as the horizontal (geodetic)
reference system. Reported aeronautical geographical coordinates (indicating latitude and
longitude) shall be expressed in terms of the WGS-84 geodetic reference datum.
Dangerous goods. Articles or substances which are capable of posing a risk to health,
safety, property or the environment and which are shown in the list of dangerous goods
in the Technical Instructions or which are classified according to those Instructions.
Data link communications. A form of communication intended for the exchange of
messages via a data link.
Data link-automatic terminal information service (D-ATIS). The provision of ATIS
via data link.
Data link-automatic terminal Danger area. An airspace of defined dimensions within
which activities dangerous to the flight of aircraft may exist at specified times.
Data quality. A degree or level of confidence that the data provided meet the
requirements of the data user in terms of accuracy, resolution and integrity.
Data integrity. The probability that data has not been altered or destroyed.
D-METAR. The symbol used to designate data link aviation weather report service.
Datum. Any quantity or set of quantities that may serve as a reference or basis for the
calculation of other quantities (ISO 19104*).
Decision altitude (DA) or decision height (DH). A specified altitude or height in the
precision approach or approach with vertical guidance at which a missed approach must
be initiated if the required visual reference to continue the approach has not been
established
Decision height with respect to the operation of aircraft, means the height at which a
decision must me made during a precision instrument approach, to either continue the
approach or to execute a missed approach.
Destination alternate. An alternate aerodrome to which an aircraft may proceed should
it become impossible or inadvisable to land at the aerodrome of intended landing.
Displaced threshold. A threshold not located at the extremity of a runway.
Distress phase. A situation wherein there is a reasonable certainty that an aircraft and its
occupants are threatened by grave and imminent danger and require immediate
assistance.
Dual instruction time. Flight time during which a person is receiving flight instruction
from a properly authorized pilot on board the aircraft.
Duplex. A method in which telecommunication between two stations can take place in
both directions simultaneously.
Elevated heliport. A heliport located on a raised structure on land.
Elevation. The vertical distance of a point or a level, on or affixed to the surface of the
earth, measured from mean sea level.
Ellipsoid height (Geodetic height). The height related to the reference ellipsoid,
measured along the ellipsoidal outer normal through the point in question.
Emergency locator transmitter (ELT). A generic term describing equipment which
broadcast distinctive signals on designated frequencies and, depending on application,
may be automatically activated by impact or be manually activated. An ELT may be any
of the following:
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Ministry of Civil Aviation
(a) Automatic fixed ELT (ELT(AF)). An automatically activated ELT which is
permanently attached to an aircraft.
(b) Automatic portable ELT (ELT(AP)). An automatically activated ELT which is
rigidly attached to an aircraft but readily removable from the aircraft.
(c) Automatic deployable ELT (ELT(AD)). An ELT which is rigidly attached to an
aircraft and which is automatically deployed and activated by impact, and, in some
cases, also by hydrostatic sensors. Manual deployment is also provided.
Emergency phase. A generic term meaning, as the case may be, uncertainty phase, alert
phase or distress phase.
End system (ES). A system that contains the OSI seven layers and contains one or more
end user application processes.
End-to-end. Pertaining or relating to an entire communication path, typically from (1)
the interface between the information source and the communication system at the
transmitting end to (2) the interface between the communication system and the
information user or processor or application at the receiving end.
En-route alternate. An aerodrome at which an aircraft would be able to land after
experiencing an abnormal or emergency condition while en route.
Error. An action or inaction by an operational person that leads to deviations from
organizational or the operational person's intentions or expectations.
ETOPS en-route alternate. A suitable and appropriate alternate aerodrome at which an
aeroplane would be able to land after experiencing an engine shut-down or other
abnormal or emergency condition while en route in an ETOPSoperation.y survivors.
Extended over water operation means with respect to aircraft, other than helicopters,
an operation over water at a horizontal distance of more than 100 nautical miles or more
than 30 minutes flying time up to 100 nautical miles from the nearest shoreline,
whichever is less.
Exemption. An authorization issued by the Minister of Egyptian Civil Aviation providing
relief from the provisions of this ECAR.
Feature. Abstraction of real world phenomena (ISO 19101*).
Fault management. An ATN systems management facility to detect, isolate and correct
problems.
Final approach and take-off area (FATO). A defined area over which the final phase
of the approach manoeuvre to hover or landing is completed and from which the take-off
manoeuvre is commenced. Where the FATO is to be used by performance Class 1
helicopters, the defined area includes the rejected take-off area available.
Final approach. That part of an instrument approach procedure which commences at
the specified final approach fix or point, or where such a fix or point is not specified,
(a) At the end of the last procedure turn, base turn or inbound turn of a racetrack
procedure, if specified; or
(b) At the point of interception of the last track specified in the approach procedure; and
ends at a point in the vicinity of an aerodrome from which:
(1) A landing can be made; or
(2) A missed approach procedure is initiated.
FIS application. An ATN application that provides to aircraft information and advice
useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights.
Fireproof:
(a) With respect to materials and parts used to confine fire in a designated fire zone,
means the capacity to withstand at least as well as steel in dimensions appropriate for
the purpose for which they are used, the heat produced when there is a severe fire of
extended duration in that zone; and
(b) With respect to other materials and parts, means the capacity to withstand the heat
associated with fire at least as well as steel in dimensions appropriate for the purpose
for which they are used.
Flammable with respect to a fluid or gas means susceptible to igniting or to exploding.
Flame resistant means not susceptible to combustion to the point of propagating a
flame, beyond safe limits, after the ignition source is removed.
Flash resistant means not susceptible to burning violently when ignited.
Flight crew member. A licensed crew member charged with duties essential to the
operation of an aircraft during a flight duty period.

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Flight Data Analysis. A process of analysing recorded flight data in order to improve
the safety of flight operations.
Flight duty period. The total time from the moment a flight crew member commences
duty, immediately subsequent to a rest period and prior to making a flight or a series of
flights, to the moment the flight crew member is relieved of all duties having completed
such flight or series of flights.
Flight information centre. A unit established to provide flight information service and
alerting service.
Flight information region. An airspace of defined dimensions within which flight
information service and alerting service are provided.
Flight information service (FIS). A service provided for the purpose of giving advice
and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights.
Flight level. A surface of constant atmospheric pressure which is related to a specific
pressure datum, 1 013.2 hectopascals (hPa), and is separated from other such surfaces by
specific pressure intervals.
Flight manual. A manual, associated with the certificate of airworthiness, containing
limitations within which the aircraft is to be considered airworthy, and instructions and
information necessary to the flight crew members for the safe operation of the aircraft.
Flight plan. Specified information provided to air traffic services units, relative to an
intended flight or portion of a flight of an aircraft.
Flight recorder. Any type of recorder installed in the aircraft for the purpose of
complementing accident/incident investigation.
Flight safety documents system. A set of inter-related documentation established by
the operator, compiling and organizing information necessary for flight and ground
operations, and comprising, as a minimum, the operations manual and the operator’s
maintenance control manual.
Flight simulator. See Synthetic flight trainer.
Flight simulator means a device that:
(a) Is a full-size aircraft cockpit replica of a specific type of aircraft, or make, model,
and series of aircraft;
(b) Includes the hardware and software necessary to represent the aircraft in ground
operations and flight operations;
(c) Uses a force cueing system that provides cues at least equivalent to those cues
provided by a 3 degrees freedom of motion system;
(d) Uses a visual system that provides at least a 45 degree horizontal field of view and a
30 degree vertical field of view simultaneously for each pilot; and
(e) Has been evaluated, qualified, and approved by the ECAA.
Flight time - aeroplanes. The total time from the moment an aeroplane first moves for
the purpose of taking off until the moment it finally comes to rest at the end of the flight.
Flight time - helicopters. The total time from the moment a helicopter’s rotor blades
start turning until the moment the helicopter finally comes to rest at the end of the flight,
and the rotor blades are stopped.
Flight time means the time from the moment the aircraft first moves for the purpose of
flight until the moment it comes to rest at the next point of landing commonly called
"block-to-block" time.
Flight training means that training, other than ground training, received from an
authorized instructor in flight in an aircraft.
Flight training device means a device that:
(a) Is a full-size replica of the instruments, equipment, panels, and controls of an
aircraft, or set of aircraft, in an open flight deck area or in an enclosed cockpit,
including the hardware and software for the systems installed, that is necessary to
simulate the aircraft in ground and flight operations;
(b) Need not have a force (motion) cueing or visual system; and
(c) Has be en evaluated, qualified, and approved by the ECAA.
Flying over water when flying over water and at a distance of more than 93 km (50
NM) away from the shore .
Forecast. A statement of expected meteorological conditions for a specified time or
period, and for a specified area or portion of airspace.
Frequency channel. A continuous portion of the frequency spectrum appropriate for a
transmission utilizing a specified class of emission.
General aviation operation. An aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport
operation or an aerial work operation.
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Geodesic distance. The shortest distance between any two points on a mathematically
defined ellipsoidal surface.
Geodetic datum. A minimum set of parameters required to define location and
orientation of the local reference system with respect to the global reference
system/frame.
Geoid undulation. The distance of the geoid above (positive) or below (negative) the
mathematical reference ellipsoid.
Geoid. The equipotential surface in the gravity field of the Earth which coincides with
the undisturbed mean sea level (MSL) extended continuously through the continents.
Glider flight time. The total time occupied in flight, whether being towed or not, from
the moment the glider first moves for the purpose of taking off until the moment it comes
to rest at the end of the flight.
Glider. A non-power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft, deriving its lift in flight chiefly
from aerodynamic reactions on surfaces which remain fixed under given conditions of
flight.
Gregorian calendar. Calendar in general use; first introduced in 1582 to define a year
that more closely approximates the tropical year than the Julian calendar (ISO 19108*).
Ground handling. Services necessary for an aircraft’s arrival at, and departure from, an
airport, other than air traffic services.
Ground training means that training, other than flight training, received from an
authorized instructor.
Height. The vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point,
measured from a specified datum.
Helicopter stand. An aircraft stand which provides for parking a helicopter and, where
air taxiing operations are contemplated, the helicopter touchdown and lift-off.
Helicopter. A heavier-than-air aircraft supported in flight chiefly by the reactions of the
air on one or more power-driven rotors on substantially vertical axes.
Helideck. A heliport located on a floating or fixed off-shore structure.
Heliport means an area of land, water, or structure used or intended to be used for
landing and takeoff of helicopters.
Heliport. An aerodrome or a defined area on a structure intended to be used wholly or in
part for the arrival, departure and surface movement of helicopters.
Human Factors principles. Principles which apply to aeronautical design, certification,
training, operations and maintenance and which seek safe interface between the human
and other system components by proper consideration to human performance.
Human performance. Human capabilities and limitations which have an impact on the
safety and efficiency of aeronautical operations.
IFR (Instrument flight rules) operation means flight in reference to the rules which
apply when weather conditions are less than the established visibility and ceiling minimum
required for flight when visual reference to the earth is possible.
IFR flight. A flight conducted in accordance with the instrument flight rules.
IMC. The symbol used to designate instrument meteorological conditions.
Incident. An occurrence, other than an accident, associated with the operation of an
aircraft which affects or could affect the safety of operation.
Information service (D-ATIS). The provision of ATIS via data link.
Instrument approach procedure means a series of predetermined maneuvers for the
safe and orderly transition of an aircraft under instrument flight conditions from the
beginning of the initial approach to a landing, or to a point from which a landing may be
made visually. It is prescribed and approved for a specific airport by the authority having
jurisdiction of the airport.
Instrument approach procedure. A series of predetermined manoeuvres by reference
to flight instruments with specified protection from obstacles from the initial approach
fix, or where applicable, from the beginning of a defined arrival route to a point from
which a landing can be completed and thereafter, if a landing is not completed, to a
position at which holding or en-route obstacle clearance criteria apply.
Instrument landing system ( ILS) means a precision instrument approach system which
normally consists of the following electronic components and visual aids:
(a) Localizer;
(b) Glide slope;
(c) Outer marker;
(d) Middle marker; and
(e) Approach lights.
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Incident means any occurrence, other than an accident, and any other occurrence or
event that in the opinion of the ECAA, the aircraft operator, or the pilot endangered or
may endanger the safe operation of an aircraft. These incidents are reportable. Such
reports are in addition to other deficiency and discrepancy reports otherwise specially
required by these regulations.
Inoperative means a condition in which equipment is malfunctioning to the event that it
does not accomplish its intended purpose or is not consistently functioning within its
design operating limits or tolerances.
Inspector means an employee of the Civil Aviation Authority authorized by the ECAA
to perform assigned inspection functions.
Instrument flight time. Time during which a pilot is piloting an aircraft solely by
reference to instruments and without external reference points.
Instrument ground time. Time during which a pilot is practising, on the ground,
simulated instrument flight in a synthetic flight trainer approved by the Licensing
Authority.
Instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) means meteorological conditions
expressed in terms of visibility distance from cloud, and ceiling, less than the minimal
specified for visual meteorological conditions.
Instrument time. Instrument flight time or instrument ground time.
Instrument training means that time in which instrument training is received from an
authorized instructor under actual or simulated instrument conditions.
Integrity (aeronautical data). A degree of assurance that an aeronautical data and its
value has not been lost nor altered since the data origination or authorized amendment.
International NOTAM office (NOF). An office designated by a State for the exchange
of NOTAM internationally.
Knowledge test means a test on the aeronautical knowledge areas required for an airman
license or rating that can be administered in written form or by a computer.
Landing area. That part of a movement area intended for the landing or take-off of
aircraft.
Landing direction indicator. A device to indicate visually the direction currently
designated for landing and for take-off.
Large aircraft means aircraft of more than 12,500 pounds (5,700 kg) maximum
certificated gross weight.
Level. A generic term relating to the vertical position of an aircraft in flight and meaning
variously, height, altitude or flight level.
Large aeroplane. An aeroplane of a maximum certificated take-off mass of over 5 700
kg.
Lighter-than-air aircraft means aircraft that can rise and remain suspended by using
contained gas weighing less than the air that is displaced by the gas.
Licensing Authority. The Authority designated by a Contracting State as responsible
for the licensing of personnel.
Maintenance organization’s procedures manual. A document endorsed by the head of
the maintenance organization which details the maintenance organization’s structure and
management responsibilities, scope of work, description of facilities, maintenance
procedures and quality assurance or inspection systems.
Maintenance programme. A document which describes the specific scheduled
maintenance tasks and their frequency of completion and related procedures, such as a
reliability programme, necessary for the safe operation of those aircraft to which it
applies.
Maintenance release. A document which contains a certification confirming that the
maintenance work to which it relates has been completed in a satisfactory manner, either
in accordance with the approved data and the procedures described in the maintenance
organization’s procedures manual or under an equivalent system.
Maintenance. The performance of tasks required to ensure the continuing airworthiness
of an aircraft, including any one or combination of overhaul, inspection, replacement,
defect rectification, and the embodiment of a modification or repair.
Manoeuvring area. That part of an aerodrome to be used for the take-off, landing and
taxiing of aircraft, excluding aprons.
Marking. A symbol or group of symbols displayed on the surface of the movement area
in order to convey aeronautical information.
Master minimum equipment list (MMEL). A list established for a particular aircraft
type by the organization responsible for the type design with the approval of the State of
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Design containing items, one or more of which is permitted to be unserviceable at the
commencement of a flight. The MMEL may be associated with special operating
conditions, limitations or procedures.
Maximum mass. Maximum certificated take-off mass.
Medical Assessment. The evidence issued by a Contracting State that the licence holder
meets specific requirements of medical fitness. It is issued following an evaluation by the
Licensing Authority of the report submitted by the designated medical examiner who
A1conducted the examination of the applicant for the lice A1nce.
Medical certificate means a document showing acceptable evidence of physical fitness
as prescribed for airmen by the Chairman of the Civil Aviation Authority.
Meteorological information. Meteorological report, analysis, forecast, and any other
statement relating to existing or expected meteorological conditions.
Meteorological office. An office designated to provide meteorological service for
international air navigation.
Minimum descent altitude (MDA) or minimum descent height (MDH). A specified
altitude or height in a non-precision approach or circling approach below which descent
must not be made without the required visual reference.
Minimum descent altitude means the lowest altitude to which descent is authorized on
final approach or during circle-to-land maneuvering in execution of a standard instrument
approach procedure where no electronic glide slope is provided.
Minimum equipment list (MEL). A list which provides for the operation of aircraft,
subject to specified conditions, with particular equipment inoperative, prepared by an
operator in conformity with, or more restrictive than, the MMEL established for the
aircraft type.
Minimum sector altitude. The lowest altitude which may be used which will provide a
minimum clearance of 300 m (1 000 ft) above all objects located in the area contained
within a sector of a circle of 46 km (25 NM) radius centred on a radio aid to navigation.
Minor alteration means an alteration other than a major alteration.
Minor repair means a repair other than a major repair.
Mode S subnetwork. A means of performing an interchange of digital data through the
use of secondary surveillance radar (SSR) Mode S interrogators and transponders in
accordance with defined protocols.
Movement area. That part of an aerodrome to be used for the take-off, landing and
taxiing of aircraft, consisting of the manoeuvring area and the apron(s).
Navigable airspace means airspace at and above the minimum flight altitude as
prescribed by the authority thereof including airspace needs for safe takeoff and landing.
Navigation of aircraft means the piloting of aircraft.
Night (for all operations in Egypt) means the time from 30 minutes after sunset to 30
minutes before sunrise. For all operations conducted outside of Egypt, "Night" shall
mean the time between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning
civil twilight.
Non precision approach procedure means a standard instrument approach procedure
for which no electronic glide slope is provided.
NOTAM. A notice distributed by means of telecommunication containing information
concerning the establishment, condition or change in any aeronautical facility, service,
procedure or hazard, the timely knowledge of which is essential to personnel concerned
with flight operations.
Obstacle clearance altitude (OCA) or obstacle clearance height (OCH). The lowest
altitude or the lowest height above the elevation of the relevant runway threshold or the
aerodrome elevation as applicable, used in establishing compliance with appropriate
obstacle clearance criteria.
Obstacle free zone (OFZ). The airspace above the inner approach surface, inner
transitional surfaces, and balked landing surface and that portion of the strip bounded by
these surfaces, which is not penetrated by any fixed obstacle other than a low-mass and
frangibly mounted one required for air navigation purposes.

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Obstacle. All fixed (whether temporary or permanent) and mobile objects, or parts
thereof, that are located on an area intended for the surface movement of aircraft or that
extend above a defined surface intended to protect aircraft in flight.
Offset frequency simplex. A variation of single channel simplex wherein
telecommunication between two stations is effected by using in each direction
frequencies that are intentionally slightly different but contained within a portion of the
spectrum allotted for the operation.
Operate aircraft or operation of aircraft means the use of aircraft for the purpose of
air navigation. Any person who causes or authorizes the operation of aircraft, whether
with or without the right of legal control (in the capacity of owner, lessee, or otherwise)
of the aircraft, shall be deemed to be engaged in the operation of aircraft.
Operational control communications. Communications required for the exercise of
authority over the initiation, continuation, diversion or termination of a flight in the
interest of the safety of the aircraft and the regularity and efficiency of a flight.
Operational control. (which respect to a flight) The exercise of authority over the
initiation, continuation, diversion or termination of a flight in the interest of the safety of
the aircraft and the regularity and efficiency of the flight.
Operational flight plan. The operator’s plan for the safe conduct of the flight based on
considerations of aeroplane performance, other operating limitations and relevant
expected conditions on the route to be followed and at the aerodromes concerned.
Operations manual. A manual containing procedures, instructions and guidance for use
by operational personnel in the execution of their duties.
Operator. A person, organization or enterprise engaged in or offering to engage in an
aircraft operation.
Operator’s maintenance control manual. A document which describes the operator’s
procedures necessary to ensure that all scheduled and unscheduled maintenance is
performed on the operator’s aircraft on time and in a controlled and satisfactory manner.
Orthometric height. Height of a point related to the geoid, generally presented as an
MSL elevation.
Parachute means a device used or intended to be used to retard the fall of a body or
object through the air.
Person means any individual, firm, partnership, corporation, company, association, joint-
stock association or political body and includes trustee, receiver, assignee or other
representative thereof.
Pilot-in-command. The pilot designated by the operator, or in the case of general
aviation, the owner, as being in command and charged with the safe conduct of a flight.
Pilot (to). To manipulate the flight controls of an aircraft during flight time.
Pilotage means air navigation by visual reference to landmarks.
Pilot in command means the pilot responsible for the operation and safety of an aircraft
during flight time.
Pilot time means that time in which a person:
(a) Serves as a required cockpit crewmember;
(b) Receives training from an authorized instructor in an aircraft, flight simulator, or
flight training device; or
(c) Gives training as an authorized instructor in an aircraft, flight simulator, or flight
training device.
Pitch setting means the propeller blade setting as determined by the blade angle
measured in a manner, and at a radius, specified by the instruction manual for the
propeller.
Position (geographical). Set of coordinates (latitude and longitude) referenced to the
mathematical reference ellipsoid which define the position of a point on the surface of the
Earth.
Practical test means a test on the areas of operations for an airman license, rating, or
authorization that is conducted by having the applicant respond to questions and
demonstrate maneuvers in flight, in a flight simulator, or in a flight training device.
Precision approach procedure means a standard instrument approach procedure for
which an electronic glide slope is provided.
Pressure-altitude. An atmospheric pressure expressed in terms of altitude which
corresponds to that pressure in the Standard Atmosphere.
Problematic use of substances.

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The use of one or more psychoactive substances by aviation personnel in a way that:
(a) Constitutes a direct hazard to the user or endangers the lives, health or welfare of
others; and/or
(b) Causes or worsens an occupational, social, mental or physical problem or disorder.
Prohibited area. An airspace of defined dimensions, above the land areas or territorial
waters of a State, within which the flight of aircraft is prohibited.
Propeller means a device for propelling an aircraft that has an engine-driven shaft and
that, when rotated, produces by its action on the air, a thrust approximately perpendicular
to its plane of rotation. It includes control components normally supplied by its
manufacturer, but does not include main and auxiliary rotors or rotating airfoils of
engines.
Psychoactive substances. Alcohol, opioids, cannabinoids, sedatives and hypnotics,
cocaine, other psychostimulants, hallucinogens, and volatile solvents, whereas coffee and
tobacco are excluded.
Psychoactive substances. Alcohol, opioids, cannabinoids, sedatives and hypnotics,
cocaine, other psychostimulants, hallucinogens, and volatile solvents, whereas coffee and
tobacco are excluded.
Radiotelephony. A form of radiocommunication primarily intended for the exchange of
information in the form of speech.
Rated air traffic controller. An air traffic controller holding a licence and valid ratings
appropriate to the privileges to be exercised.
Rating means a statement that, as part of a certificate, sets forth-special conditions,
privileges, or limitation.
Rating. An authorization entered on or associated with a licence and forming part
thereof, stating special conditions, privileges or limitations pertaining to such licence.
Relief. The inequalities in elevation of the surface of the Earth represented on the
aeronautical charts by contours, hypsometric tints, shading or spot elevations.
Rendering (a licence) valid. The action taken by a Contracting State, as an alternative
to issuing its own licence, in accepting a licence issued by any other Contracting State as
the equivalent of its own licence.
Repair. The restoration of an aeronautical product to an airworthy condition to ensure
that the aircraft continues to comply with the design aspects of the appropriate
airworthiness requirements used for the issuance of the type certificate for the respective
aircraft type, after it has been damaged or subjected to wear.
Reporting point. A specified geographical location in relation to which the position of
an aircraft can be reported.
Required navigation performance (RNP). A statement of the navigation performance
necessary for operation within a defined airspace.
Rescue coordination centre (RCC). A unit responsible for promoting efficient
organization of search and rescue services and for coordinating the conduct of search and
rescue operations within a search and rescue region.
Required communication performance (RCP). A statement of the performance
requirements for operational communication in support of specific ATM functions.
Required communication performance type (RCP type). A label (e.g. RCP 240) that
represents the values assigned to RCP parameters for communication transaction time,
continuity, availability and integrity.
Resolution. A number of units or digits to which a measured or calculated value is
expressed and used.
Rest period. Any period of time on the ground during which a flight crew member is
relieved of all duties by the operator.
Restricted area. An airspace of defined dimensions, above the land areas or territorial
waters of a State, within which the flight of aircraft is restricted in accordance with
certain specified conditions.
RNP type. A containment value expressed as a distance in nautical miles from the
intended position within which flights would be for at least 95 percent of the total flying
time. Example.- RNP 4 represents a navigation accuracy of plus or minus 7.4 km (4
NM) on a 95 per cent containment basis.
Rotorcraft means a heavier-than-air aircraft that depends principally for its support in
flight on the lift generated by one or more rotors.

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Runway strip. A defined area including the runway and stopway, if provided, intended
(a) To reduce the risk of damage to aircraft running off a runway; and
(b) To protect aircraft flying over it during take-off or landing operations.
Runway visual range (RVR). The range over which the pilot of an aircraft on the
centre line of a runway can see the runway surface markings or the lights delineating the
runway or identifying its centre line.
Runway. A defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and
take-off of aircraft.
Runway-holding position. A designated position intended to protect a runway, an
obstacle limitation surface, or an ILS/MLS critical/sensitive area at which taxiing aircraft
and vehicles shall stop and hold, unless otherwise authorized by the aerodrome control
tower.
Safety and Quality Assurance Management System (SQAMS) is an explicit element
of the corporate management responsibility that sets out a certificate holder's safety and
quality assurance policies and defines how it intends to manage them as an integral part
of its overall business.
Search and rescue aircraft. An aircraft provided with specialized equipment suitable for
the efficient conduct of search and rescue missions.
Secondary surveillance radar (SSR). A surveillance radar system which uses
transmitters/receivers (interrogators) and transponders.
Serious injury. An injury which is sustained by a person in an accident and which:
(a) Requires hospitalization for more than 48 hours, commencing within seven days
from the date the injury was received; or
(b) Results in a fracture of any bone (except simple fractures of fingers, toes or nose); or
(c) Involves lacerations which cause severe haemorrhage, nerve, muscle or tendon
damage; or
(d) Involves injury to any internal organ; or
(e) Involves second or third degree burns, or any burns affecting more than 5 per cent of
the body surface; or
(f) Involves verified exposure to infectious substances or injurious radiation.
Set of aircraft means aircraft that share similar performance characteristics, such as
similar airspeed and altitude operating envelopes, similar handling characteristics, and the
same number and type of propulsion systems.
Shoulder. An area adjacent to the edge of a pavement so prepared as to provide a
transition between the pavement and the adjacent surface.
Show unless the context otherwise requires, means to show or prove to the satisfaction
of the ECAA.
SIGMET information. Information issued by a meteorological watch office concerning
the occurrence or expected occurrence of specified en-route weather phenomena which
may affect the safety of aircraft operations.
Signal area. An area on an aerodrome used for the display of ground signals.
Sign a maintenance release (to). To certify that maintenance work has been completed
satisfactorily in accordance with the applicable Standards of airworthiness, by issuing the
maintenance release referred to in Annex 6.
Significant point. A specified geographical location used in defining an ATS route or
the flight path of an aircraft and for other navigation and ATS purposes.
Simplex. A method in which telecommunication between two stations takes place in one
direction at a time.
Small aeroplane. An aeroplane of a maximum certificated take-off mass of 5 700 kg or
less.
Small aircraft means aircraft of 12,500 pounds (5,700 kg) or less maximum certificated
gross weight.
SNOWTAM. A special series NOTAM notifying the presence or removal of hazardous
conditions due to snow, ice, slush or standing water associated with snow, slush and ice
on the movement area, by means of a specific format.
Solo flight time. Flight time during which a student pilot is the sole occupant of an
aircraft.
Special VFR flight. A VFR flight cleared by air traffic control to operate within a
control zone in meteorological conditions below VMC.
Standard atmosphere means the atmosphere defined in U.S. Standard Atmosphere,
1962 (Geopotential altitude tables).

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 ECAR Part 1 Egyptian Civil Aviation
Ministry of Civil Aviation
State aircraft means aircraft used exclusively in the service of the state, military, and
police, in accordance with special agreement between ECAA and appropriate State,
military, or police authority.
State of Design. The State having jurisdiction over the organization responsible for the
type design.
State of Manufacture. The State having jurisdiction over the organization responsible
for the final assembly of the aircraft.
State of Registry. The State on whose register the aircraft is entered.
State of the Operator. The State in which the operator’s principal place of business is
located or, if there is no such place of business, the operator’s permanent residence.
Station declination. An alignment variation between the zero degree radial of a VOR
and true north, determined at the time the VOR station is calibrated.
Stopway means an area beyond the takeoff runway, no less wide than the runway and is
centered upon the extended centerline of the runway, able to support the airplane during
a rejected takeoff, without causing structural damage to the airplane, and designed by the
airport authorities for use in decelerating the airplane during a rejected takeoff.
Stopway. A defined rectangular area on the ground at the end of take-off run available
prepared as a suitable area in which an aircraft can be stopped in the case of an
abandoned take-off.
Subnetwork. An actual implementation of a data network that employs a homogeneous
protocol and addressing plan and is under control of a single authority.
Surveillance radar. Radar equipment used to determine the position of an aircraft in
range and azimuth.
Survival ELT (ELT(S)). An ELT which is removable from an aircraft, stowed so as to
facilitate its ready use in an emergency, and manually activated
Synthetic flight trainer. Any one of the following three types of apparatus in which
flight conditions are simulated on the ground:
(a) A flight simulator, which provides an accurate representation of the flight deck of a
particular aircraft type to the extent that the mechanical, electrical, electronic, etc.
aircraft systems control functions, the normal environment of flight crew members,
and the performance and flight characteristics of that type of aircraft are realistically
simulated;
(b) A flight procedures trainer, which provides realistic flight deck environment, and
which simulates instrument responses, simple control functions of mechanical,
electrical, electronic, etc. aircraft systems, and the performance and flight
characteristics of aircraft of a particular class; and
(c) A basic instrument flight trainer, which is equipped with appropriate instruments, and
which simulates the flight deck environment of an aircraft in flight in instrument
flight conditions.
System level requirement. The system level requirement is a high-level technical
requirement that has been derived from operational requirements, technological
constraints and regulatory constraints (administrative and institutional). The system level
requirements are the basis for the functional requirements and lower-level requirements.
Take-off alternate. An alternate aerodrome at which an aircraft can land should this
become necessary shortly after take-off and it is not possible to use the aerodrome of
departure.
Threat. Events or errors that occur beyond the influence of an operational person,
increase operational complexity and must be managed to maintain the margin of safety.
Time in service with respect to maintenance time records means the time from the
moment an aircraft leaves the surface of the earth until it touches it at the next point of
landing.
Training center means an organization governed by the applicable requirements of Parts
141, 142, and 147 that provides training, testing, and checking under contract or other
arrangement to certificate holders subject to the requirements of the ECARs.
Training time means training received:
(a) In flight from an authorized instructor;
(b) On the ground from an authorized instructor; or
(c) In a flight simulator or flight training device from an authorized instructor.
Type as used with respect to the certification, ratings, privileges and limitations of
airmen means a specific make and basic model of aircraft, including modifications
thereto that do not change its handing or flight characteristics.

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 Arab Republic of Egypt ECAR Part 1
Ministry of Civil Aviation
Uncertainty phase. A situation wherein uncertainty exists as to the safety of an aircraft
and its occupants.
VFR (visual flight rules) means flight in reference to the rules, which apply when
weather conditions are equal to or better than the established visibility, distance from
cloud, and ceiling minimums.
VHF digital link (VDL). A constituent mobile subnetwork of the aeronautical
telecommunication network (ATN), operating in the aeronautical mobile VHF frequency
band. In addition, the VDL may provide non-ATN functions such as, for instance,
digitized voice.
Visual meteorological conditions (VMC) means meteorological conditions expressed
in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling equal to or better than specified
minimums.
Voice-automatic terminal information service (Voice-ATIS). The provision of ATIS
by means of continuous and repetitive voice broadcasts.

1.3 Abbreviations and symbols

ALS means approach light system.
ASR means airport surveillance radar.
ATC means air traffic control.
CAA means Civil Aviation Authority
CAS means calibrated airspeed.
DH means decision height.
DME means distance measuring equipment.
EAS means equivalent airspeed
ECAA means Egyptian Civil Aviation Authority.
FM means fan marker.
GS means glide slope.
HECAA means Head of Egyptian Civil Aviation Authority
HIRL means high-intensity runway light system.
IAS means indicated airspeed.
ICAO means International Civil Aviation Organization.
IFR means instrument flight rules.
ILS means instrument landing system.
IM means ILS inner marker.
INT means intersection.
LDA means localizer-type directional aid.
LMM means compass locator at middle marker.
LOC means ILS localizer.
LOM means compass locator at other marker.
M means mach number.
MAA means maximum authorized IFR altitude.
MALS means medium-intensity approach light system.
MALSR means medium-intensity approach light system with runway
alignment indicator lights.
MCA means minimum crossing altitude.
MDA means minimum descent altitude.
MEA means minimum en route IFR altitude.
MM means ILS middle marker.
MOCA means minimum obstruction clearance altitude.
MRA means minimum reception altitude.
MSL means mean sea level.
NDB (ADF) means nondirectional beacon (automatic direction finder )
NOPT means no procedure turn required.
OM means ILS outer marker.
PAR means precision approach radar.
RAIL means runway alignment indicator light system.
RBN means radio beacon.
RCIM means runway centerline marking.
RCLS means runway centerline line system.
REIL means runway end identification lights.
RVR means runway visual range as measured in the touchdown zone area
SALS means short approach light system.
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 ECAR Part 1 Egyptian Civil Aviation
Ministry of Civil Aviation
SQAMS means Safety and Quality Assurance Management System
SSALS means simplified short approach light system.
SSALSR means simplified short approach light system with runway alignment
indicator lights.
TACAN means ultra-high frequency tactical air navigation aid.
TAS means true airspeed.
TDZL means touchdown zone lights.
TVOR means very high frequency terminal omnirange station.
Va means design-maneuvering speed.
Vc means design cruising speed.
Vd means design diving speed.
Vdf / M df means demonstrated flight diving speed.
Vf means design flap speed.
Vfc /Mfc means maximum speed for stability characteristics.
Vfe means maximum flap extended speed.
VFR means visual flight rules.
Vc means maximum speed in level flight with maximum continuous
power.
VHF means very high frequency.
V le means maximum landing gear extended speed
V lo means maximum landing gear operation speed.
Vtof means lift-off speed.
V mc means minimum control speed with the critical engine inoperative.
Vmo /M mo means maximum operating limit speed.
Vmu means minimum unstick speed.
V ne means never-exceed speed.
VOR means very high frequency omnirange station.
Vr means rotation speed.
Vs means the stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed at which
the airplane is controllable.
Vso means the stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed obtained
in landing configuration.
Vs1 means the stalling speed or the steady flight speed obtained in
specified configuration.
Vx means speed for best angle of climb.
Vy means speed for best rate of climb.
V1 means critical-engine-failure speed.
V2 means takeoff safety speed.
V2min means minimum takeoff safety speed.

1.4 Rules of construction.

(a) In all ECAR Parts, unless the context requires otherwise:
(1) Words importing the singular include the plural;
(2) Words importing the plural include the singular; and
(3) Words importing the masculine gender include the feminine.
(b) In all ECAR Parts, the word:
(1) "Shall" or “Must” or (‫ )ﯾﺠ ﺐ‬are considered mandatory as of the date of
effectiveness of the revised Parts;
(2) In the event of non compliance with a requirement of the revised Parts that
include the operative verb "should”or any other words, the applicant or
certificate holder shall submit a relevant compliance plan with all those
requirements, at the date of effectiveness of the revised Parts to be reviewed
and approved by ECAA prior to certification or renewal of certification;
(3) The words "no person may * * *" or "a person may not * * " mean that no
person is required, authorized, or permitted to do the act prescribed; and
(4) "Includes" means "includes but is not limited to".

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