Keyword table: Digital diet

1)Question: Figuring ways to optimize the utilization of energy in

certain significant departments in the company(Bill Weihl) – Text: “It’s
a good thing to worry about server energy efficiencies” remarks
Google’s green energy czar Bill Weihl “ We are actively working to
maximize the efficiency of our data centres, which account for most of
the energy Google consume worldwide”.

2)Question: A revolutionary improvement in a tiny but quite imperative

component of the computers(Allyson Klein)- Text: “ When we moved
to multicore-away from a linear focus on megahertz and gigahertz- and
throttled down microprocessors, the energy savings were pretty
substantial.”….” Chipmakers continue to shrink circuits on the
nanoscale as well, which means a chip needs less electricity” she adds.

3)Question: Targeting at developing alternative sources within near

future( Bill Weihl) – Text: Google funnel some of its profits into a new
effort, dubbed RE<C ( for renewable energy cheaper than coal, as
Google translates) to make source such as solar-thermal, high-altitude
wind and geothermal cheaper than coal” within years, not decades,
according to Weihl.

4)Question: An astounding estimate on the energy consumed by

computers in a short period based on an unchangeable trend(Jonathan
Kooney)- Text: In 2005 the computers of the world ate up 123 billion
kilowatt-hours of energy, a number that will double by 2010 if present
trends continue, according to Jonathan Kooney.

5) Question: A powerful technique developed for integration of

resources(Pat Tiernan) – Text: Rearranging stacks of servers and the
mechanics of their cooling; and using software to create multiple
“virtual” computers rather than having to deploy several real ones.
Such virtualization has allowed computer maker Hewlett-Packard to
consolidate 86 data centres spread throughout the world to just three,
with three backups(powerful), says Pat Tiernan.

6) Question: A failure for the vast majority of computers to activate the

use of some internal tools already available in them. – Text: Sleep
modes and other power management tools built into most operating
systems can offer savings today. Yet about 90 percent of computers do
not have such such settings enabled, according to Klein.

7) Question: To chill the server does not take up the considerable

amount of energy needed for the computer. Text: One of the biggest
energy sinks comes (not from the computers themselves but(track))
from the air-conditioning needed to keep them from overheating.-
False
8) Question: It seems that the number of servers has a severe impact
on the speed of the internet connection. – Text: But to deliver Web
pages within seconds, the firm must maintain hundreds of thousands of
computer servers in cavernous buildings. True

9)Question: Several companies from other fields have a joint effort with
the internet industry to work on ways to save energy. – Text: In the
meantime, the industry as a whole has employed a few tricks to save
watts. Not Given

10)Question: Actions taken at a governmental level are to be expected

to help with savings in energy in the near future. – Text: The federal
government, led by agencies such as NASA and the Department of
Defense may soon require all their purchases to meet the Electronic
Product Environmental Assessment Tool standard. True

11)Question: Computer-chip level has also been reached to save up

energy in every possible way and the philosophy behind it lies in the
fact that there is a positive correlation between the ability to process
and the need for energy. - Text: The industry is also tackling the energy
issue at the computer-chip level. With every doubling of processing
power in recent years has come a doubling power consumption.
( COMPUTER-CHIP LEVEL)

12)Question: In this context, some firms have switched to so-called

multicore technology, which means several processors are integrated
into one singe circuit to make significant energy savings. – Text: But to
save energy, chipmakers such as Intel and AMD have shifted to so-
called multicore technology, which packs multiple processors into one
circuit rather than separating them.( SO-CALLED MULTICORE
TECHNOLOGY)

13)Question: What’s more, they go on to shrink circuits, on an even

more delicate level for the chips to save more energy while staying at
the constant level in terms of the performance. – Text: Chipmakers
continue to shrink circuits on the nanoscale as well, which means a chip
needs less electricity” to deliver the same performance, she
adds. (SHRINK CIRCUITS , PERFORMANCE)
 Fueling the future
1)Question: The need to control air pollution is why ethanol came into
use – Text: It was first used as lamp fuel. Later on, due to skyrocketing
oil prices in the 1970s, E10 was produced as a type of “fuel-extender”
for vehicles with E-85 being produced in the 1990s. NO

2)Brazil uses more ethanol for transportation than America- Text:

Today, Brazil is the largest transportation ethanol fuel market in the
world. Yes

3)Select food crops become more expensive due to ethanol production-

Given that ethanol is made from a variety of plant substances when it is
used in fuel production, it increases monetary value of feed grains
grown by farmers. Yes

4)Question: The Australian sugar industry will benefit from the

production of ethanol. – Text: Principle economist for the Australian
Bureau of Agriculture Andrew Dickson points out that the money
sugarcane growers get for their cane is not determined by the world
sugar market and the world trade in molasses. He believes that the only
way the sugar industry can benefit from the existence of an ethanol
industry is if they invest in the ethanol industry. No

5) Primary ethanol (E-85) has been extensively tested in Australia- fully

not given NOT GIVEN

6)Question: Unleaded gasoline costs about half the price of ethanol-

Text: In Australia, fuel ethanol costs around 70 cents per litre compared
with around 35 cents per litre for unleaded petrol. B
7)Question: Ethanol reacts poorly with some metals - Text: ethanol has
two problems….it doesn’t explode like gasoline, and it can absorb
water, which can cause oxidation, rust and corrosion. C

8)Question: Ethanol is the reason why trucks have been fitted with
larger tanks- Text: …ethanol is known to have a lower energy content
so ethanol trucks require larger fuel tanks to achieve the same range as
a diesel-powered vehicle. C

9) Question: Diesel commonly used in the trucking industry- Compared

to diesel – Text: the standard fuel in the heavy moving industry. D

10) Question: Australia only makes ethanol out of sugar cane- Text:
Principle economist for the Australian Bureau of Agriculture Andrew
Dickson points out that the money sugarcane growers get for their cane
is not determined by the domestic consumption or domestic demand
for ethanol. A

11) Question: America only uses more ethanol than any other country
in the world – Text: In fact, in the USA, the largest ethanol consuming
nation in the world. B

12) Queston: America only receives government assistance for ethanol

production- Text: In America, one report revealed that even with
government assistance, ethanol is dose to 35 percent more than the
price of diesel. B
13)Question: Both Australia and Australia proved ethanol production is
costly. – Text: The cost of ethanol production also represents some
challenges. In Australia, fuel ethanol costs around 70 cents per litre
compared with around 35 cents per litre for unleaded petrol.In
America, one report revealed that even with government assistance,
ethanol is dose to 35 per cent more than the price of diesel. C

14) Question: America only – their government bought ethanol-friendly

cars- Text: In America, The Clean Air Act of 1990 and the National
Energy Policy Act of 1992 have both created, …more efficient fuels with
many state governments in America’s Mid-west purchasing fleet
vehicles capable of running on E-85 fuels. A

Mind Over Matter

1) Question: True psychokinesis was first displayed at the start of the
twentieth century. Text: - There has been any evidence that
psychokinesis is possible and any claims to the contrary are usually
extremely untrustworthy. No
2) The majority of alternative medicine has no proper medical
foundation. – Most alternative medicines have no scientific basis.
Yes
3) A placebo can just be a verbal comment – The Placebo Effect
refers to an alleviation of symptoms due to the belief that one is
being treated and the expectation that one will get better( in
addition to any physical properties of the medicine) Yes
4) The relationship between doctor and the people they are treating
can affect the results of clinical trials. – Other components to the
Placebo Effect that clinical trials usually trials try to minimize
include the doctor-patient connection and assurance that the
medicine has “clinically proven” potency.
5) Telling a patient that a placebo is being used is illegal in some
countries. -There is also regression to the mean; patients usually
seek help at times of peak distress and so they are likely to
improve simply on the “law of averages” and because the crisis
point has been reached. NOT GIVEN
6) A traditional symbol of authority, like the doctor’s white coat, has
no added effect on a placebo. – Symbol of medical authority, such
as diplomas on the wall, white coats and stethoscopes, enhance
the placebo effect. No
7) Psychological treatments for conversion disorders need to be
carries out over a long time. -Conversion disorders are so-called
psychological stress is presumed to have been “converted” into a
physical disability. Placebo treatment might be effective, but it is
also usually necessary to have extended psychological treatment.
B
8) The benefits of hypnosis are not applicable to physical problems. –
Again, hypnosis cannot make any material difference to physical
ailments, but it can work with psychological ones. E
9) The causes of peptic ulcers were wrongly attributed at first – For
example, peptic ulcers were once thought to be entirely due to
stress, but then it was found that 80 per cent involved the
bacterium. C
10)Placebo are more effective with people with a positive frame of
mind – Individuals who respond most to placebos are high in
optimism. A
11) Question: Psychological trauma in patients when young can
cause a disease to return if they experience stress later in life-
Text: Research has found that patients who had suffered neglect
or maltreatment when younger are at greater risk of their diseases
returning when they face a major current stressful event. C
12)Doctors can use guided imagery to help patients to relax. - Text:
Patients are helped to focus on dream-like scenarios that induce
feelings of safety, relaxation and happiness. C
13) The effectiveness of biofeedback is helpful when used with other
treatments. – Text: Biofeedback works on the theory that if people
are able to monitor their own psychological processes with
devices, such as EEG,ECG, skin conductance or skin temperature,
they are better able to take control of them. B

Plague
1) Paragraph: The name – The word “plague” , which is found in a
whole variety of written sources from the Ancient World to the
early modern period in Europe, just meant a terrible an sudden
mass visitation. viii
2) Paragraph B: The infection – People most commonly acquire
plague when they are bitten by a flea that is infected with the
plague bacterium. People can also become infected from direct
contact with infected tissues or fluids while being in contact with
people who are sick with or who have died from plague. iv
3) Paragraph C: The spread from its origins – Plague started in
ancient Egypt and then it divided and moved in one direction
towards Alexandria and the rest foo Egypt, and in other direction,
to Palestine on the borders of Egypt. Vi
4) Paragraph D: The effects – By 1348 it was London and soon in the
rest of Europe. By 1353, it had more or less run its course in the
rest of Europe, but the devastation was immense: recent
estimates have put the number of dead across Europe at 50
million, out of a total European population of 80 million. The local
impact was often even more severe, with some villages being
wiped out entirely. The disease affected everyone, rich and poor
alike, and the countryside a much as towns and cities. No one
seemed immune. ii
5) Paragraph E: The early medical approach – Physicians developed a
special costume with a hollow beak containing aromatic herbs to
purify the air before they breathed it. Xi
6) Paragraph F: The prevention – In addition, restrictions on shipping
became ore effective with the growth of state control in the age
of mercantilism.
7) Paragraph G: Modern plague – In the mid-nineteenth century, a
pandemic of plague began in China and thence spread with trade
across the globe. Outbreaks of plague on a small scale have
recurred ever since then, but they have been quickly contained. I
8) Paragraph H: The lessons to be learned – The history of plague
raises a number of questions, including the relationship of
epidemics to human activity, to war, to trade, to patterns of urban
living and to the nature of urban society. It forces people to look
at poverty and wealth, sanitary reform, popular prejudice and
unrest, and the role of government in society. V
9) What type of plague Black Death can be passed on by breathing in
other people’s exhalations? – People can become infected from
inhaling respiratory droplets after close contact with cats and
humans with pneumonic plague.
10) Where did new plague outbreaks usually start in a country?
– From there it moved over the whole world, usually on the rats
on boats. Because of this, plague always took its start from the
coast of a country and from there went up into the interior.
11) What was the stimulus for the higher rat populations in
Africa that helped the spread of plague? – Wetter summers also
favored the growth of rat populations in Africa, which expanded
their territory until they reached Europe.
12) What did doctors use in their face coverings to help purify
the air breathed while treating patients suffering from plague? –
Physicians developed a special costume with a hollow break
containing aromatic herbs to purify the air before they breathed
it.
13) In conjunction with quarantines and controls, what other
government-organized acts of control helped hinder the spread of
plague. - …..but the most likely explanation is that quarantines
and controls were eventually effective in keeping plague at bay. In
addition, restrictions on shipping became more effective with the
growth of state control in the age of mercantilism.

AQUEDUCTS
1) Romans aqueducts supplied the water for the basic needs of
settlements, as well as some luxuries.- Roman aqueducts
supplied towns with water to meet only basic needs, but also
those of large public baths, decorative fountains and private
villas.
2) To make easier, Roman aqueducts ran along the ground and
followed land contours if they could. – Whilst most aqueducts ran
along the surface and were adopted to the land contours
wherever possible, the Roman invention of the arch allowed for
the construction of largespan structures.
3) The Romans developed stopstocks and storage tanks and used
settling tanks and filters to extract anything undesirable from the
water.- Stopstocks to manage pressure and regulate the water
flow, storage reservoirs, settling tanks to extract sediment and
mesh filters at outlets were other features of Roman aqueducts .
4) Small cascades were also used to keep the water fresh. –
Sometimes, water was also “freshened” by aerating it through a
system of small cascades.
5) The Romans banned agricultural activity hear aqueducts to
prevent accidental damage, but farming benefitted from
irrigation. – Interestingly, Roman aqueducts were protected by
law and no agricultural activity was allowed near them in case of
damage by ploughing and root growth.
6) Diagram of an inverted siphon in a Roman Aqueduct. – Another
innovation that allowed Roman aqueducts to cross valleys was the
inverted siphon.
7) The force of gravity and pressure creates momentum to drive the
water up the other side. – These were made of clay or multiple
lead pipes, reinforced with stone blocks and with the power of
gravity and pressure. As the water ran down the valley, the
momentum gained could drive the water up the opposite side.
8) Airshaft to create equalization –………, meant that an airshaft was
necessary for equalization when the water resumed its normal
downwards flow.
9) The city of Gadara still benefits from water brought to it by
Roman constructions. – Starting in a since dried out swamp in
Jordan, it carried water to city of Gadara, a city has also
disappeared. False
10) Political scandals surrounded the construction of many of
the aqueducts that transported water to Rome. – not given

11) Provincial curators were not responsible for providing the

Roman military with fresh water. – The army, however, when
building new colonies or forts, were responsible for providing
their own water supply. True
12) The Assyrians built aqueducts that were similar in many
ways to the later Roman aqueducts. – Roman-style aqueducts
were used as early as the seventh century BCE, when the
Assyrians built an 80-kilometre limestone aqueduct 10 metres
high and 300 metres long to carry water across a valley to their
capital city, Nineveh.
13) The use of wells following the Roman aqueduct era provided
an enduring safe source of water. – During this period, water was
instead usually supplied through the digging of wells, though this
could cause serious public health problems when local water
supplies become contaminated. False
14) US aqueducts today require investment from private
companies, as the government refuses to invest.- fully not given

The connection between culture and thought

1) All people have the same reaction to a certain point of view. - In

other experiment performed by Besett and Choi, the subjects
were presented with some very convincing evidence for a
position. Both Korean and the American showed strong support.

2) A possible explanation of why we tend to multitask. – He

suggested that the average person may suffer from a short
concentration span. This short concentration span might be
natural, but others suggest that new technology may be the
problem.

3) A practical solution to multitask in work environment. – However,

certain workplaces – Certain common workplace tasks, such as
group meetings, would be more efficient if we banned cell-
phones, a common distraction.

4) The causes of multitask lie in the environment- Edward Hollow

said that people are losing a lot of efficiency in the workplace due
to multitasking, outside distractions and self-distractions.

5) The main point of the second paragraph is that the drawback

Stevenson’s works is lack of ethical nature. – Many literacy critics
passed his works off as children’s stories or horror stories, and
thought to have little social value in an educational setting.
6) Scott books illustrate depth(darkness), especially in terms of
tragedy- Many of Scott’s works were taken more seriously as
literature for their depth due to their tragic themes.

7) ….but a lot of readers prefer Stevenson’s story-telling, - ….but fans

of Stevenson praise his unique style of story-telling.
8) What’s more, Stevenson’s understanding of human nature made
his works have the most unique expression of Scottish people. - …
fans praise his unique style of story-telling and capture of human
nature. To this day, Stevenson’s works provide valuable insight to
life in Scotland during the 19th century.

Third culture kids

1) There is a close connection between careers and the number of
TCKs- In a world where international careers are becoming
commonplace, the phenomenon of third culture kids(TCKs)-
children who spend a significant portion of their
developmental years in culture outside their parent’s passport
cultures- is increasing exponentially. True
2) An increasing number of people describe themselves as TCKs. –
fully not given Not Given
3) Ruth Hill Useem studied children studied in several countries –
When Ruth Hill Useem, a sociologist, first coined this term in
the 1950s, she spent a year researching expatriates in India.
False
4) Ruth Hill Useem defined the third culture as a mixture of two
parents’ original cultures – She discovered that folks who came
from their home culture and moved to a host culture, had in
reality, formed a culture, or lifestyle, different from either the
first or second cultures.
5) Brice Royar feels that he has benefited greatly from living in
different countries. – Brice lived in seven countries before he
 was eighteen ……… I just joke around say “My mom says I’m
from haven” “what other answer can he give?” – there is no
information that he thinks it has been helpful for him. Not
Given
6) Elizabeth Dunbar felt that she had a culture that was
different from most people’s- Elizabeth soon realized
that while racial diversity may be recognized, the hidden
culture diversity of her life remained invisible. True
7) ….know how people see life- they have also learned the very
different ways people see life. See life
8) May cause fear among certain people – But that some thinking
can create fear for those who see the world from a more
traditional world view. Fear
9) Can lead to a cultural clash despite similarities – Neither the
non-ATCKs nor the ATCKs may recognize that there may be a
cultural clash going on because, by traditional measures of
diversity such as race or gender, they are alike. A cultural
clash
10) Knowledge of many cultural worlds and a great deal of
mobility – If we see the TCK experience as a Petri dish of sorts –
a place where the effects of growing up among many cultural
worlds accompanied by a high degree of mobility. Mobility
11) Can teach us about problems faced by cross-cultural kids of
all kinds- then we can look for what lessons may also be
relevant to helping us understand issues other cross-cultural
kids may also face Cross-cultural kids
12) Current ideas of what both diversity and identity mean may
be considered wrong- it is possible we may discover that we
need to rethink our traditional ways of defining diversity and
identity. Diversity and identity
13) Belief that culture depends on shared experience. – For
some, as for TCKs, culture may be something defined by shared
experience rather that shared nationality or ethnicity. Shared
experience

Sticking power
1) Some insects use their ability to stick to surface as a way of
defending themselves- Almost 30 years ago, Tom Eisner
suggested that the beetle clung on tight to avoid being
picked off by predators – ants in particular. D
2) What makes sticky insect feet special is the fact that they can
also detach themselves easily from a surface. - What
engineers really find exciting about insect feet is the way
they make almost perfect contact with the surface beneath.
“Sticking to a perfectly smooth is no big deal” says Gorb. B
3) Gecko feet seem to be stickier that they need to be –
Whatever liquid insects rely on, the gecko seems able to
manage without it. No one knows quite why the gecko needs
so much sticking power. “It seems overbuilt for the job” says
Autumn. A
4) A robot with gecko-style feet would be ideal for exploring
other planets.- If Keilar Autumn, an expert in Biomechanik at
Clark College in Portland, Orgeon, has his way, the first
footprints on Mars won’t be human. They’ll belong to a
gecko, Gecko toes have legendary sticking power – and the
Clark College student would like to see the next generation
of Martian robots walking about on gecko-style feet. A
5) Evidence show that in order to stick, insect feet have to be
wet. – This year, Walter Federle, an entomologist at the
University of Wurzburg showed experimentally that an
 insect’s sticking power depends on a thin film of liquid under
its feet. C
6) Some of the practical things a gecko-style adhesive could be
used for – Recent discoveries about how they achieve this
could lead to the development of quickrelease adhesives and
miniature grippers, ideal for manipulating microscopic
components or holding tiny bits of tissue together during
surgery. C
7) A description of a test involving an insect motion – This year,
Walter Federle, an entomologist at the University of
Wurzburg showed experimentally……….. he placed an ant on
a polished turntable inside the rotor of a centrifuge, and
switched it on. …… F
8) Three different theories scientists have had about how insect
feet stick- Some people suggested that insects had
mickrosuckers. Some reckoned they relied on electrostatic
forces. Others thought that intermolecular forces between
pa and leaf might provide a firm foothold. D
9) Examples of remarkable gecko movement – A gecko can whiz
up the smoothest wall and hang from the ceiling by one foot,
with no fear of falling.
10) Insect feet lose their sticking power when they are washed
and dried. – And they tend to lose their footing when they
have their feet cleaned or dried. C
11) If you put ants on a rapidly rotating object their feet start to
slip across the surface – at higher speeds still, the ant’s feet
began to slide E
12)Beetles can stick to uneven surfaces because they have hairy
footprints- Beetles and earwigs have solved the issue with
hairy footprints, with hairs that bend like the bristles of a
toothbrush to accommodate the throughs below. G
13)The toes on robots like Mecho- Gecko curl up and down –
Mecho- Gecko, a robot built by iRobot of Massachusets,
walks like a lizard – rolling its toes down and peeling them up
again. B

Try it and see

1)Paragraph B: One area of research that is rigorously carried
out

Government require sellers of new medicines to demonstrate

their safety and effectiveness

New perspectives on food production

1) Some scientists see world hunger as due to a general scarcity
of food. – Most people who are chronically hungry are so
not because of the scarcity of food….. SCARCITY
……………………
The growth of bike-sharing schemes around the world

1) A description of how people misused a bike-sharing scheme- the

system, however, was prone to vandalism and theft

2) An explanation of why a proposed bike-sharing scheme was

turned down- Nevertheless, the council unanimously rejected the
plan. They said that the bicycle belongs to the past. They saw a
glorious future for the car.

3) A reference to a person being unable to profit from their work.-

“But financially I didn’t really benefit from it, because I never filed
for a patent.”

4) An explanation of the potential savings a bike-sharing scheme

would bring – It turned out that a bicycle – per person, per
kilometre – would cost the municipality only 10% of what it
contributed to public transport per person per kilometre.

5) A reference to the problems a bike-sharing scheme was intended

to solve- They believed that it was an answer to the perceived
threats of air pollution and consumerism.

6) – 7) It was initially opposed by a government department

It failed when a partner in the scheme withdrew support - to

continue the project we would have needed to set up another
system, but the business partner had lost interest.
 It aimed to be more successful than the Copenhagen scheme

It was made possible by a change in people’s attitudes- time had

changed….. people had become more environmentally conscious ,
and …..

It attracted interest from a range of bike designers

8_9)the majority of residents would like to prevent all cars from
entering the city
There is little likelihood of the city having another bike-sharing scheme
More trips in the city are made by bike than by any other form of the
transport
A bike-sharing scheme would benefit residents who use public
transport- People who travel on the underground don’t carry their
bikes around. But often they need additional transport to reach their
final destination.

The city has a reputation as a place that welcomes cyclists- In

Amsterdam today, 38% of all trips are made by bike and, along with
Copenhagen, it is regarded as one of the two most cycle-friendly
capitals in the world
10)The people who belonged to this group were activists-Provo, the
organization that came up with the idea, was a group of Dutch activists
who wanted to change society.
11) They were concerned about damage to the environment and about
consumerism - They believed the scheme, which was known as the
Witte Fietsenplan, was an answer to the perceived threats of air
pollution and consumerism.
12) However, the scheme was not a great success: almost as quickly as
Provo left the bikes around the city, the police took them away.- The
police were opposed to Provo’s initiatives and almost as soon as the
white bikes were distributed around the city, they removed them.
Back to the future of skyscraper design
1) why some people avoided hospitals in the 19th
century- Much of the ingenuity present in 19th-
century hospital and building design was driven by a
panicked public clamouring for buildings that could
protect against what was thought to be the lethal
threat of miasmas – toxic air that spread disease.
2) a suggestion that the popularity of tall buildings is
linked to prestige- Short regards glass, steel and air-
conditioned skyscrapers as symbols of status, rather
than practical ways of meeting our requirements.
3) a comparison between the circulation of air in a
19th-century building and modern standards - We
discovered that 19th-century hospital wards could
generate up to 24 air changes an hour – that’s
similar to the performance of a modern-day,
computer-controlled operating theatre.
4)how Short tested the circulation of air in a 19th-
century building- We put pathogens in the airstreams,
modelled for someone with tuberculosis (TB) coughing
in the wards and we found the ventilation systems in
the room would have kept other patients safe from
harm.
5) an implication that advertising led to the large
increase in the use of air conditioning- before the
widespread introduction of air conditioning systems,
which were ‘relentlessly and aggressively marketed’ by
their inventors.
6) Professor Alan Short examined the work of John Shaw
Billings, who influenced the architectural designs of
hospitals to ensure they had good ventilation.- Of
particular interest were those built to the designs of
John Shaw Billings, including the first Johns Hopkins
Hospital in the US city of Baltimore (1873-1889). ‘We
spent three years digitally modelling Billings’ final
designs,’ says Short.
7-8) He calculated that pathogens in the air coming
from patients suffering from tuberculosis would not
have harmed other patients. - We put pathogens in the
airstreams, modelled for someone with tuberculosis
(TB) coughing in the wards and we found the ventilation
systems in the room would have kept other patients safe
from harm.
9)He also found that the air in wards in hospitals could
change as often as in a modern operating theatre. -
We discovered that 19th-century hospital wards
could generate up to 24 air changes an hour – that’s
similar to the performance of a modern-day,
computer-controlled operating theatre.
10) He suggests that energy use could be reduced
by locating more patients in communal areas. -
Communal wards appropriate for certain patients –
older people with dementia, for example – would
work just as well in today’s hospitals, at a fraction of
the energy cost.’
11) A major reason for improving ventilation in 19th-
century hospitals was the demand from the public
for protection against bad air, known as miasmas -
Much of the ingenuity present in 19th-century
hospital and building design was driven by a
panicked public clamouring for buildings that could
protect against what was thought to be the lethal
threat of miasmas – toxic air that spread disease.
13) These were blamed for the spread of disease for
hundreds of years, including epidemics of cholera in
London and Paris in the middle of the 19th century. - and
were used to explain the spread of infection from the
Middle Ages right through to the cholera outbreaks in
London and Paris during the 1850s.
 Why being bored is stimulating – and useful, too
1)Paragraph A: Problems with a scientific approach to boredom -
But defining boredom so that it can be studied in the lab has
proved difficult. For a start, it can include a lot of other mental
states, such as frustration, apathy, depression and indifference.
There isn’t even agreement over whether boredom…

2) Paragraph B: Creating a system of classification for feelings of

boredom -By asking people about their experiences of
boredom, Thomas Goetz and his team at the University of
Konstanz in Germany have recently identified five distinct types:
indifferent, calibrating, searching, reactant and apathetic

3) Paragraph C: The productive outcomes that may result from

boredom- . ‘All emotions are there for a reason, including
boredom,’ she says. Mann has found that being bored makes us
more creative… Mann concluded that a passive, boring
activity is best for creativity because it allows the mind to
wander.
4) Paragraph D: A potential danger arising from boredom -
Perhaps most worryingly, says Eastwood, repeatedly failing to
engage attention can lead to state where we don’t know
what to do any more, and no longer care.

5) Paragraph E: Identifying those most affected by boredom -

Boredom proneness has been linked with a variety of traits.
People who are motivated by pleasure seem to suffer particularly
badly. Other personality traits, such as curiosity, are associated
with a high boredom threshold.

6) Paragraph F: A new explanation and a new cure for boredom -

Psychologist Francoise Wemelsfelder speculates that our over-
connected lifestyles might even be a new source of boredom. …
So instead of seeking yet more mental stimulation, perhaps we
should leave our phones alone, and use boredom to motivate
us to engage with the world in a more meaningful way.
7) Peter Toohey: Boredom may encourage us to avoid an
unpleasant experience. - Peter Toohey compares it to disgust –
an emotion that motivates us to stay away from certain
situations.

8)Thomas Goetz B: One sort of boredom is worse than all the

others. - Of the five types, the most damaging is ‘reactant’
boredom with its explosive combination of high arousal and
negative emotion.

9) John Eastwood D: Trying to cope with boredom can increase its

negative effects. - For Eastwood,……. What’s more, your efforts to
improve the situation can end up making you feel worse.

10) Francoise Wemelsfelder A: The way we live today may

encourage boredom. - Psychologist Francoise Wemelsfelder
speculates that our over-connected lifestyles might even be a
new source of boredom.

11) For John Eastwood, the central feature of boredom is that

people cannot 24………FOCUS……………………, due to a failure in
what he calls the ‘attention system’, - For Eastwood, the central
feature of boredom is a failure to put our ‘attention system’ into
gear. This causes an inability to focus on anything.

12) His team suggests that those for whom 25……

PLEASURE………………….. is an important aim in life may have
problems in coping with boredom, -People who are motivated
by pleasure seem to suffer particularly badly.

13) whereas those who have the characteristic of 26……

CURIOSITY………………….. can generally cope with it. - Other
personality traits, such as curiosity, are associated with a high
boredom threshold.