MODULE 1 MODULE 2

COMMUNICATION PROCESSES THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE

Communication - is a process by which information is Language – is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for
exchanged between individuals through a common system human communication
of symbols, signs, or behavior. It is an act of sharing and
receiving information through a variety of media to various 2 SUSBSYSTEMS OF LANGUAGE
individuals  System of sounds
 System of meanings

Eight Essential Components of Communication Phonotactic arrangements – arrangements of sounds

1. Source - imagines, creates, and sends the message. Syntactic arrangements – arrangement of meanings

2. Message - is the stimulus or meaning produced by the Arbitrary – no fixed rule

source for the receiver or audience. CHARACTERISTICS OF LANGUAGE
3. Channel - is the way in which a message or messages 1. Language is basically oral
travel between source and receiver. 2. Language as symbol
4. Receiver - is the individual or individuals to whom the 3. Language as human
message is directed. 4. Language as communication
5. Language is creative or productive
5. Feedback - is composed of messages the receiver sends 6. Language is constantly changing
back to the source. 7. Language is unique
8. Language is similar
6. Environment - is the atmosphere, physical and 9. A Language is adequate for its own speakers
psychological, where you send and receive messages.
4 MODES OF COMMUNICATION
7. Context - is the information that surrounds a
communication and helps to convey the message.  Speaking
 Listening
8. Interference - also called noise, can come from any  Writing
source. Interference is anything that blocks or changes the  Reading
source’s intended meaning of the message
PRODUCTIVE FORMS OF COMMUNICATION
•Psychological noise is what happens when your thoughts
occupy your attention while you are hearing, or reading, a  Speaking
message.  Writing
RECEPTIVE FORMS OF COMMUNICATION
 Listening
 Reading
Model of Communication
PHONOLOGICAL STRUCTURE
 Speaking
Transactional Model of Communication - Rather than  Listening
looking at the source sending a message and someone
receiving it GRAPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE
as two distinct acts, researchers often view communication  Writing
as a transactional process.  Reading

ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION
 a. Verbal or linguistic – vocal and written 3. Interpersonal communication is complicated - no form
b. Nonverbal or extralinguistic – actions, hand of communication is simple. Because of the number of
gestures, etc. variables involved, even simple requests are extremely
i. Non-Linguistic complex.
ii. Paralinguistic – the extra-linguistic
element that refers to the attributes of 4. Interpersonal communication is contextual
voice that accompany the words we say  Psychological context - which is who you are and
iii. Metalinguistic – the abstract extra- what you bring to the interaction. Your needs,
linguistic element that refers to the desires, values, personality, etc., all form the
communicator’s awareness of the psychological context.
component units of language like sounds,  Relational context - which concerns your reactions
words, phrases, and sentences to the other person--the "mix."
NONLINGUISTIC ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION  Situational context - deals with the psycho-social
"where" you are communicating
a. Kinesics – language of body  Environmental context - deals with the physical
b. Proxemics – language of spaces "where" you are communicating.
c. Chronemics – language of time  Cultural context - includes all the learned
d. Haptics – language of touch behaviors and rules that affect the interaction
e. Olfactics – language of smell
f. Artifactual – language of objects
g. Physical appearance – Principles Communication
PARALINGUISTIC ELEMENTS PF COMMUNICATION
a. Vocal quality – sound quality of voice 1. Principle of Clarity - the idea or message to be
b. Pitch – highness or lowness of voice communicated should be clearly spelt out. It should be
c. Tempo – rate of which you speak worded in such a way that the receiver understands the
d. Volume – loudness or softness of voice same thing which the sender wants to convey.
e. Juncture – pauses
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
2. Principle of Attention - in order to make communication
1. Intrapersonal – within the self effective, the receiver’s attention should be drawn towards
2. Interpersonal – between or among people message.
a. Dyadic – between 2 people
b. Triadic – between 3 people
c. Small group – enlarged type of
3. Principle of Feedback - The principle of feedback is very
communication usually done to solve
important to make communication effective. There should be
problems
a feedback information from the recipient to know whether
3. Public communication – Communication between
he has understood the message in the same sense in which
one and several other people
the sender has meant it.
4. Mass communication – communication with two
kinds of audiences, seen and unseen
5. Organizational communication – the
communication type that may be vertical or 4. Principle of Informality - Formal communication is
horizontal generally used for transmitting messages and other
information. Sometimes formal communication may not
achieve the desired results.

MODULE 3 5. Principle of Consistency - This principle states that

communication should always be consistent with the policies
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
,plans, programs and objectives of the organization and not
in conflict with the

Four Principles of Interpersonal Communication

1. Interpersonal communication is inescapable - It is not 6. Principle of Timeliness - This principle states that
possible forhumans like you and me not to communicate. communication should be done at proper time so that it helps
in implementing plans.
2. Interpersonal communication is irreversible - you can't
really take back something once it has been said.
7. Principle of Adequacy - the information communicated 10. Accept Responsibility - As noted before, a core tenant
should be adequate and complete in all respects. Inadequate within any ethical communication framework is taking
information may delay action and create confusion. responsibility for the actions that Result from one’s words,
Inadequate information also affects efficiency of the receiver. whether it be good or bad.

MODULE 4
ETHICS IN COMMUNICATION
Principles of Ethical Communication
1.Be Truthful And Honest - Being honest means
communicating what is known to be true (only 100 percent
The facts) to a listener, with no intent to deceive or Present
only parts of the truth.
2. Active Listening - Communication to be effective, it is
necessary for the recipient to pro-actively listen to the
speaker, and to not just hear what they want to hear
3. Speak Non-Judgmentally - Ethically and concisely
communicating means speaking in a non-judgmental manner
with every recipient, negating unnecessary conflict, which
typically creates a breakdown in communication and causes
misunderstandings.
4. Speak From Your Own Experience - Bringing your
personal experience into a dialogue with business listeners
is Important, providing backup for your arguments With
something more tangible.
5. Consider the Receiver’s Preferred Communication
Channel - To effectively communicate with your Listeners,
use the most preferred Communication channel, whether
that Be face-to-face, email, conference Call, phone call,
messenger app, etc.
6.Strive To Understand - While it is important to be
proactive in listening, it is important for listeners to also
Strive to fully understand what is being Said before
responding
7.Avoid A Negative Tone - Ethically communicating
assumes the speaker will avoid rudeness, be polite and
Professional, and have tact.
8. Do Not Interrupt Others - Allowing others to speak is
important for the creation of a civil, effective working
Environment. Interrupting others results in
Misunderstandings and unnecessary Conflicts and a
breakdown in workplace Communications, which only
hinders Corporate progress and creates problems
9.Respect Privacy And Confidentiality - Most businesses
should include a clause in their code of ethics defining what
is Appropriate when it comes to honoring client and
employee confidentiality and privacy. This can have a wide
range of Implications, including minimizing Workplace
gossip, and mitigating toxic conversations about the private
lives of clients and/or personnel.