14 Punctuation Marks:

What are punctuation marks?

Punctuation marks are a set of symbols used in writing to
separate sentences and phrases in order to indicate pauses,
stops, emphasis, and tone. Without punctuation, writing will consist of
blocks of text that can’t reflect major aspects of language.
Different languages use different types and numbers of punctuation
marks, for various purposes. French, for example, has 17 of them while
Arabic only has 6. English has 14 punctuation marks, used to separate or
connect elements of grammar, indicate a pause, denote ownership, and
more.

Why are punctuation marks important?

Punctuation marks are important in writing to capture the
meaning and flow of spoken language. They help you communicate
your thoughts and ideas clearly and create an easy reading experience for
your reader.

Take a look at this punctuation marks example:

“Can you tell me who wrote ‘The Bell Jar’? I can’t seem to remember,” Jin
said. He scratched his head, frowning, making a show of thinking very
hard. “Plath,” said May, not looking up from her sketchbook. “The only
novel she wrote—published under the pseudonym ‘Victoria Lucas’,
though.”

Here’s the same paragraph with no punctuation:

Can you tell me who wrote The Bell Jar I cant seem to remember Jin said
He scratched his head frowning making a show of thinking very hard Plath
said May not looking up from her sketchbook The only novel she wrote
published under the pseudonym Victoria Lucas though

There is no rest for the eye, no pauses or separations, and absolutely no

tonal changes. Beginning to see why punctuation is important?

Here are five ways punctuation improves your writing:

 Reduces ambiguity and makes your writing clear.
 Communicates your tone and emphasis effectively.
 Breaks the sentence into smaller chunks, making it easier to read.
 Makes it easier for the reader to trust your authority.
 Prevents misunderstandings and confusion.

Now that we’ve seen the importance of punctuation, let’s understand how
to use punctuation marks correctly. We’ve added several punctuation
marks examples so you never forget how to use each mark!

What are the 14 punctuation marks?

Here are the 14 punctuation marks in English: the period, question
mark, exclamation point, comma, semicolon, colon, dashes,
hyphen, parentheses, brackets, apostrophe, quotation marks,
ellipsis, and slash.
Some consider the two dashes, en dash and em dash, as separate
punctuation symbols. The use of these punctuation marks is quite
different, so this characterization isn’t strictly wrong. Some guides also
consider braces as more deserving of a place in the punctuation marks list
than slash. However, we’ve considered the 14 punctuation marks most
commonly taught in English educational courses around the world.
Ultimately, the characterization is of little importance. It’s much more
important to know the use of punctuation marks than how they’re
characterized! Let’s dive in.

1. Period (.)
The . is called a period or a full stop. It is most commonly used to end a
sentence. That is, all sentences that aren’t direct questions or
exclamations! Here are some examples:
The roses are red.
Please close the door.
Violet asked me if she could come to the event. (an indirect question, but
written as a statement.)
The second most common use of the period is to denote abbreviations,
initialisms, and decimals.
Abbreviation: Dr. Susan and Mr. Ziyuan are headed to the clinic.
Initials: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. aired at 8 p.m. yesterday.
Decimal: The value of pi is 3.14.

2. Question mark (?)

The ? is called a question mark. It is most commonly used to ask direct
questions.
Are the roses red?
Can you close the door?
Confusion and disbelief:
How is this possible?
Are we sure it’s a power cut?
Questions within quotation marks:

“Can I come to the event?” Violet said.

“Are you ready, Ziyuan?” said Dr. Susan.

Question tags:
The value of pi is 3.14, isn’t it?
You went clubbing last night, didn’t you?
Note: It’s important to consider the tone of the utterance while using
question marks. A questioning tone is the best indicator of when to use
these punctuation marks and not wh-words.

3. Exclamation point (!)

The ! is called an exclamation point or exclamation mark. You can also call
them bangs or shrieks if that suits your fancy! They’re used to show
strong emotion, urgency, or an outcry.
Here are the ways in which you can use an exclamation point:
Excitement or enthusiasm: How lucky I am to win the lottery!
Surprise or shock: I can’t believe that just happened!
Urgency: Call 911! Hurry, we don’t have much time!
Command: Apprehend him!
Strong emotion: I’m so happy for you!
Exclamations come with a forceful tone and impact, so it’s best to use
them in small doses. Otherwise, you can tire your reader with excess
excitement!

4. Comma (,)
The , is called a comma. It is used in a number of ways, the most common
of which is to separate elements within a sentence.
Serial comma:
Sharon bought needles, string, and ten bolts of fabric for her dress.
Bracketing comma:
Al Pacino, who was born in 1940, is one of the most celebrated actors of
all time.
Born in 1940, Al Pacino is one of the most celebrated actors of all time.
Joining comma:
Violet wanted to stay home, but her friends convinced her to go out.

Introductory comma:
On the other hand, some people prefer apples over mangoes.
The comma is also used to separate two adjectives of the same type.
Ibrahim is a kind, caring friend.
Desyree wore a long, flowy dress to their birthday party.
In the English language, we also use commas in numbers and dates:
Li Guangli accepted the war treaty with a tribute of 3,000 horses.
The day was Friday, April 28, 2023.

5. Semicolon (;)

The ; is called a semicolon. It is used to connect two independent clauses

that are closely related to each other.
The restaurant was too loud; we decided to go elsewhere.
Paramount Pictures didn’t want to cast Al Pacino in The Godfather; the
studio was uncertain about casting an unknown actor.
I have a big test tomorrow; I need to study all night.
Semicolons are also used to separate items in a list that already consist of
commas.
The menu today is steak with mushrooms, onions, and peppers; grilled
salmon with lemon, garlic, and dill; and roasted chicken with potatoes,
carrots, and onions.
Kyoto, Japan; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and Cusco, Peru are among the most
beautiful cities in the world.

6. Colon (:)
The : is called a colon. Mostly, it has one and only one major use:
elaborating on whatever precedes it. (See what we did there?)
You can use this punctuation mark to introduce a list, further explanation,
or a quote.
List:
His groceries stumbled out of the paper bag: eggs, bread, cheese, and lots
of oranges.
Elaboration:
Anong saw it with complete clarity: She was in danger.
Quotation:
Yeats said it best: “All dreams of the soul end in a beautiful man’s or
woman’s body.”
A colon can also help add emphasis on a phrase or word.
There is one creature larger than any other animal on the planet: the blue
whale.
When using a colon, always capitalize the first word if—and only if
—the following element is a complete sentence.
Less commonly, we also use the colon in the following instances:
Subtitle: The Beam: Part One
Time: 05:05 a.m.

7. Dashes (—/–)
There are two types of dashes in the English language: em dash and en
dash. They are horizontal lines slightly longer than a hyphen and are
mainly found in typeset documents.
Em dash (—)
The — is called the em dash and it is the longer of the two dashes. The em
dash is used to provide additional information and indicate an interruption
or an emphasis.
Additional information:
My friend—the one who lives in Thailand—is publishing a book.
Interruption:
“I’m so glad we finally met—”
“Truly! This was such a great evening!”
Emphasis:
It’s time to study the most intriguing of all astrological bodies—black
holes.
En dash (–)
The – is called an en dash and it is the shorter of the two dashes. It
indicates a range of values or a connection between two grammatical
units.
Indicating a range:
The decade 2010–2020 was a time of great technological advancements.
Connecting two units:
The New York–London flight is completely booked.
Showing conflict or opposition:
The Lakers–Celtics rivalry is well-known in the sports world.
Note: Unless your style guidelines recommend it, never use spaces with
dashes. Aside from some rare instances (01 January 2023 – 31 December
2023), using spaces with the en dash is never permitted.

8. Hyphen (-)
The – is called a hyphen. Shorter than both the dashes, it is most
commonly used to join words or parts of words.
Compound words:
son-in-law, lo-fi, five-year-old
Prefixes and suffixes:
cross-check, self-assured, all-expenses, goth-style, sugar-free, mayor-elect
Numbers:
twenty-eight, forty-ninth
Pauses:
The spelling of pheromones is p-h-e-r-o-m-o-n-e-s.
Why is it so c-c-cold in here?

9. Parentheses ()
The ( ) are called parentheses. They enclose additional information that
isn’t strictly necessary in the sentence but provides context.
Clarification:
The company’s profits have increased by 20% (largely due to their new
marketing campaign).
Abbreviation:
The World Health Organization (WHO) has substantiated this information.
Alternatives:
The dress code for the party is semi-formal (jacket and tie are optional).
Emphasis:
I can’t believe she said that (of all things) in front of the new joinee.
10. Brackets [] and braces {}
The [] are called brackets. They’re mostly used to clarify the meaning of a
sentence.
They [Elliot Page] have received an Academy Award nomination.
Shanice knew it [the ship] had come from another world.
You’ll find brackets more commonly in academic writing, where authors
use them to clarify quotes.
According to Bronkovich, “The president [was] expected to resign soon.”
In the above quote, brackets are used to change the verb tense. In this
manner, brackets can help an author modify the original statement for
better clarity and understanding of their readers.
Academic writing also uses brackets to add parentheses inside
parentheses, called nesting parentheses.
The study (conducted by researchers from Harvard University [Cambridge,
MA] and Oxford University [Oxford, UK]) found that exercise can reduce
the risk of heart disease.

11. Apostrophe (’)

The ’ is called an apostrophe. It is a punctuation mark used to indicate
possession or to show that some letters have been omitted from a word.
Possession
My cat’s toy has gotten old.
The fight for women’s rights is a fight for human rights.
The boys’ dormitory is that way.
Contraction
I have: I’ve
Do not: Don’t
They are: They’re
Plural for letters and numbers
Make sure to dot your i’s and cross your t’s!
How many 10s are there in this deck?

12. Quotation marks (“”/‘’)

The “” are called quotation marks, or more specifically, double quotation
marks. They’re most commonly used to indicate dialogue writing in fiction.
“Hair is everything,” said Fleabag.
“My good opinion,” said Mr. Darcy, “once lost, is lost forever.”
“That is a failing indeed!” cried Elizabeth. “Implacable resentment is a
shade in a character.”

Quotes:
Mulaney (2019) observed that “the unexpected finding of pitting corrosion
in Alloy B warrants further investigation”.

Titles:
“A Temporary Matter” is the first short story in Interpreter of Maladies.
Maya Angelou wrote “And Still I Rise” in 1978.
Single quotation marks (‘’)
The ‘’ are called single quotation marks. They are used to indicate a
quotation within a quotation or to highlight a word or phrase being
discussed.
Quote within a quote:
“It’s like Emeze said, ‘Some people can’t see softness without wanting to
hurt it.’”
Highlighting words or phrases:
The word ‘culture’ came from the Latin word ‘cultura’, which means
‘cultivation or growing’.
Single quotation marks are more widely used in British English. While
American English favours double quotation marks, British English favours
single quotes.

13. Ellipsis
The … is called an ellipsis. This punctuation mark is used to indicate the
omission of a word, phrase, or sentence in a quotation or to create a
pause in writing.
Omission:
“Musicians still find inspiration in the Beatles’ songs…allusions to their
work and lives can be found almost everywhere.” (Malek 37)
Pause or trailing off:
“I never said that… did I?”
“I was thinking that maybe we could… well, never mind.”
“If only we had enough time…”

Quotation marks are a pair of punctuation marks used to set off

quotations, which are selections of text or speech said by someone
besides the writer or speaker.
Now, let’s look at the instances that typically call for punctuation inside
quotation marks.
1. Periods and commas
In American English, a quote that comes at the end of a sentence will
contain a period inside the final quotation marks.
✅ Correct: She said, “Goodbye.”
❌ Incorrect: She said, “Goodbye”.
If a sentence ends with multiple quotes (a quote within a quote), the
period is placed within all of the final quotation marks.
✅ Correct: The witness said, “I heard the man say, ‘Don’t move.’”
❌ Incorrect: The witness said, “I heard the man say, ‘Don’t move’.”
If a quote ends in the middle of a sentence, we typically put a
comma rather than a period at the end of the quote inside the quotation
marks.
✅ Correct: “The house is haunted,” said the creepy undertaker.
❌ Incorrect: “The house is haunted”, said the creepy undertaker.
2. Question marks and exclamation points
If a quotation is a question, but the main sentence is not, we typically
place the question mark inside the final quotation marks. In this case, you
don’t also need a period to end the sentence.
✅ Correct: She looked at me and asked, “What is your name?”
❌ Incorrect: She looked at me and asked, “What is your name”?
If both the quote and the sentence are questions, you only need a single
question mark inside the quotation marks to end both the quote and the
sentence.
✅ Correct: Who asked, “Are we there yet?”
❌ Incorrect: Who asked, “Are we there yet?”?
The same rules are typically used for exclamation points: use a single
exclamation inside the quotation marks if the quote itself is an
exclamation or both the quote and the sentence are exclamations.
✅ Correct: He shouted, “Hooray!”
❌ Incorrect: He shouted, “Hooray”!
2. Commas introducing quotes
When introducing a quote, we typically place a comma between the quote
and the phrase leading into it. Style guides may differ on whether this
comma is actually necessary, but if it is used, it is advised to put it outside
and before the quote.
 The butcher said, “No ham today.”
Typically, we still follow this rule if a quote is split apart in a sentence.
 “Without a doubt,” the zookeeper said, “they were hungry, hungry
hippos.”
14. Slash (/)
The / is called a slash. It is used to represent a number of different things,
including division, fractions, and options.
Options: The book is available in paperback/ebook format.
Fraction: ⅔ of Earth is covered in water.
Division: It’s simple math, 24/3 equals 8.