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ENGLISH LECTURE - 06
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REVIEW TEST 02

01 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

• ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
• TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERB
• FINITE AND NON-FINITE VERB
• GERUND, INFINITIVE, PARTICIPLE
• CLAUSES 03

• REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSE

• CLAUSE MARKERS AND PHRASE MARKERS
• SO, SUCH, TOO
• PREFIX AND SUFFIX

02 TAKE-HOME ASSIGNMENT
• VOCABULARY-6
17

• LIST OF IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS-6 20

TM

e d u c a t i o n s t u d y a b r o a d
 REVIEW TEST
Time: 15 min Score: ____________

Correct mistakes in the following sentences.

1. Our neighbor's music sounded loudly last night.
2. Amie seemed quiet after she read her friends letter.
3. The roses and lilacs smell nicely every spring.
4. Do not drink that milk, it tastes sourly.
5. My sister has always looked heavy because she has broad shoulders.
6. He appeared nervously as he began to take the exam.
7. A barracudas' teeth are awful large and knifelike.
8. This fall's television shows are surely interesting.
9. Jefferson did good in the state-wide art contest held last spring.
10. I ran bad in my first race, but in the second race I did much better.

Define whether the sentences are CORRECT (C) or INCORRECT (I). Correct mistakes.
1. Do you remember how much the tuition was?
2. Ask the operator what is the charge for a three-minute call to New York.
3. We don't know when will we see our friends again.
4. He forgot where he had parked his car.
5. Would you please ask them where is the subway entrance?

Correct mistakes in these sentences.

1. He likes to travel, and so is she.
2. I didn't know the answer, and he didn't neither.
3. Mita wants to go home, and so want we.
4. She is not in agreement, and neither do I.
5. California relies heavily on income from fruit crops, and Florida is as well.
6. This table is not sturdy enough to support a television, and that one probably isn't neither.
7. They are planning on attending the convention next month, and so I am.
8. Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships, and neither did the children.
Fill in the following blanks with the right word from the options below.
1. The _____________ of aging wine and smell of fermented grapes overpowered her senses.
a) elixir b) effervescence c) euphemism d) equanimity e) exhaustion
2. The sectarian violence in Syria has roots in the oppressive policies of the Assad regime; the
problem was _____________ by American involvement in the region.
a) exacerbated b) emulated c) elucidated d) endorsed e) exonerated
3. Dexter Morgan _____________ himself from the guilt of murder by killing only other killers; he
asked them to repent as they pled for mercy.
a) emended b) expedited c) extricated d) extoled e) eluded
4. She was an artist in the true sense of the word; her skill in traditional dance was equaled by her
enthusiasm for _____________ pursuits like fire-spinning.
a) esoteric b) elegiac c) equitable d) ephemeral e) elusive
5. The speaker's call for order in the parliament was met by _____________ jeers and scowls; these
were reflective of their disunity.
a) effectual b) elated c) ebullient d) equivocal e) expeditious

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 PART I: STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

A sentence can be either in the active or passive voice. In an “active” sentence, the subject performs
the action. In a “passive” sentence, the subject receives the action.
The cat ate the mouse. (Active voice)
The mouse was eaten by the cat. (Passive voice)
The architect designed the building. (Active voice)
The building was designed by the architect. (Passive voice)

Exercise 1: Choose the one option A, B, C, or D that correctly completes the sentence.

1. R. M. Bartlett of Philadelphia ____ the first private business college in the United States in 1843.
A. founding B. founded C. was founded D. founds
2. All the food ______ before the guests came.
A. eating B. eaten C. was eaten D. eats
3. Members of the tribe ______ by the invaders.
A. captured B. captures C. capturing D. were captured
4. The sprinter ____ four Olympic records in a single night.
A. broke B. broken C. was broken D. breaking
5. The window _____ by the children.
A. broke B. broken C. was broken D. breaking

TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS

A transitive verb is one that can take a direct object, while an intransitive verb cannot take any direct
object.
The verbs lie/lay, rise/ raise, and sit/set cause problems even for native English speakers.
The solution to the problem is to remember which verbs are transitive and which are intransitive.

INTRANSITIVE
RISE ROSE RISEN RISING
LIE LAY LAIN LYING
SITTING

SIT SAT SAT

TRANSITIVE
RAISE RAISED RAISED RAISING
LAY LAID LAID LAYING
SET SET SET SETTING

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 INTRANSITIVE (no complement) TRANSITIVE (must take a complement)
RISE: to get up; to move up under one's own RAISE: to lift or elevate an object; to increase
power (without the help of someone else); to something.
increase. • The students raise their hands in class.
• The sun rises early in the summer Complement

• When the bell rings, the students rise from their • The weightlifter raised the barbells.
seats. Complement

• When oil and water mix, oil rises to the top. • The crane raised the car out of the lake.
Complement
LIE: to rest, repose, or to be situated in a place LAY: to put somebody or something on a surface.

• The university lies in the western section of town.• Don't lay your clothes on the bed.

• If the children are tired, they should lie down for Complement
a nap. • The boy lays his books on the table every day.
Complement
• Maria Elena lay on the beach for three hours • The enemy soldiers laid down their weapons
yesterday sunbathing. t Complement and
surrendered.

SET: to put somebody or something down on a

surface. It is often interchangeable with lay

SIT: to take a seat • The carpenters set their tools in the box at noon
Bullfight fans sit in the shade because it is cool. and go to lunch.

• The botanist set her plants in the sun so that they

would grow.

Idiomatic Expressions with SET, LAY and RAISE

The company had to lay off twenty-five employees because of a production slowdown.
John set his alarm for six o' clock.
The chef is hoping that the Jell-O will set quickly.
While playing with matches, the children set fire to the sofa. That farmer raises chickens for a living.

Exercise 2: Problem Verbs

1. You will see on the map that the public Auditorium (lies/lays).
2. My dog loves to (sit/set) in the sun.
3. The delivery boy (lays/lies) the groceries on the table.
4. After the heavy rain, the water in the lake (raised/rose) another two feet.
5. The paper hangers decided to (raise/rise) the picture a few more inches.
6. Mr. Kramer used to (raise/rise) his bat every time he scored a duck.
7. Sami and Ritu (had lain/had laid) in the bed before Avirup came.
8. He (set/sat) the chair where he could watch the game undisturbed.
9. I have a hen which (lays/lies) golden eggs and (sits/sets) itself on them.
10. We tried to (rise/raise) as much funds as possible for the cause.

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 Finite and Non-Finite Verb

I drove to the concert.

He broke the vase.
She will take it off your hands soon.
The verbs in the above sentences are ‘drove’, ‘broke’ and ‘take’. These are finite verbs; verbs whose
form is governed by the subject of the sentence. What this means is that these verbs change their
form depending on person (first person, second person, third person, singular/plural) and tense. For
example, ‘drove’ is the past tense of ‘drive’. Thus, if sentence were to be in the present tense, it would
be I drive.... Similarly, if ‘I’ were to be replaced by ‘he’, it would be he drives. Finite verbs can form
independent clauses, i.e. Clauses that can work as complete sentences.

Non-finite verbs, on the other hand, are those that do not change form based upon the subject. These
are of three types:

Participles, Gerunds and Infinitives

PARTICIPLE – this includes the past and present participles of verbs, which function as adjectives
(the dying man, the sleeping giant, etc).

GERUND – this refers to verbs (in their –ing form) that function as nouns (the writing on the wall,
exercising is a necessary activity for continued good health).

INFINITIVE – the verb in its basic form, often but not necessarily preceded by ‘to’, functioning as noun
(to finish the task without any more hitches was his goal), adjective (I’m sorry, I have much work to do
at the moment), or adverb (he called to discuss the matter).

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

Gerunds and infinitives are verb forms that do not function as verbs. A gerund is the -ing form of a
verb that functions as a noun (going, wearing, making, etc.). An infinitive is a verb introduced by to
which may be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb (to go, to wear, to make, etc.)

List 1A: Some common verbs followed by a gerund

Admit Consider Mind risk
Allow Delay Miss stop (=cease)
Appreciate Deny Practice Avoid
Can’t help Enjoy Remember (recall) Dislike
Can’t stand Finish Resent Put off (=postpone)

List 1B: Some common verb/preposition combinations followed by a gerund

Approve of Look forward to Argue about Insist on
Complain about Keep on Concentrate on Object to
Plan on Decide on Rely on Feel like
Succeed in Forget about Give up Worry about

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 List 1C: Some common adjective/preposition combinations following by a gerund
Accustomed to Interested in Afraid of Opposed to
Ashamed of Proud of Bored with Responsible for
Capable of Sorry about Disappointed in (with) Successful in
Surprised at Essential to Excited about Tired from (=physically tired)
Famous for Fond of Used to Tired of (=mentally tired)
Hopeful of Worried about Intent to

Wrong: I will never consider to leave this job.

Right: I will never consider leaving this job.
Wrong: I haven't succeeded in find a job yet.
Right: I haven't succeeded in finding a job yet.
Wrong: Are you capable of complete the work within an hour?
Right: Are you capable of completing the work within an hour?

List 2A: Common verbs followed by either a gerund or an infinitive with no change in meaning
Start Continue Prefer Like
Love Begin Hate

Wrong: Almost everyone loves have free time.

Right: Almost everyone loves having free time. Or
Almost everyone loves to have free time.
Wrong: The homesick child started think about his family.
Right: The homesick child started thinking about his family. Or
The homesick child started to think about his family.

List 2B: Verbs that can be followed by either an infinitive or gerund with a change in meaning
Forget Remember Stop

Examples: I stopped to buy tomatoes. (I stopped at the store and bought tomatoes.)
I stopped buying tomatoes. (I no longer buy tomatoes.)

List 3A: Some common verbs followed by an infinitive

Agree Need Attempt Offer
Decide Plan Demand Prepare
Expect Pretend Happen Promise
Hesitate Refuse Intend Seem
Hope Learn Want Manage
Wish Mean Remember (not to forger)

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 List 3B: Some common adjectives followed by an infinitive
Afraid Eager Lucky Qualified
Ashamed Foolish Pleased Ready
Considerate Fortunate Prepared Sorry
Disappointed Happy Proud Surprised

Wrong: Do you hope getting your degree by next year?

Right: Do you hope to get your degree by next year?
Wrong: I hesitate saying what I mean.
Right: I hesitate to say what I mean.
Wrong: I'm afraid driving alone at night.
Right: I'm afraid to drive alone at night.
Wrong: The actress seems eager going to stage.
Right: The actress seems eager to go on stage.

Exercise:3 Choose the best alternative

1. The teacher decided (accepting/to accept) the paper.

2. They appreciate (having/ to have) this information.
3. I remember (to win/winning) against our local rivals.
4. His father doesn’t approve of his (to go/ going) to Europe.
5. The manager was tired (of/from) losing his best players.
6. We found it very difficult (reaching/ to reach) a decision.
7. Mastura is interested in (to open/ opening) a bar.
8. I am afraid (of/to) playing under the harsh sunlight.
9. The player was tired (of/from) the intense match.
10. I must remember (to return/returning) the books to the library when they are due.

CLAUSES

MAIN CLAUSES & SUBORDINATE CLAUSES

A main clause has a subject and a verb and can stand independently as a sentence:

Main clause
Subject + Verb (+ …)
The admissions office telephoned.
Subject Verb
A subordinate clause has a subject and a verb, but it is dependent (and hence, also known as
dependent clause) on the main clause for its meaning. A subordinate clause cannot stand
independently:

Main clauses Subordinate clause

Subject + Verb Subject + Verb

The admissions office telephoned after you left.

Main clause Subordinate clause

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A complex sentence has a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. The subordinate
clause(s) can function as an adjective, an adverb, or a noun.

Main clause Subordinate clause Subordinate clause

Subject  Verb Subject + Verb

An adjective clause begins with a pronoun such as “who”, “which”, “where”, “when”, “whose”, “whom”
and “that”. These clauses immediately follow the noun or pronoun they describe:

Main clause Adjective clause

Who/whose/whom
Which/that
Where

Earthworms are insects which are active at night.

An adverb clause begins with a subordinate conjunction such as “before”, “because”, “although”, “if”,
“while” etc.

Main Clause Adverb clause

Before, because, if
While, after, Although,

Columbus discovered America while he was looking for India.

 If the adverb clause begins the sentence, it is separated from the main clause by a comma.
For example:

While he was looking for India. Columbus discovered America.

A noun clause begins with the word “that” or a question word such as “what” “why,” “where,” “how”

Main Clause Noun clause

That … What … Why …
How … Where …

I was not surprised by what she wrote.

Main clause Noun clause

Adjective Clauses

Main Clause Adjective clause

Which That Who
Whom* Where When

* The word “whom” is used whenever the noun being modified by the adjective clause holds an object
position (direct/indirect object) in the sentence. For example:
 The assassin killed Abraham Lincoln, one of the most famous presidents of the United States.
object
 It was Abraham Lincoln whom the assassin killed.
object

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As mentioned in the previous lesson, there are three types of dependent clauses, all of which are
tested in structure. Adjective clauses – also called relative clauses – are the most commonly tested
of the three. You will see one or two items involving adjective clauses on most tests.
Adjective clauses are a way of joining two sentences. In the joined sentence, the adjective clause
modifies (describes) a noun (called the head noun) in another clause of the sentence. It begins with an
adjective clause marker.

Adjective
Clause Marker Use Example
Who Subject (people) A neurologist is a doctor who specializes in the nervous
system
Whom Object (people) This is the patient whom the doctor treated.
Whose Possessive (people/things) Mr. Collins is the man whose house I rented.
Which Subject/Object (things) That is a topic which interests me. (which as subject)
That is the topic on which I will write.(which as object of
preposition)
That Subject/Object (people/things) Art that is in public places can be enjoyed by everyone.

(That as subject)
The painting that Ms. Wallace bought was very expensive.
(As object)
Where Adverb (place) Here is the site where the bank plans to
build its new headquarters.
When Adverb (time) This is the hour when the children usually go to bed.
Exercise – 4: Choose the correct answer from the options.

1. There are six types of flamingos, all ________ have long legs, long necks, and beaks that curve
sharply downward.
A. of them B. that C. of which D. they
2. Most folk songs are ballads _______ have simple words and tell simple stories.
A. what B. although C. when D. that
3. After its introduction in 1969 the float process ___________ the world’s principal method of
manufacturing flat sheets of glass.
A. by which it became B. it became C. became D. which became
4. In 1850, Yale University established Sheffield Scientific School, _________
A. engineers were educated there B. where engineers were educated
C. in which were engineers educated D. where were engineers educated
5. Many of Louise Nevelson’s sculptures consisted of a number of large wooden structures
__________ in complex patterns.
A. which she arranged B. she arranged them C. which arranged D. arranged them

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 ADVERB CLAUSES

A subordinate adverb clause can be introduced by these subordinating conjunctions:

When we went to Rome, we saw the Colosseum.
(Time)
Even if it rains, the competition will be held outside.
(Condition)
They went on a field trip although it was raining.
(Opposition)

REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES

When the subject of the main clause and the subject of the adverb clause are the same person or
thing, the adverb clause can be reduced (shortened). Reduced adverb clauses do not contain a main
verb or a subject. They consist of a marker and a participle (either a present or a past participle) or a
marker and an adjective.

 When astronauts are orbiting the Earth, they don’t feel the force of gravity. (Full adverb clause)
 When orbiting the Earth, astronauts don’t feel the force of gravity. (Reduced clause with present
participle)

 Although it had been damaged, the machine was still operational. (Full adverb clause)
 Although damaged, the machine was still operational. (Reduced clause with a past participle)

 Although he was nervous, he gave a wonderful speech. (Full adverb clause)

 Although nervous, he gave a wonderful speech. (Reduced clause with an adjective)

You will most often see reduced adverb clauses with the markers although, while, if, when, before,
after, and until. Reduced adverb clauses are NEVER used after because.

Exercise 5: Expand the following reduced adverb clauses.

1. When confronted, he confessed his crime.

2. While going to school, he was bitten by a mad dog.

3. Although a great playwright, William Shakespeare was not that great a poet.

4. Talking to my father about my carrier choices, I decided to quit working for MNCs.

5. Going to the Sundarbans, I was dumbfounded by its beauty.

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 PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES WITH THE SAME MEANING AS ADVERB CLAUSES
There are also certain prepositions that have essentially the same meaning as adverb – clause
markers but are used before noun phrases or pronouns, not with clauses.
Preposition Related marker Example
(Phrase marker) (Clause Marker)

Because of because/since I have chosen that university because of its

fine reputation.
Due to because/since The accident was due to mechanical failure.
On account of because/since Visibility is poor today on account of air
pollution.
In spite of although/even though He enjoys motorcycle riding in spite of the
danger.
Despite although/even though Despite its loss, the team is still in first
place.
During when/while Her father lived in England during the war.

In structure items where the correct answer is an adverb-clause marker, one of these words often
appears as a distracter.
Sample Items

1. No one knows what color dinosaurs were _______ no sample of their skin has survived.
A. because of B. because that C. it is because D. because
Choice (A) is incorrect; “because of” can only be used before nouns or pronouns. In choice (B), “that”
is unnecessary. In (C), the phrase “it is” has been used unnecessarily.
2. _________ rises to the surface of the Earth, a volcano is formed.
A. Liquid magma B. Whenever liquid magma
C. Liquid magma, which D. That liquid magma
Choice (A) creates two clauses, but there is no connecting word to join them. Choice (C) creates a
sentence with a main clause and an adjective clause, but the main clause has two subjects (“liquid
magma” and “a volcano”). Choice (D) creates a noun clause. In a correct sentence, when a noun
clause begins a sentence, the clause itself is the subject of the verb in the main clause. However, this
sentence already has a subject (“a volcano”).
Exercise – 6: Choose the correct answer from the options.

1. It looked dark and heavy _________ it was going to rain.

A. although B. unless C. as if D. whereas
2. _________ I get your call, I will leave.
A. As soon as B. As though C. By the time D. Now that
3. _________ he had read the instructions several times, he knew what to do.
A. Whereas B. After C. Until D. While
4. _________ he cannot afford a car, he rides a bicycle.
A. Unless B. Whereas C. Though D. Because
5. _________ the cities do not provide better and cheaper mass transportation, the traffic problem
will get worse.
A. So that B. Even though C. If D. Because

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 NOUN CLAUSES

Main clause Noun clause

Which . . . What . . .
When . . . Where . . .
Who . . . How . .
Whose . . . Why . . .

A Noun clause can begin with a question word such as “what,” “where,” “how,” “why” :
Subject Object
What she wears is exciting. I don’t know why he said that.
Why she failed was clear. We were told where to mail it.

Main clauses Noun clause

Say that
Feel
Think
Believe

A noun clause can function as an object after the verbs of “saying,” “thinking,” “believing,” and
“feeling,” and begins with the word “that”:
I feel that he was telling the truth.
You said that it would be difficult.
A noun clause which junctions as an object may sometimes have the word “that” omitted:
The students felt that the test was too difficult.
(Omitted) The students felt the test was too difficult.

Exercise-7: Identify the noun clauses (if any) in the following sentences
1. The professor stated quite clearly that all the papers would have to be given in next week.
2. The students felt that their assignments were too time-consuming.
3. In the last five minutes, the professor always reviewed his lecture.
4. John was worried about his grade point average.
5. We were always told what to study for the final.

Exercise-8: Choose the correct answer from the options.

1. ________ begin their existence as ice crystals over most of the earth seems likely.
A. Raindrops B. If raindrops C. What if raindrops D. That raindrops
2. Scientists cannot agree on _______ related to other orders of insects.
A. that fleas are B. how fleas are C. how are fleas D. fleas that are
3. It was in 1875 _______ joined the staff of the astronomical observatory at Harvard University.
A. that Anna Winlock B. Anna Winlock, who C. as Anna Winlock D. Anna Winlock then
4. _______ , is a narrow strip of woods along a stream in an open grassland.
A. Ecologists use the term “gallery forest” B. What do ecologists call a “gallery forest”
C. “Gallery forest” is the term ecologists use D. What ecologists call a “gallery forest”

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5. ________ developed so rapidly in Alabama primarily because of its rich natural resources.
A. That heavy industry B. Heavy industry
C. Heavy industry that was D. When heavy industry

SO, SUCH, TOO

The words so, such, and too are used in the following patterns:
 So + adjective/adverb + that clause
These boxes are so heavy that we can’t lift them.
The soprano sang so well that she received a standing ovation.
Judy worked so diligently that she received an increase in salary.
 Such + adjective + noun + that clause.
It was such a pretty view that he took a photograph.
 Too + adjective + infinitive
It’s too cold to go swimming today.
 Notice that so and such are both followed by that clauses, but too is followed by an
infinitive.

The words as and so are also sometimes confused:

Jane did so well as I did on the economics exam. (INCORRECT)
Jane did as well as I did on the economics exam. (CORRECT)
The coffee was as hot that I couldn’t drink it. (INCORRECT)
The coffee was so hot that I couldn’t drink it. (CORRECT)

Sample Items

- The sun is so bright to look at directly.

A B C D
The correct pattern is too + adjective + infinitive.
- In much of Alaska, the growing season is as short that crops can’t be raised.
A B C D
The correct pattern is so + adjective + that clause.
- The giant squid is so an elusive animal that at one time it was believed to be purely mythical.
A B C D
Before an adjective + noun + that clause, the word such should be used.
 SO, SUCH: CAUSE AND EFFECT

Focus on the
1. Subject + verb + such + adjective + plural count noun + that + subject + verb
adjective
She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.

Plural count noun

2. Subject + verb + so + (many/ few )+ plural count noun + that + subject + verb
Focus is on
Quantity/
She has so many exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.
Amount
Plural count noun

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3. Subject + verb + so + (much/ little) + non-count noun + that + subject + verb
I have so little knowledge that I can’t speak in civilized society.
Non-Count Noun

4. Subject + verb + so + adjective + a + singular count noun + that….

It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
Or
5. Subject + verb + such + a + adjective + singular count noun + that . . .
It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors.

NOTE: such + a + adjective is the more commonly used of the two.

 SO ------ THAT: PURPOSE AND RESULT
 Subject + verb + so that + subject + verb

NOTE: IT IS NOT CORRECT IN FORMAL WRITTEN ENGLISH TO ELIMINATE "THAT" IN THESE

SENTENCES, ALTHOUGH IT IS POSSIBLE IN SPOKEN FORM OF ENGLISH

- He studied very hard so that he could pass the test

- She is sending the package early so that it will arrive in time for her sister’s birthday.
Exercise 9: Use So / Such
1. The sun shone _________ brightly that Maria had to put on her sunglasses.
2. Iasir was _____________ a powerful swimmer that he always won the races.
3. There were ____________ few students registered that the class was canceled.
4. We had ______________ wonderful memories of that place that we decided to return.
5. We had ______________ good a time at the party that we hated to leave.

Exercise 10: Choose the correct form

1. The mineral tale is (so/such) soft that it can be scratched with a fingernail.
2. (So/As) much paper money was printed during the Revolutionary War that it became almost
worthless.
3. Rahul is (as/ so) good a student that his CGPA never falls down.
4. Rajiv has had (such/so) bad luck that he has decided not to gamble.
5. Oceanographers use robots and unmanned submarines to explore parts of the ocean that are
(so/too) deep for people to explore safely.

PREFIX PRACTICE

Choose the correct prefix that, when added to the root, gives the meaning indicated.
1. bi-
semi-
contra-
post-
Meaning of whole word: every other month
The ____monthly newsletter was sent to press yesterday

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2. anti-
sub-
ad-
ante-
Meaning of whole word: next to last
The _____penultimate meeting of the legislators was the most fruitful one

3. ante-
sub-
ad-
post-
Meaning of whole word: underground
The mole is a ____terranean animal that destroys lawns.
4. ad-
a-
anti-
circum-
Meaning of whole word: stick
This material will ______here to that one without glue.
5. ab-
un-
extra-
bi-
Meaning of whole word: not normal
Because of the child's ______normal behavior, he was referred to a psychiatrist.

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 PART II: TAKE HOME VOCABULARY & IDIOMS

Choose the word that correctly completes each sentence below.

1. Floyd (lay, laid) in the hammock while Sandy washed her new car.
2. When she gets a headache, Deirdre (lies, lays) down in dark room for several hours.
3. Tamim (sat, set) his Swiss Army knife on the bedside table next to his wallet and keys.
4. Bill (lain, laid) his hammer on the bench and began looking for longer nails.
5. Norman and Lynn spread an old tablecloth on the ground and (sat, set) in the grass to eat their
picnic supper.
6. If you feel your hair standing on end during thunderstorm, (lie, lay) down quickly to avoid being hit
by lightning.
7. Joan and Kate (sat, set) so close to the front of the theatre that they had to lean back to see the
movie.

Use the sentences in parentheses to make relative clauses.

1. She told me her address. (I wrote her address down on a piece of paper.)
2. She showed me a photograph of her son. (Her son is a policeman.)
3. We decided not to swim in the sea. (The sea looked rather dirty.)
4. The new stadium will be opened next month. (The stadium holds 90.000 people.)
5. John is one of my closest friends. (I have known John for eight years.)
6. That man over there is an artist. (I don't remember his name.)
7. Opposite our house there is a nice park. (There are some beautiful trees in this park.)
8. The storm caused a lot of damage. (Nobody had been expecting the storm.)
9. The postman was late this morning. (The postman is nearly always on time.)
10. We often go to visit our friends in Bristol. (Bristol is only 30 miles away.)
11. Mr. Edwards has gone into hospital for some tests. (His health hasn't been good recently.)
12. Jack looks much nicer without his beard. (His beard made him look much older.)
13. I went to see the doctor. (The doctor told me to rest for a few days.)
14. Thank you for your letter. (I was very happy to get your letter.)
15. A friend of mine helped me to get a job. (His father is the manager of a company.)
16. Next weekend I'm going to Glasgow. (My sister lives in Glasgow.)
17. The population of London is now falling. (London was once the largest city in the world.)
18. I looked up at the moon. (The moon was very bright that evening.)
19. We spent a pleasant day by the lake. (We had a picnic by the lake.)

Define whether the following sentences are CORRECT (C) or INCORRECT (I). Correct mistakes.
1. I like novels who deal with philosophical questions.
2. The company did not want to hire a man that his experience was so limited.
3. The family whose house burned down was on television.
4. She wore a dress what everyone considered extravagant.
5. Where can one catch the train, which goes to Flower Square?
6. The ship that we boarded in Rio was bound for Marseilles.
7. John did not want to do business with a man which had been in prison.
8. Take your car back to the man who sold it to you.
9. That is the baby which has been in the incubator for three months.
10. The woman that her photograph was in the paper is making a speech at the town hall tonight.

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 Vocabulary Section

LIST OF VOCABULARY - 6

fastidious ADJ. difficult to please; squeamish. furtive ADJ. stealthy; sneaky. Noticing the
Bobby was such a fastidious eater that he furtive glance the customer gave the diamond
would eat a sandwich only if his mother first bracelet on the counter, the jeweler wondered
cut off every scrap of crust. whether he had a potential shoplifter on his
hands.
fathom V. comprehend; investigate. I find his
motives impossible to fathom; in fact, I’m garrulous ADJ. loquacious; wordy; talkative.
totally clueless about what goes on in his mind. My Uncle Henry is the most garrulous person
in Cayuga County: he can outtalk anyone I
feasible ADJ. practical. Is it feasible to build a
know. garrulity, N.
new stadium for the Yankees on New York’s
West Side? Without additional funding, the gist N. essence. She was asked to give the
project is clearly unrealistic. gist of the essay in two sentences.
glutton N. someone who eats too much.
fell V. cut or knock down; bring down (with a
When Mother saw that Bobby had eaten all the
missile). Crying “Timber!” Paul Bunyan felled
cookies, she called him a little glutton.
the mighty redwood tree. Robin Hood loosed
gluttonous, ADJ.
his arrow and felled the king’s deer.
gratify V. please. Lori’s parents were gratified
fervor N. glowing ardor; intensity of feeling. At
by her successful performance on the SAT.
the protest rally, the students cheered the
strikers and booed the dean with equal fervor. gratuitous ADJ. given freely; unwarranted;
uncalled for. Quit making gratuitous comments
fitful ADJ. spasmodic; intermittent. After
about my driving; no one asked you for your
several fitful attempts, he decided to postpone
opinion.
the start of the project until he felt more
energetic gravity N. seriousness. We could tell we were
in serious trouble from the gravity of the
flagrant ADJ. conspicuously wicked; blatant;
principal’s expression. (secondary meaning)
outrageous. The governor’s appointment of his
grave, ADJ.
brother-in-law to the State Supreme Court was
a flagrant violation of the state laws against gregarious ADJ. sociable. Typically,
nepotism (favoritism based on kinship). partygoers are gregarious; hermits are not.
florid ADJ. ruddy; reddish; flowery. If you go to guile N. deceit; duplicity; wiliness; cunning.
Florida and get a sunburn, your complexion Iago uses considerable guile to trick Othello
will look florid. If your postcards about the trip into believing that Desdemona has been
praise Florida in flowery words, your prose unfaithful.
sounds florid.
gullible ADJ. easily deceived. Overly gullible
frivolous ADJ. lacking in seriousness; self- people have only themselves to blame if they
indulgently carefree; relatively unimportant. fall for con artists repeatedly. As the saying
Though Nancy enjoyed Bill’s frivolous, goes, “Fool me once, shame on you. Fool me
lighthearted companionship, she sometimes twice, shame on me.”
wondered whether he could ever be serious.
hackneyed ADJ. commonplace; trite. When
frivolity, N.
the reviewer criticized the movie for its
frugality N. thrift; economy. In economically hackneyed plot, we agreed; we had seen
hard times, anyone who doesn’t learn to similar stories hundreds of times before.
practice frugality risks bankruptcy. frugal, ADJ.

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hamper V. obstruct. The new mother didn’t deliberately set out to shock conventional
realize how much the effort of caring for an theatergoers with his radical plays.
infant would hamper her ability to keep an
idiosyncrasy N. individual trait, usually odd in
immaculate house.
nature; eccentricity. One of Richard Nixon’s
hardy ADJ. sturdy; robust; able to stand little idiosyncrasies was his liking for ketchup
inclement weather. We asked the gardening on cottage cheese. One of Hannibal Lecter’s
expert to recommend particularly hardy plants little idiosyncrasies was his liking for human
that could withstand our harsh New England flesh. idiosyncratic, ADJ.
winters.
ignominy N. deep disgrace; shame or
haughtiness N. pride; arrogance. When she dishonor. To lose the Ping-Pong match to a
realized that Darcy believed himself too good trained chimpanzee! How could Rollo stand
to dance with his inferiors, Elizabeth took great the ignominy of his defeat? ignominious, ADJ.
offense at his haughtiness.
impair V. injure; hurt. Drinking alcohol can
hedonist N. one who believes that pleasure is impair your ability to drive safely; if you’re
the sole aim in life. A thoroughgoing hedonist, going to drink, don’t drive.
he considered only his own pleasure and
impeccable ADJ. faultless. The uncrowned
ignored any claims others had on his money or
queen of the fashion industry, Diana was
time.
acclaimed for her impeccable taste.
heresy N. opinion contrary to popular belief;
incontrovertible ADJ. indisputable; not open
opinion contrary to accepted religion. Galileo’s
to question. Unless you find the evidence
assertion that the earth moved around the sun
against my client absolutely incontrovertible,
directly contradicted the religious teachings of
you must declare her not guilty of this charge.
his day; as a result, he was tried for heresy.
heretic, N. incorrigible ADJ. not correctable. Though
Widow Douglass hoped to reform Huck, Miss
hierarchy N. arrangement by rank or standing;
Watson called him incorrigible and said he
authoritarian body divided into ranks. To be
would come to no good end.
low man on the totem pole is to have an
inferior place in the hierarchy. indefatigable ADJ. tireless. Although the effort
of taking out the garbage tired Wayne out for
homogeneous ADJ. of the same kind.
the entire morning, when it came to partying,
Because the student body at Elite Prep was so
he was indefatigable.
homogeneous, Sara and James decided to
send their daughter to a school that offered indict V. charge. The district attorney didn’t
greater cultural diversity. homogenize, V. want to indict the suspect until she was sure
she had a strong enough case to convince a
hypocritical ADJ. pretending to be virtuous;
jury. indictment, N.
deceiving. It was hypocritical of Martha to say
nice things about my poetry to me and then indiscriminate ADJ. choosing at random;
make fun of my verses behind my back. confused. She disapproved of her son’s
hypocrisy, N. indiscriminate television viewing and decided
to restrict him to educational programs.
hypothetical ADJ. based on assumptions or
hypotheses; supposed. Suppose you are indomitable ADJ. unconquerable; unyielding.
accepted by Harvard, Stanford, and Brown. Focusing on her game despite all her personal
Which one would you choose to attend? problems, tennis champion Steffi Graf proved
she had an indomitable will to win.
Remember, this is only a hypothetical
situation. hypothesis, N. induce V. persuade; bring about. After the
quarrel, Tina said nothing could induce her to
iconoclastic ADJ. attacking cherished
talk to Tony again. inducement, N.
traditions. Deeply iconoclastic, Jean Genet

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ineffable ADJ. unutterable; cannot be illusory ADJ. deceptive; not real.
expressed in speech. Looking down at her Unfortunately, the costs of running the
newborn daughter, Ruth felt such ineffable joy lemonade stand were so high that Tom’s
that, for the first time in her adult life, she had profits proved illusory.
no words to convey what was in her heart.
immutable ADJ. unchangeable. All things
inert ADJ. inactive; lacking power to move. change over time; nothing is immutable.
“Get up, you lazybones,” she cried to her
impecunious ADJ. without money. Though
husband, who lay in bed inert. inertia, N.
Scrooge claimed he was too impecunious to
inexorable ADJ. relentless; unyielding; give alms, he easily could have afforded to be
implacable. After listening to the pleas for charitable.
clemency, the judge was inexorable and gave
impede V. hinder; block; delay. A series of
the convicted man the maximum punishment
accidents impeded the launching of the space
allowed by law.
shuttle.
illicit ADJ. illegal. The defense attorney
maintained that his client had never performed
any illicit action.

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 LIST OF IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS - 6

 Tell apart Distinguish

 Things are looking up The situation is improving
 Think over Consider
 Throw away Discard; get rid of
 Throw cold water on Discourage; force to cancel (a plan, for example)
 Throw the book at someone Give someone the maximum punishment
 Try on Test clothing before buying (for size, style)
 Try out Test a product before buying
 Try out (for) Audition for (a role in a play, for example)
Attempt to join (a team, for example)
 Turn around Face in a different direction
 Turn down (1)reject an offer
(2) decrease in intensity
 Turn in (1) return; give back; hand in
(2) go to bed
 Turn into Change to; transform into
 Turn off Stop the operation (of an appliance)
 Turn on Start the operation (of an appliance)
 Turn out (1) result; end up; be the final product;
(2) produce;
(3) arrive; gather (for a meeting for example)
 Turn up (1) increase in intensity;
(2) arrive
 Under the weather Slightly ill
 Use up Use completely
 Wait on Serve
 Walk on air Be very happy
 Warm up (1) heat;
(2) practice; prepare for
 Warm up (to) Become friendly with; start to enjoy
 Watch out (for) Be alert; look out for
 Wear out Become no longer useful because of wear
 What the doctor ordered Exactly what was needed; the perfect thing
 Wipe out Eliminate; stamp out
 Without a hitch Without a problem
 Work out (1) exercise;
(2) bring to a successful conclusion; solve

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