Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, Vol. 20, No. 3 (2023), pp. 39-45.

DOI 10.3233/AJW230036

Evaluation of Wastewater Quality Treated by

the Step of the City of Errachidia (Morocco)

Ouhammi M.*, Merzouki M. and Belhassan H.

Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agro-food and Health (LBEAS), Faculty of Sciences Dhar
EL Mehraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
* ouhammimed@yahoo.fr

Received April 4, 2022; revised and accepted October 27, 2022

Abstract: The objective of this study is the physico-chemical and bacteriological characterisation of raw and
purified wastewater from the WWTP of the city of Errachidia, Morocco, during the year 2020, in order to evaluate
the effectiveness of wastewater treatment. of the wastewater treatment plant, of the aerated lagoon type, and see
their reuse in irrigation. The average monthly results of the physico-chemical analyses of treated wastewater
carried out from January to December 2020 are as follows: BOD5 = 94.45 mgo2/l; COD = 339.32 mgo2/l; SS
= 87.67 mg/L. The results show compliance with the general limit values ​​for the discharge of Moroccan surface
water, which protects the environment. Thus, the bacteriological results show the presence of various germs with
average annual values where faecal coliforms (CF) are 680 CFU/100 ml; total coliforms (CT) are 2810 UFC/100
and faecal streptococci are 46 UFC/100 ml, which remain below the limit values ​​recommended by Moroccan
irrigation standards (CF < 1000 UFC/100 ml), which allows their exploitation and their reuse in irrigation.

Key words: Treated wastewater, aerated lagoon, WWTP of the city of Errachidia, physico-chemical parameters,
bacteriological parameters.

Introduction urban wastewater contains nutrients usable by bacteria

for their growth and development, thus having harmful
Various sources of environmental pollution, especially consequences on human health (El Kettani and El
in countries less aware of health risks, are caused by Azzouzi, 2006). In addition, domestic wastewater
the growth of population, economy and urbanisation. contains a high percentage of organic matter and
Among these pollutions, wastewater is often discharged pathogenic microorganisms; in particular bacteria,
into the receiving environment without any treatment, viruses and parasites (Shakir et al., 2017), The city of
according to OMS (2012) more than 80% of the Errachidia (Morocco) is no exception to this rule, hence
world’s wastewater is discharged into the environment the treatment of these discharges is necessary in order
without any treatment, thus leading to the degradation to fight against their harmful effects, and exploit this
of ecosystems (terrestrial or aquatic) and the actual source of water available in abundance and continuously
total volume of wastewater discharged into various for reuse in irrigation, which prompted the municipality
water bodies present in the country is estimated at of the city to carry out a new treatment plant with an
around 750 million m3; 48% of this water is discharged aerated lagoon in 2013, to apply to Moroccan standards
into rivers and the natural environment and the rest and to increase the degree of purification.
towards the sea (Mandi and Ouazani, 2013). Also,

*Corresponding Author
40 Ouhammi M. et al.

Materials and Methods Assessment of the Abatement Rate

The abatement rate (t) in the treatment plant was
Study of the Environment evaluated using the following formula:
The study site chosen is the WWTP of the city of
t = (V1-V2)*100
Errachidia (Figure 1) designed by the Moroccan
National Drinking Water Office (ONEP). The city of where V1 and V2 are the values of the pollution
Errachidia is located in the south-east of Morocco, 320 parameters (COD, BOD5 and MES), respectively, at the
km south of the city of Meknes, and characterised by a entrance and at the exit of the station. When t is greater
dry climate. The wastewater treatment plant of the city than or equal to 70, the treatment is good, when t is
of Errachidia is intended for the collective sanitation between 50 and 70, the treatment is moderately good,
of the city’s wastewater. The STEP is made up of 10 and when t is less than 50, the treatment is bad or nil
basins: 3 aerated basins, operate on the 1st floor, and (DIRECTIVE 91/271/EEC).
the fourth aerated basin operates on the 2nd floor.
The dimensions of these basins are identical and are Biodegradability Assessment
150 m long, 50 m wide and 4.5 m deep with a useful The evaluation of the biodegradability of the effluents
volume of 23,000 m3 each. Apart from the second floor was made on the basis of the COD/BOD5 ratio. If
which has 5 aerators, all the others are equipped with COD/BOD5<2, the effluent is easily biodegradable,
7 surface aerators with a power of 11 kW. The aeration 2<COD/BOD5<3, the effluent is biodegradable with
time applied in the station is 11 hours/24 hours on the selected strains and if COD/BOD5>3: the effluent is
first floor per basin and 7 hours/24 hours on the second not biodegradable (Rodier et al., 2014).
floor, 6 maturation basins which consist of 3 floors, each
of which consists of 2 parallel basins. The maturation Results and Discussion
ponds have the following characteristics: 150 m long, 50
m wide, and 2 m deep with a useful volume of 11,325 The detailed results of the physico-chemical and
m3 each (Chaouki et al., 2014). bacteriological analyses of raw and treated wastewater
from the WWTP of the city of Errachidia have been
Parameters and Methods of Analysis carried out from January to December 2020 and are
Physico-chemical and bacteriological analyses are presented in Table 1 and Figures 2 to 5.
carried out monthly on samples of raw and purified
wastewater at the entrance and exit of the WWTP. The Temperature (Figure 2)
station’s effluents were sampled during the year 2020, There is no big difference between the temperature
with the exception of April due to the confinement values of the wastewater at the inlet and the outlet of
caused by Covid-19 which affected Morocco. the STEP of the city of Errachidia, the temperature of
The analyses carried out are: the raw wastewater is between 14.9°C and 25°C, with
• Temperature. an average of 20°C, Those of the treated wastewater
• COD, BOD5 and MES are between 10°C and 26°C, with an average of 19°C
(Table 1). These recorded temperatures are included in
BOD5 is performed according to NF 1899-1 the range of limit values for the discharge of surface
(AFNOR, 1998; Faïza et al., 2022; Jesus Villalobos et water from Morocco, which must be below 30°C, and
al., 2019). COD and MES are carried out, respectively, in the range of Moroccan standards for the quality of
according to NF 90-101-2001/NM 03.7.54-2013, (Faïza water intended for irrigation (S.E.E.E-2007, Morocco).
et al., 2022; Soude et al., 2018) and NF in 872/2005
(Jesús Villalobos et al., 2019; Merhabi and Amine J. Chemical Oxygen Demand (Figure 3)
Halwani, 2019) The chemical oxygen demand makes it possible to
For bacteriological parameters: assess the concentration of dissolved or suspended
Sampling is carried out under rigorous aseptic organic matter in the water, through the quantity of
conditions. oxygen necessary for their total chemical oxidation
Bacteriological parameters such as faecal coliforms; (Rodier, 2016). The COD values ​​at the inlet vary
total coliforms and intestinal enterococci were performed between 393.6 mg/L and 1368 mg/L during the year
respectively according to NM ISO 9308-1/2007, NM 2020. These values ​​are lower than those found in 2013
ISO 9308-1/2007 (Sadhana et al., 2021) and NM ISO in the same station for the months’ of May, June and
7899-2/2007 (Sadhana et al., 2021)
 Evaluation of Wastewater Quality Treated by the Step of the City of Errachidia (Morocco) 41

Table 1: Physico-chemical parameters of raw and treated wastewater at the inlet and outlet of the treatment plant
of Errachidia during the year 2020

Parameters Month T°C TSS (mg /L) COD (mgo2/l) BOD5 (mgo2/l)
January Between 14.9 120 650 298
Output 10 90 227 90
February Between 18 188 792 360
Output 17 100 240 88
March Between 20 145 744 320
Output 17 75 242 70
May Between 25 156 922 391
Output 26 86.5 202 125
June Between 24 91.5 393.6 220
Output 25 70 280 171
July Between 25 413.5 930 460
Output 25 47 203 121
August Between 18.5 325 960 451
Output 19 78 220 100
September Between 19 140.5 721.3 364
Output 19 98.14 464.6 142
October Between 20 160 1131.3 129
Output 20 100.5 498 25
November Between 21 165 1368 251
Output 20 105 608 31
December Between 21 145 1114.6 393
Output 20 104.5 548 76
Average Output 19.81 86.78 339.32 94.45
surface or ground water Output 30 100 500 100
discharge limit values
(2018) Morocco.

Figure 2: Variation of the average temperature values at

the entrance and exit of the station.
July (Chaouki et al., 2014) and are more or less similar
to those obtained in M’zar Agadir South which is 1433.7
mg/L as maximum value (Mansir et al., 2021). The
Figure 1: Synoptic diagram of the wastewater treatment values ​​at the outlet vary between 202 mg/L and 608
plant of Errachidia mg/L with an average of 405 mg/L, these values at ​​ the
42 Ouhammi M. et al.

Figure 3 : Variation in average COD values at the Figure 4: Variation of average BOD5 values at the inlet
plant outlet. and outlet of the plant.

outlet of the STEP are lower than those found at the carbon pollution and whose values ​​can reach 70.47%,
STEP of the city Dar El Gueddari, Morocco (Ayyach on the one hand. On the other hand, these recorded
et al., 2016) from the month of January to August but values ​​of the BOD5 at the outlet c omply with t h e
from the month of September to December these COD general discharge limit values ​​of Moroccan surface or
values ​​are higher than those of the output of STEP of underground water.
the city Dar El Gueddari.
Using the results of Table 1, the COD/BOD5 ratio Suspended Solids (Figure 5)
for the wastewater entering the WWTP is less than three All of t h e mineral and organic particles contained
(COD/BOD5<3) indicating biodegradable effluent while in waste w ater represent suspended solids as well.
the COD/BOD5 ratio is higher to three (COD/BOD5 Knowledge of the concentration of colloidal elements in
sup to 3) for the months of October to December, and wastewater is important to assess the effect of pollution
therefore their biodegradability is difficult, this is due on the aquatic ecosystem. The amount of suspended
to the nature of the effluent resulting from the activity matter at the entrance varies between 91.5 mg/L and
of small industrial units connected to the network of 413.5 mg/L, with an average of 186.31 mg/L, which
sanitation, same thing for the COD/BOD5 ratio at the remains lower than that found in 2014 (Chaouki et al.,
exit of t he STEP, These values ​​show us an average 2014) The concentration at the outlet varies between
reduction of the aerated basins with respect to carbon 47 mg/L a nd 104.5 mg/L, with an average of 86.78
pollution, which reaches an average value of 66.4% mg/L. These SS values at the outlet of the STEP meet
which is lower than that found in 2013 (Chaouki et al., the general discharge limit values for Moroccan surface
2014), which is 83%. However, these COD values ​​of or groundwater.
the purified waters recorded remain in conformity with The abatement rates of organic pollution parameters
the general limit values ​​for the discharge of superficial which are 70.47%, 60.21% and 44.02%, respectively,
waters or depths of Morocco. for BOD5 , COD and SS indicate that the treatment
efficiency of WWTP is better for BOD5, average for
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (Figure 4) COD and low for suspended solids. The low reduction
The bioc h emical oxygen dem a nd is the quantity of of suspended solids is explained by a malfunction of the
oxygen u s ed for the degrad a tion of decomposable
and biod e gradable organic m atter by biochemical
processes (Rodier, 2016). The concentrations of BOD5
at the entrance to the WWTP in the city of Errachidia
(Morocco) vary between 129 mg/L and 460 mg/L, these
values ​​are similar to those found in Agadir, Morocco
(Mansir e t al., 2021) and l ower than those found at
the WWTP in the city of Dar El Gueddari, Morocco
(Ayyach et al., 2016). The average values ​​at the outlet
vary between 25 mg/L and 171 mg/L with an average
Figure 5: Variation of average TSS values at the inlet and
of 94.45 mg/L. These values ​​at the outlet tell us about
outlet of the station.
the best abatement of aerated pools with respect to
 Evaluation of Wastewater Quality Treated by the Step of the City of Errachidia (Morocco) 43

Table 2: Abatement rate in % of raw and treated indicating faecal contamination. The average total
wastewater of the Errachidia wastewater treatment coliform (TC) load is around 56026.90 germs per
plant during the year 2020 100 ml. For faecal coliforms (CF), the average values​​
are 9080 germs per 100 ml. Faecal streptococci (SF)
Monthly reduction in % BOD5 COD TSS
represent 1095 germs per 100 ml. The CF/SF ratio is
(mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)
greater than 1, which means that the faecal pollution of
January 69.79 65.07 25
wastewater in the city of Errachidia is of human origin.
February 75.55 69.69 46.88 According to Table 3, we note that the total coliforms
March 78.12 67.47 48.27 at the outlet of the station vary between 17800 and 28
May 68,03 78.09 44.55 CFU/100 ml, while the faecal coliforms vary between
June 22,27 28,86 23.49 3700 and 16 CFU/100 ml with an average of 680
July 73.69 78.17 88.63 CFU/100 ml, and faecal streptococci vary between
180 CFU/100 ml and 5 CFU/100 ml, with an average
August 77.82 77.08 76
of 46 CFU/100 ml. These values ​​are comparable to
September 60.98 35.58 30.14 those found in the wastewater treatment plant of the
October 80.62 55.98 37.07 city of Agadir (Morocco) for filtered wastewater (CF)
November 87.64 55.55 36.36 and (SF) for purified wastewater (Mansir et al., 2021)
December 80.66 50.83 27.93 and do not exceed the Moroccan s t andard for water
Abatement allowance 70.47 60.21 44.02 intended for irrigation, which allows us to deduce that
and % also the treatment carried out in the finishing basins
generates yields lower than the values ​​required by the
screening system which allows the waste to pass into standards WHO and Moroccan (SEEE-2007) which is
the anaerobic basin. Similarly, the temperature plays less than 1000 CFU per 100 ml. Also deduced from
a very important role in the reduction of the organic the values ​​shown in Table 3 for total coliforms (CT)
load. it is noted that if the temperature at the WWTP that the calculated purification efficiency of the winter
inlet increases, the organic load decreases at the WWTP season is 82.27% while that of the summer season is
outlet and vice versa, hence its importance in reducing 97.92% where the effective role of temperature, thus
the organic load. This importance of temperature in for faecal coliforms (CF), the purification efficiency
the reduction of the organic load is also highlighted calculated for the winter season is 91.38% and that of
in a study on the purification of wastewater by natural the summer season is 90.80%, and therefore there is a
lagoons (Onifade, 2011). Thus the value of ​​ the average slight difference between the two values of​​ purification
abatement rate for the winter season for B OD5 is efficiency. T hese winter and sum m er puri f i c ation
70.83%, and that of the summer season is 7 4.48%, efficiency c a lculated for total c oliform s a nd faecal
likewise, the values ​​of the average abatement rate for coliforms remain lower than those found in the WWTP
the winter season for SS is around 40.05%, then that of of the city of Oujda (eastern Morocco) which is close
the summer season is 64.92% (Table 2), and therefore, to 100% (Rassam et al., 2012).
the reduction rate for the summer season f or BOD5
and SS is greater than that of the winter season. Hence Conclusion
the importance of temperature in reducing the organic
load. Thus the reducti o n rates of the pol l uting load The evaluation of the physico-chemical and
between raw effluents and treated effluents for COD, bacteriological parameters of the wastewater from
BOD5 and SS for the WWTP in the city of Errachidia the Errachidia treatment plant during the year 2020
which uses aerated lagoon treatment remain lower than shows that: The abatement yields with the aerated
those found in Mediona Casa Blanca, Morocco which lagoon reached average values ​​of 70.47 %, 60.21%
globally exceeds 90% with a very efficient treatment and 44.02%, respectively, for B O D5, COD and SS
system which is Biological Membrane Reactor (BMR) and remain lower than those fou n d in 2014 for the
(Nahli et al., 2016) same station (82%, 83% and 88%) (Chaouki et al.,
2014). As for faecal contaminat i on indicator germs,
Faecalgerms their reduction is 92.51% for total coliforms; 94.98%
The results of bacteriological analyses at the entrance for faecal coliforms and 95.79% for faecal streptococci
to the treatment plant reveal the presence of germs (Table 3) as well.
44 Ouhammi M. et al.

Table 3: Average values of total coliforms; faecal and faecal streptococci of wastewater at the inlet and outlet of the
treatment plant of Errachidia during the year 2020

Month Total coliform Fecal coliform Fecal Streptococcus

(CFU/100 ml (CFU/100 ml) (CFU/100 ml)
January Between 1400 1200 1900
Output 91 36 130
February Between 95 44 89
Output 63 23 36
March Between 1400 950 280
Output 360 130 180
May Between 78 30 91
Output 28 18 20
June Between 150 73 190
Output 120 52 110
July Between 93 30 78
Output 40 16 23
August Between 980 14000 25
Output 820 1200 5
September Between 23600 1160 0
Output 8900 180 0
October Between 81500 3593 6300
Output 1340 1820 0
November Between 74000 14800 0
Output 1350 310 0
December Between 433000 64000 3100
Output 17800 3700 0
Annual average Entrance station 56026,90 9080 1095
Annual average Output 2810 680 46
Average annual biodegradability in %. 94,98 92,51 95,79

The quality of the treated water from the station chiffré, Ministre d’équipement ,transport ,logistique et
complies with the general limit values for
​​ the discharge de l’eau ,Ministre d’énergie –Mines et développement
of Moroccan surface or underground water. Aeration durable, du ministre de tourisme, transport aérien,industrie
systems and the adaptation of micro-organisms to the et l’économie sociale n° 3286-17 du 13 hijja 1438 (4
degradation of organic matter. As a result, the quality of Septembre 2017) fixant les valeurs limites générales de
purified water allows its reuse in agriculture (Category rejet dans les eaux superficielles ou souterraines. Bulletin
A) according to the classification table of purified water .Officiel. n° 6641du 22 janvier 2018. Maroc
intended for irrigation (S.E.E.E-2007, Morocco)). But it Ayyach, A., Fathallah, R., Hbaiz, E.M., Fathallah, Z., Chouki,
is advisable to adopt a tertiary treatment and disinfection H. and A. El Midaoui (2016). Physico-chemical and
to obtain treated water of acceptable microbiological bacteriological characterization of wastewater treatment
quality for reuse in irrigation, allowing the protection of plant in the city DAr El Gueddari (Morocco). Larhyss
agricultural users and consumers of crops (WHO, 2012). Journal, 28: 65-85.
Chaouki, H., Elwatik, L., Ramchoun,Y., Fath-Allah, R.,
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Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution
Volume 20 Number 1 January, 2023

Contents

Editorial i

q Snapshots ii

Life Cycle Assessment of Wastewater Treatment in a Refinery with Focus on

the Desalting Process
Kouacou Koimbla Francine Josée, Adama Ouattara, Assémian Alain Stéphane
and Yao Kouassi Benjamin 1
System Performance Evaluation for Tea Plants Replacing Sprinkler with Drip Irrigation
using Water Uniformities in Dooars, India
Mantu Das, Subhasish Das and Asis Mazumdar 9
Challenges and Prospects of Flood Early Warning Systems: A Study of Narayani Basin
Chandra Lal Pandey and Anoj Basnet 17
IoT Based System for Sewage Overflow Prevention using Heterogeneous
Communication Networks
Kanchana Rajaram, Mirnalinee, T.T. and Felix Enigo V.S. 25
The Utilisation of International Watercourses from an International Environmental
Law Perspective
Nanik Trihastuti, Pulung Widhi Hari Hananto and Daniel Rene Kandou 35
Enviro-Health Dimensions of Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Draft Notification 2020
and COVID-19 Pandemic
M.Z.M. Nomani 43
Reduction of Chromium in Waste Water From Hard Chrome Plating Processes: A Review
Basavaraja, R.J., Rahul, O., Ranganatha, M., Suhas, K.S. and Vishnumurthy, K.A. 49
Comparative Analysis of Hybrid Photovoltaic Thermal (PV/T) Solar Dryer
Sanjay Agrawal, Trapti Varshney and Jitendra Kumar 57
Measurement of Tritium Activity Concentrations in Water Samples of Al-Amara City
in Misan Province-Iraq, using Liquid Scintillation Counter
Zahraa A. Ismail Al-Sudani, Sawsan S. Fleifil and Mazin Mohammed 67
Synthesis, Characterisation and Utilisation of Magnetic Fe3O4 – TGT Nanocomposite in
the Removal of Pb(II) from Aqueous Solutions
J. Anuradha and N. Muthulakshmi Andal 77
Water Quality Status of the Rivers in Tembilahan City Based on Physical-Chemical
Parameters and Storet Index
Masykur Hz, Bintal Amin, Sofyan Husein Siregar and Jasril 85
Assessment of Seven Conventional Natural Drinking Water Sources in the Periphery of
Chamba Town of Himachal Pradesh in India
Tej Singh and Hemant Pal 97
Sustainable Development for Urban Prosperity in Harmony Between Nature and Architecture
Adil Hatem Nawar and Ahmed Adnan Saeed 105
Iraq Green Buildings Code Effect on Improving Outdoor Thermal Comfort for
Residential Complex
Ahmed Kadhim Hado and Susan Abed Hassan 115

Environment News Futures 121