Mini Project Report
On
“DESIGN OF HORN ANTENNA”
Student Name: Tirumala Rao M
SAP ID: 60002210145
Class: TY EXTC-Div-II
Sem: SEM VI
Teacher’s Name: Prof. Amit A. Deshmukh
Dr.(Mrs.) Venkata A P Chavali
CERTIFICATE
Radiating Systems Lab DJ19ECL602 SEMESTER VI
This is to certify that Mr. Tirumala Rao M, SAP ID: 60002210145 of
TE EXTC Div-II has submitted his/her Mini Project for Radiating
Systems Laboratory for the Academic Year 2023-2024.
Guide Examiner
HOD, EXTC Department
INDEX
Radiating Systems Lab DJ19ECL602 SEMESTER VI
Sr. No. Title Page No.
1 Aim 4
2 Theory 4
3 Design Procedure 5
Horn Antenna and Its
4 9
Radiation Pattern
5 Fabricated Antenna Pictures 9
6 Measurement Results 12
7 Conclusion 16
8 References 16
Aim:
To Design and compare the gain of 3 Horn Antennas using three antenna method.
Horn Antenna Theory:
The horn antenna has a distinctive shape and is unlike many other forms of antenna and
is used at microwave frequencies. The horn antenna can be considered to be a
waveguide that has been widened out in the form of a horn. As a result it finds many
applications in areas where waveguides are used. Shaped like a horn and this antenna
forms a smooth transition between the waveguide and free space whilst also directing
the radio waves in a beam. The horn antenna may be considered as an RF transformer
Radiating Systems Lab DJ19ECL602 SEMESTER VI
or impedance match between the waveguide feeder and free space which has an
impedance of 377 ohms. By having a tapered or having a flared end to the waveguide
the horn antenna is formed and this enables the impedance to be matched. Although the
waveguide will radiate without a horn antenna, this provides a far more efficient match.
Horn antennas are very popular at UHF (300 MHz-3 GHz) and higher frequencies. Horn
antennas often have a directional radiation pattern with a high antenna gain, which can
range up to 25 dB in some cases, with 10-20 dB being typical. Horn antennas have a
wide impedance bandwidth, implying that the input impedance is slowly varying over a
wide frequency range.
Horn antennas are used in many areas, not only because they are convenient, but
because they possess a number of features that make them ideal in many applications.
The horn antenna is only seen at microwave frequencies because it would be far too
large for use at lower frequencies. Where it is used, the horn antenna provides an
effective for of antenna that is relatively straightforward to implement and manufacture.
Design Procedure:
Radiating Systems Lab DJ19ECL602 SEMESTER VI
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Radiating Systems Lab DJ19ECL602 SEMESTER VI
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Horn Antenna and Its Radiation Pattern:
The waves travel down a horn as spherical wavefronts, with their origin at the apex of
the horn, a point called the phase centre. The pattern of electric and magnetic fields at
the aperture plane at the mouth of the horn, which determines the radiation pattern, is a
scaled-up reproduction of the fields in the waveguide.
Because the wavefronts are spherical, the phase increases smoothly from the edges of
the aperture plane to the centre, because of the difference in length of the centre point
and the edge points from the apex point. The difference in phase between the centre
point and the edges is called the phase error. This phase error, which increases with the
flare angle, reduces the gain and increases the beamwidth, giving horns wider
beamwidths than similar-sized plane-wave antennas such as parabolic dishes.
Fabricated Antenna Pictures:
Fig.1 Fabricated Horn Antenna
Radiating Systems Lab DJ19ECL602 SEMESTER VI
Fig.2 Workbench
Radiating Systems Lab DJ19ECL602 SEMESTER VI
Fig.3 Gain measurement set
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Measurement Results:
G1= Transmitter G3=Reciever
PT1=5dbm R=750 cm
f Pr3
1.3 -38.2
1.35 -25.5
1.4 -20.2
1.45 -18.2
1.5 -23.1
1.55 -20.1
1.6 -23.2
1.65 -20.6
1.7 -23.5
1.75 -21.5
1.8 -23.2
1.85 -23.6
1.9 -26.2
1.95 -27.9
2 -26.7
2.05 -29
2.1 -27.2
2.15 -30.1
2.2 -27.1
2.25 -29.4
2.3 -27
2.35 -30
2.4 -28.4
2.45 -30.3
2.5 -30
2.55 -32.4
2.6 -31.7
2.65 -32.1
2.7 -31.8
2.75 -33.2
2.8 -35.4
G1=Transmitter G2= Reciever
PT1=5dbm R=750 cm
f Pr2
1.3 -50
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Radiating Systems Lab DJ19ECL602 SEMESTER VI
1.35 -39
1.4 -31
1.45 -26
1.5 -29.7
1.55 -25.4
1.6 -26.7
1.65 -25
1.7 -27.5
1.75 -25.4
1.8 -27.5
1.85 -27.3
1.9 -28.4
1.95 -30.6
2 -27.6
2.05 -29.4
2.1 -28.3
2.15 -30
2.2 -26.7
2.25 -30.7
2.3 -28.3
2.35 -30.8
2.4 -29.1
2.45 -31.9
2.5 -31.5
2.55 -34
2.6 -33.5
2.65 -34
2.7 -34
2.75 -36
2.8 -38
G3=Transmitter G2= Reciever
PT3=5dbm R=750 cm
f Pr2
1.3 -49
1.35 -37.7
1.4 -31.8
1.45 -26.7
1.5 -29.8
1.55 -26.7
1.6 -30
1.65 -28.4
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Radiating Systems Lab DJ19ECL602 SEMESTER VI
1.7 -30.6
1.75 -27.1
1.8 -29.5
1.85 -28.4
1.9 -29.4
1.95 -31
2 -27.8
2.05 -30
2.1 -28.1
2.15 -30.5
2.2 -27
2.25 -30.7
2.3 -28.3
2.35 -30.5
2.4 -28.9
2.45 -31.6
2.5 -31.5
2.55 -33.2
2.6 -33.2
2.65 -33.4
2.7 -34.7
2.75 -36.5
2.8 -36.9
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Gain comparison plot
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Conclusion:
We designd a pyramidal Horn Antenna for operatin freq 1.342 GHz using IE3D software.
We compared the horn antenna with dipole in terms of effective aperature area. Gain was
measured using 3-antenna method & was 16dB.
References:
1. Wikipedia, www.enwikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_antenna
2. https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/antennas-propagation/horn-antenna/basicsprimer.php
3. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/antenna_theory/antenna_theory_horn.htm
4. Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, 3rd Edition by Balanis
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