Homeclass11biology-notes

Notes of Ch 5 Morphology in Flowering

Plants| Class 11th Biology
29 May, 2019

Study Material and Notes of Ch 5 Morphology in

Flowering Plants Class 11th Biology
Topics in the Chapter

 Classification
 Numerical Taxonomy
 Cytotaxonomy
 Chemataxonomy
 Algae
 Reproduction in Algae
 Bryophytes
 Reproduction in Bryophytes
 Pteridophytes
  Gymnosperms
 Angiosperms
 Life Cycle and Alternation of Generations

Points to Remember

Morphology: The study of various external features, forms and

relative position of different organs of the organism is known as
morphology. It may be further divided into internal and external
morphology.

External Morphology: It deals with external forms like shape, size,

colour, structure and relative position of different organs.

Internal Morphology: Further divided into anatomy and histology.

Anatomy: It deals with the study of internal structure exposed after

dissection and opening of various parts of an organ.

Histology: The study of tissues, their composition and structure.

Adaptation: Any alteration in the structure or function of an

organism or any of its part that results from natural selection and by
which the organism becomes better fitted to survive and multiply in
its environment.

The Root

→ The root is underground part of the plant and develops from

elongation of radicle of the embryo.

Characteristics
→ It lies inside the soild, chlorophyll is absent, absence of nodes and
internodes, leaves and budgs; positive geotropic and hydrotropic
and negative phototropic.

Main functions of root system

(i) Absorption of water and minerals from the soil.

(ii) Provides anchorage to plant parts.

(iii) Stores reserve food material and synthesises plant growth

regulators (cytokinins)

Regions of Roots

Root Cap: The root is covered at the apex by the thimble-like

structure which protect the tender apical part.

Region of meristematic activity

→ Cells of this region have the capability to divide; cells are small,
thin walled with dense protoplasm.

Region of elongation: Cell of this region are elongated and

enlarged.This region is responsible for the growth of root in length.

Region of Maturation: This region has differnentiated and

matured cells.

→ Some epidermal cells form very fine and delicate thread like
structures called root hairs.

Modifications of Root:

→ Roots are modified for support, storage of food, respiration.

• For support: Prop roots in banyan tree, stilt roots inmaize and
sugarcane.
• For respiration : Pneumatophores in Rhizophora (Mangrove).
• For storage of food: Fusiform (radish), Napiform (turnip), Conical
(carrot), Fasiculated fleshy roots (Asparagus).

The Stem

→ Stem is the aerial part of the plant and develops from plumule of
the embryo. It bears nodes and internodes.

Functions of stem

→ Exposure of leaves, conduction of water and minerals,

translocation of food, exposure of flowers and fruits.

Modifications of Stem
→ In some plants the stems are modified to perform the function of
storage of food, support, protection and vegetative propagation.

• For food storage: Rhizome (ginger, turmeric), Tuber (potato), Bulb

(onion), Corm (Colocasia, Amorphophallus/Zamin-kand)

• For support: Stem tendrils of wawtermelon, grapevine, cucumber,

pumpkins.

• For protection: Axilliary buds of stem of Citrus, Bougainvillea get

modified into pointed thorns. They protect the plants from animals.

• For vegetative propagation : Underground stems of grass (runner),

strawberry (stolons), leateral branches of mint and jasmine,
Eichhornia (offsets).

• For assimilation of food : Flattened stem of Opuntia and cylindrical

stem of Euphorbia contains chlorophyll and performs
photosynthesis.

The Leaf

→ Develops from shoot apcial meristem, flattened, green structure

acropetally arranged manufacture the food by photosynthesis. It has
bud in axil.

→ A typical leaf has leaf base, petiole and lamina (leaf blade).

→ In some leguminous plants the leaf base may become swollen

which is called as pulvinus.
Venation: The arrangement of veins and veinlets in the lamina of
leaf.

Types of Venation
(i) Reticulate: Veinlets form a network as in leaves of dicotyledonous
plants (China rose, peepal).

(ii) Parallel: Veins are parallel to each other as in leaves of

monocotyledonous

plants (grass, maize,sugarcane).

Phyllotaxy: The pattern of arrangement of leaves on the stem or

branch.

Functions of Leaf
Photosynthesis, gaseous exchange, transpiration, protection of buds
and conduction.

Modifications of Leaves

(i) Tendrils — Function: Climbing — Example: Sweet Pea, Pea

(ii) Spines — Function: Protection — Example: Aloe, Opuntia,

Argemone

(iii) Pitcher — Function: Nutrition — Example: Nepenthes

(iv) Hook — Function: Support — Example: Cat’s nail

(v) Fleshy Leaves — Function: Storaged food — Example: Onion and

Garlic

Inflorescene: The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis

(Peduncle)
Main types of Inflorescence

(i) Recemose:

→ It is indefintie inflorescene.

→ Main axis continues to grow and flowers borne in acropetal

succession.
e.g. : Radish, Mustard, Amaranthus

(ii) Cymose:

→ It is defintie inflorescence.

→ Main axis terminates in flowers and the flowers borne in basipetal

succession.
e.g. : Cotton, Jasmine, Calotropis

• Special Inflorescence type—Ficus, Salvia, Euphorbia,Sunflower

• Flower—Modified shoot meant for reproduction

On the basis of symmetry flower can be

(i) Actinomorphic (Radial symmetry)

→ Flower can be divided into two equal halves in any radial

plane passing through centre. eg : Mustard, Datura, Chilli

(ii) Zygomorphic (Bilateral symmetry)

→ Flower can be divided into two similar halves only in one plane. eg
: Pea, bean, Gulmohar, cassia

(iii) Asymmetric (Irregular)

→ Flower cannot be divided in two similar halves by any vertical

plane passing through centre. eg : Canna

On the basis of floral appendages flower can be:

(i) Trimerous (multiples of 3)

(ii) Tetramerous (multiples of 4)

(iii) Pentamerous (multiples of 5)

On the basis of position of Calyx, corolla and androecium in
respect of ovary, flower can be:

(i) Hypogynous (Superior Ovary): eg. Mustard, China rose, Brinjal

(ii) Perigynous (Half inferior ovary): eg. Plum, Rose, Peach

(iii) Epigynous (inferior ovary): eg. Guava, Cucumber, ray florets

(sun flower)

• Thalamus/Receptacle: Swollen end of flower stalk (pedicel)

which bears four whorls of flower viz., Calyx (K), Corolla (C),
Androecium (A) and Gynoecium (G
• Bract: Reduced leaf base found at the base of pedicel. Flowers
with bracts are called bracteale and without bracts are called
ebracteate.

• Perianth: If calyx and corolla are not distinguishable, they are

called perianth.

Example : Lily

Aestivation

→ The mode of arrangement of sepals or petals infloral bud.

Types of aestivation

(i) Valvate: Sepals or petals just touch one another at the margin,
withut overlapping. e.g., Calotropis

(ii) Twisted: Sepals or petals overlap the next sepal or petal e.g.,
China rose, Cotton, lady’s finger.

(iii) Imbricate: The margins of sepals or petals overlap one another

but not in any defintite direction, e.g., Cassia, Gulmohar.

(iv) Vexillary: The largest petal overlaps the two lateral petals which
in turn overlap two smallest anterior petals, e.g., Bean, Pea.
Placentation

→ The arrangement of ovules within the ovary.

Types of Placentation

(i) Marginal: Placenta forms a ridge along the ventral suture of

ovary, e.g., Pea.

(ii) Axile: Margins of carpels fuse to form central axis, e.g., China
rose, Tomato, Lemon

(iii) Perietal: Ovules develop on inner wall of ovary, e.g., Mustard,

Argemone

(iv) Free central: Ovules borne on central axis, lacking septa, e.g.,
Dianthus, Primrose
(v) Basal: Placenta develop at the base of ovary, e.g., Sunflower,
Marigold

• Placenta : Parenchymatous flattened cushion inside ovary where

ovules are borne.

• The fruit : After fertilisation, the mature ovary develops into fruit.
The parthenocarpic fruits are formed from ovary without fertilisation
(seedless fruit-Banana)

Monocotyledonous seed

→ Endosperm bulky and stores food, covered by proteinaceous

Aleurone layer.

→ Seed has single large cotyledon–scutellum.

→ Plumule is enclosed in Coleoptile and Radicle is enclosed in

Coleorrhiza.
Dicotyledonous Seed

• Hilum: Is a scar on the seed coat through which seeds attached to

the fruit.

• Micropyle: Small pore, above hilum

• Cotyledons: two; freshly, full of preserve food materials

• Embryonal axis: Radicle and plumule.

• Endospermous seed: endosperm present in mature seed. eg.

castor

• Non-endospermous seed: endosperm not present in mature seeds,

eg. bean,
#semi technical description of a typical flowering plant.