CS 3 3s2- Dgtal Pictples and Cormpuli Deft (SE,

ATDS
Coganistion Yeas L

Past-A u-5 SEM

what meandMemoty- mokhod rlo?

b
memey monhed I/o a way to xchange
dada and nstw ctfong Letusan a CPU and Rpho
dovices attached to ?. ocesLAN and clo daice Shaa the
Some Mema (ocatEonhis ehauque ugses, Jame adds
us + addtorg both mams T/o deuica
DSAogush betseon SRAm ank DRA M: -

Statc RAm (sRAM) Dynamic RAm (DA AM)

use3 rangigtg oD Tt uso CoPatorS to Stone
OTt
stee each it od data each Lft ot dataa
net rees Femodic
Does
Tefreshment to maintånd edsfeioic eshd
+o mantasn data.
ctue s
Comhla SPmhlen stetu

EX fentve og xeengue
SlsuR
used
Sed n Cache mem uged in mio momsty

Dek a 3tmemay ieNaMchy

aa Conceft sov tomng and rCusSPng
esormane ?ssuas n Coahulo andnitectutal doian, algatth
Arecttsg and ewen eel o1aming ongtrwets
Such os fwsluing localt o hajoesu tt ditigis
Cach lorel n the h@anch ahense ine
 Cache memey7
Paat
Caca
3
mem a Snall
high SPed do.
peoed dat
-szed he f volstle

fomucpn memauy tha

svidey u
2uarty
B4ee32quantu
suBCOIJON and Steeg
ficcossto a
dat, Ti st
steud
ernualohkogamg aicationpand
uunil a Comuata s Pouesd
Pouesed
an etaiag data
mome
stale advartge3 e tuol
O Eosi mameuy managomartt
ovMdes memsy oation/Protection
6)what S meant api2
inatranolalen betwan ogfcal adlrogg (fg)
and physifcal Addao (lrames) alled ag

Deshe USB
Unyensal serial Bus Cus8 suhheg data
ran&fes ratg uhto 480 mbPS, as mary
21 doviCes CenneckA to a
ith
SPngla
as
thLsuh -ho8Contholles
Srecal hus daviceg in a tree- Gke Mare
Houw
man totad aue Hausd ha doect- mafHed
tn 1 kb o daa acle
and 4 (eA ocks, a3tuumuga
No oweds n a 8leck 4 32-Ltades
ANO
owAS LG = los24= 2
CachommBy S Ze 16kB
Cachamamy Sze
. oe wedgha Blar. +K
-

Total Ktt 32I2 -218

'

1 hits3
he hut 9neuo: -

VO. O- ttmas YayoIzaNced twtalg ata

At7tto cace

whatg MSS (E0alks 2 inko a level

fetcha block
Tis the 4me ILOuivw to
tron the bsen lovel, incluelg
mams heeSnchy
thatme to accoss the bløck t rorm ane level to
ranst
he
thoh, inst n hat Boientel Ha miss and
he el
Aren as3 dhe bleck to the uquoz-o7

hj shat s rtual mam

Lt is a kchnue to exlend the Size f Phypta
eme To xend Sfze, t us23 8Cendat teag2 Such s
Techueg thot aulomtiall moe (r®lam and
tokoblecks tnko Prugital mare when fhoy aa ezyuvod A®1|

eTien ane Calla y?rtual mame

2wha 3 thu ue e DmA Cenbiolea?

x s wed to Arana dota bekwanPrcterggh
and lisk h Ha helhot dok oibreller.
*at wed toConnact a high SPea otueA.
Hhe Coorhuio Bu
takag Cae b CPu To 0en,, aProcasg
duun a trangkn
 PaIut-B
anR exflatn tho feIaITt
Desfne acho memelomo
cho
us a Small, luutdagt Memeu
Laliens
Cacha memety
mest CorumEnl cosgod
SCCoLLod
lvhäch the Contert oR the
ptatieag as maintained c

Tt an be Plood betweln maun MemOA anl

8lack momos
main
Psvcesor wod acho

Cache mahu fueliorn

The Ceeghendlance between main momey blacks and
Fho Cache Setkfed g mahug duncton .

Cache maung fuct en ae clasiAeA ag

sec
3

motur
A880caie mothng Rly30cale
ODitect- mainechnue. et aggsealne

Eah blbck Buerm main memefy ha3 8-l ena PeRiten

Iocdisn in the ache 8gaunisaton
oin
bleck o
mdmey blecka0,128,26,. ..s loadod in Cache
.

BleckgI,/29, 257,.. fs loadal en Cache leckiand

n
Memsu addsosg diided ato3 aldg Such

Blodk w

Reld
a BlockR
 is Sel Apeuminag tha adhe fesiLeq an ohich
hs block must be steud.
Lohich
KThase SiB ae usel to ?Asrdidg af S2b
hok ane Mahtad ito the ache
wnen meme acassedl, Tb+ Cacha block Fell lanisea
aiCuasn blck lotdfon to acha
as3otiatad wth tag bis
wth that Cache localion.
*IEHj match, thoan the dasita wad
Cache
2a tn that blake
THhL ås no match, than Ahe block
Contafning Heveua
Ad must frst be read
fom main mams cund lansdefat
Maun momEl Cacke
Block o
CadhemameA BloCk

glech0
Block
Block63
Block64
Bleck b5

Glocs11L
lock 128|
lock 121k-

. ck OS
AAAartaR
tagto nhlarnert and STmele
DSGdiantages
*Not Heefbe
Kfahlaamant algeithon as AVRa

2 esocialuue metung
Ofully as90Colie moahu.
A main mams blecR. Can be Plocad tnto any acha
lock fostteon
memsPJ aAdA09g hag
vo Bloc feld
n 2eldg ed
wed and
12 4
Ta
main memety addhag
Togw|
Hgh des n bits ao
ach bleck of ache if dasivtdemhasad to tag bits &
block 3
This echa'que Mes Comhlat eenderm03ent
acha ocakion
a thch td Placa the mans n ChBosng h
eme
Adankag28 1 Saca Con be uge Bck.
Blck.
esSCRert
Lves sud readom 2n Chaesing a
St an be used ache Locatton
new Block nalacos anefiente
extsing block 4 €ocha g
DRsadwasdage31 tu
*AA 128 tag8 aa Satche tosfnd
plocks dn tha cacha (@) n8t
whethan a given
gvenn

Set-Asspctatne mhng
oCombinaion of bot drect and agsatr
magping. eloc of ache are gtsuhol
trto se
 main mameublock 0,b4128, 4032 Mat MtD anu
Dolocks of Jet o
main mimet lblock ,65, 129, . .4 033 Can map htoan
tuo blocks of setand SO
So on
t salocd two wy et a39oc?akfve ache2
ecaus each blods om main memey hag tuwechelea|
6et 6lock 9tMacomant
Cume AddIs8 has3 feldg.
set feld (6);- t nmdsbits to dodesmine dosfre
block from b4
TgeluL C SetToa ase now 64 Rals
a bAck beleng to The' + tag d'el uged to
atCaulan Paga from b4 2903 hi
uhd ield C) - This el Selects ong
blck ds inal s
PLock O
Gockbela
SetOo
Block Rago
to Tago

BloCkb3
ek
3ds o Cadhe meME Blockb
TEBck0 Block &S Page
mm
Blcck
Tag
BLock
121S

SeleBlock 62 Block L d32

Block62| Blec433

T
ai mam4addoa_
. Bleck.4OTS
.
 ABNOndage
Conterlien rollams Selre
9caduncod
Cost
to imnlemont
simlbsn
(phat virtual datall alout
memes? EXPlan h

vivtual em eganisatisn and Sehg ivowel in vtrdaA

mamey adlsaas tanglausn wih naak skeLeh .

meme s ed to exen ahhaSart

vtual
s af yecal mame
To exend the si ze, tt uALg SeCoda Stovage
SAch as diskS
*Techauog automatfcally maue Pgan and
ate blocks into hyscal memsy uhon toi ate os
eT execn Raouwn as vîrtual AMOuy
vitual mam gangalien
AddIO3803 that Proces30 A3Suag GCcog
e thos istweHen data ao Called Vrtual s ngell
addass
Set ot addHosge3 are calle memoY SaA
mmd Mameuj manageant nd tsanglat
rtual adsaas rto gnysfcal adlneg3
ghyscal aBAnas3 organs«d ag agog in
which a foghamg and dato Can be Stebet.
KData terad age ae marebetwe
Main Memeuy and desk.
 ge 1o48, 445
Fa
Lrocesse
Ntualaddoy
ledl 1,o4,+141J+k
ata fage
Trhealadkraeg
Physal adng
addrag
hystcal
DmA Transjo +AB
Fageo
vtual momey ganis aloo Page Ganisalisn dp

*Votual addsa9s oon ioAo avfrtual fdge

ml
an
* Bhpcal Page numse Cornyttut uhan Plien
o fusa addso3
rage cBE9et s nst changed Bngtttey tha
osengeibn.
o. e bits n tha age B8set ield
iaos th Rage si2.
KPagatable is ved to Piaah the fnkeera

*ha erth2 fage tolta gine the

Phgstca Fase nwnlen, in whch aG8sit addod to
9kghyscal adlass 96maun mamsy.
AN Fge tabla bage reule, Stastng addy a
Stored
 . table age Ragate
ituaee Qumhn_O3g

Conto Pa9erumlbe
vstual armely Chysicalageumbe)
AddLLs rame
TrcLnslaU olke
A&Mantage rhygcal adses3
Main meerU
n
gesn of vrtual Mama
Pgtams Can e Ste°tud
tabe roglarm naed nat e in mame-
xain
block
n dotal th DmAControlles
eth Suitabl
&ogtarn i
Drec mmsl accosg CpMA) Can
tran&n the
dota dinectty betuen meme anc o
devices,
ahes than ung CPU
ORHaion takeg flace Bei PmA
dota tranebes
Ao a olwus81
-
Se1The CPU Sel u davie and than
A Sig

the deyice to Staot the rangdeN

tvaunge fndorartast og-CrU
dovice begmg
Ic2.DA Place, PU Co0 tnues xCUtiod
while t
cLnaßesz takia
ancl hen PvoCeSS
er3-whan Ahe DA 4ransfer fs Completed, tho
R ce fotesrupt3 the cPU
Bleck gham

Add
OrA
Tntena
elaDs Adro23 Rgste
Contho
Logkc
w wR word Codrt Rogistei
8R
eusRs
Control Regstes
PmA Roguost

DMAAcknDyklge
toto device
DmA Codtro||e
is usedto tonsf langR
acuMo9 tho bus usng data.
Cy cle Stsaling mede
DmA
DMA acquia3 th bu3,
tran&jeh the b
Nwe and Ahen alngudshes tha
bus
CPU Can Shate thebus duung DmA
ranSfg
what Hhe vck DMA Corolles and d
y'iOS ovehal eschanmana af The
A DmA Cortrolle7
used to lonnect aahgh- Sreo
DmA is
retetR tho Conhulon Bus
to
*DMA Contro) handes data trangfe belan
fgh srea natwstk and Brnhulir ysem
Also sed to rarafe data betwan the
diss Controlb
Phocess.e and Ask wfth the hel eß

Tha
data engfesi
Gcan also fetkeLm memsyto omaz
XA DmA davfca that te Rog eueN the Job of
Cpu duing a trar&fN,

Pro CesSp matn momor+

Sg&em Bug

DisContoe onolex inte eyba

DPs
ueosl
OHRSCACH.
 e ante of pMA Corcdroles

a mA daa trasaie
wh a ocesge6s6 heos Some doia om fbt dip
ingak
Coumand wda to agistes
SonlS a Cond
Sciits et
flosry disk olley
SPecstc } pcR Sedei the dek.
an
thdste sametme, Pho ce23E luods DmA dota
At
oonke and adltas8 togiste.
Oaia Cooner> is londad e be
w'th
Ag3t> s lsadod cote Stat ng addtas3
* It seads data, sends DmA reuast. wfthun
un, Sends HoLD HoNAA to w0SoN actaun
CenAro)fbus
Then OceggEN Sends HLDA Hold Acknouledge
to DmA
ASte transgatua all bt let Serls
DMA Contvo
EOP CEnd of ocess) to nhut et fleth disk.
Interut l sent to el ProcessE Anat, bleck
&-dada 3eqelid hag bean noadfrom dis k to a kuko

memo
Ara
Data

HoLDa flofy Csk,

ocg98 HLDA PMA
e
Cont 1e/ler 7
ESdwhtYEqUCst
 n Lhdch
otuch the GEt
the
aa the tuwo ways ehanati
ofhONaTsn
sN?2
5)what wla
a wUl
Cacha Caa ro ceel {e
Procald B7 C
Cache can
SSteM th thLoug
wile sfetalisn n ags
away3 wite
CoFy becR

Owrite thoteugh (Pbotocol) -

thoteugh, data is Simultnesgl

wite
uhdatd +o Cache and meme
Tts Smhlo and mea relfalele th
*Thiss used hon the ata nA Htaquent ile
(Cache
in data recovE Rn tho Cage s% Pouweh
hehs
Shetage e Sy8tem 4a (L
DISadvat age-A data wite wel exferience dala
aswe bave to wite locatfons ((both memOT Cacha
to 2
a wite Back
Data s hdo-ted only Pnthe Cacha and uPdala
tato memein Latefoe
Data fs UPdatodr the mmoY ony hen acke
ready to repla@.
Cach locatlon has a bit: CalledA Dirty bit 7
d molfied bt
Eachn block in tha Cache nads a biEto incl cab
ha dota Preg0n4
not odised the Cache way
(clecun) mae
t
tho memSU ås Clean, hoe s no heod to wmtg intd
'
.'

i.

og gnad to
to amemgr
 oRes ctiong that taRe laa for To
egammed
SAPCP sirst dhecks Status af dskCà) each z/0
cove n3eqUACE This chocg aled
.
olling
uu ollug, ocessoy Ccant exeCUte othan
instructons fn SeweNce .

Sle2
TA disr a net ready to be read or
witten,
then cPo leoPs back and chechs statug Con4nuc
votl disk reada. This ajond toas buy-u
| when
the dsk 3 naly 9aad,
Cf data is made betuuan ds k thanatrangj
CPU
SeP
CPu chock3 to ee ie th@a 3 ano the omUia
reuagt for dsS. F thete «s deuAst, then a
the rocesg Tefeats, chouse CP Cortinuag cwithanehos
tag
ANantage.i
OSimele to1mPlement
Ves (+tle has91dusare Suhet-
Disadvautage
CPU
kest
waste 4ima
busg dos Poling doviceg
thus
.e) busg aft af CPU
4gh Proty
dovig ae not choche!.
tho Cfo s inshed wth t3 Cuent o
|uhih mat houwe a lew tak
Pnort
 Sails Peue
T Cache dfuls Ssslem
utage the MalifedA data will be lest Becaug
al mhetanc ragieM data am Cache
Lest
OCcuUs to a locatin hat s net fre220
**toite
n the Cache (unie miSS) we use two oPttern3
Owite localion
wwte ATound.
Owise ALocaVeea
nwite allocatien data is wadocd om tha
Mmeyînto Cache and han uhdaled
gendally ugad usPth wite back because
i
cssas to bing dada Am emay to acha an
udaln data in both Cache and main m20mEH
wiee threugh hn ssewth write Allaaki
(2) wRie AxDurd
Data disecty wtten/ uheatd to main
mmeig Rthst dituling cche 6
sugad whan ha data n8t immellalo
ee asa
DfsCuss about Progtammal T/o an ntestueet
DMVen Tlo ag3ialad wfth Comhulby
Froamno o olna
CPU olls each ovice to see
Couwica tnaas
Pewes

w Chat oPwg'tammed otansfesn|

(Enie

heck sladus of diGk

No Disk
Teacd

HCS
en data drom MemeYo|
aisk (wite) yrom Bkto
mame (read)

Done

Cotino
hnestutt
Ms jfe,
-
Diven
CAU
o
mods seukung
So
doea net acceg3
device unttl a
dees nat get Caught-uh
Tthe doyice yequastS SeSuice dhueugha
The n bgy n
eaut Ke that goes divedty to cPu. Specal fnkeaup-
Rexaiong that+ take Place sor
a adolleus8 1 intenuht doziven

CrU issULag a yeuAst

to digk Sør readkng or
for
ntnd , than do othe Procezfmg Cdgeg
nst waftF)
 Until dsk PssuOg a0 neit
eR2 PnieoUAT CPU. The (fU
when 4he disk is tone. L
?ntCOLLthl ge9uufce Noutine (TS RO
es aa
Hihen
wok execoti on who
fov the disk cnd todtiung to nual
TSR Completes S task.
Flow chat Sos inHCVLue ed ven Ilo trarefer

TSS Teadd g WAUë reuagt

to duR

DO Othon rceIing, ytl aik

RsS s an reuAt
TOCesS to StoP
TSang{N dala betu-teen gk
momey an
an

UO

oninue
 wite
wi seLNte D
oh0talkong (auind Oub baPoce39)|
her aeuftad y a fodkhoial Aouce Careciod to t
SeaACe 6eationg ca9(od &uk by ProCesgen wer

The doufcevaseg an Pneouh

0Nost
The 1ocesset RalesvupTs uoPtam auvanty
ecta beg
Intesoutt as enalted andadien Hostuugbel bg the
ncouht is feieim b the ISR (ardervunht wice o
Tnttud
ckrnstwction
poLOPam Continuog to exetite uettlRanine)
a
Agte
4 exettad
the
exetisn e RET in8tvucfon, tha
roCess Lortiues to exeite the
Pressel es
întcton f the
akutd Poam (e he inteseusht a disablad)
Enalng an pfsalng
Thete a neauik
2th23 e aterul43.-won-mashalle
Non-maskable maskalsle TeEu
TneUNG (wm):
Tho Can be
enable hat Cannst be disadeh
It hag the highest
um
ewenseuwg
Piot
is used dor handling in Man System8 .
and ile Sysem uigent evert
uhdat gucha
MAP a nn-maskalbte
fMtestsuet
maskaa rnesoult
*Thase inke9ousas Can
be enabled
roamcosthe Asabled anden

* M MeRtSygiemg
riorieg ae a3egheA to
he nueoouuht, eitheby the ro cesuei by
PTC ren pharal the
9tesu Contolle
Doaw and descibe about ha Mmev hienas
n a i cal Cemhutio Sy8tesm
hienaNChy
mems
evels a a Luhical
hietastcha Congs o6 multHP le
le
XAmameu SPeods and Si23
8meme th dibtert tomafd
Thase multiple levels e mamoly us urel
muilk gSlem efient
Mem meme BU
H
T/o douice3)
Sbobtt 64AB TB
S 25D Ps oo mg
m3
The goal is to rovidla memey sustem at lsu
oSt SPeac a Sat ag the sfagten aual,
hete
*ThONR 3Rmasuy
Ga tecknetogieg eed in lul
ameu hieanchog .
ODRA M (min mimet)
(2) SRAM cha MamaU
3magnetic Disk.
Man rOMEUA
mOmeu undt that Cemminicala dinetly uh|
CRU2e3RA
Au ias4 memeyi-
Deyiceg thot haide bacRuu Sts}zagso
e magnetic tahas and
rayaso Asks
ged dor Stonrg s8tem
ag daka fileg and
roFrans
othobackun inDumaTisM"
 29-
e enanch Deg?gn Fagt
AEXRngVe

ArNlovel O)
Rogist
mome evel
/ acho
sRm)
Main momeU
CDRA M)

SeConda\ SloYae leels)

CmaanOHC k) Slee
J e SloyagK
TaPe)
mame4E Slewt
*At the tof af tha hfeMaNchy - the9a i
LneXfgšue
CPU uth

Small
ess
Hhe bottem of- korahch- thee ase Selondaru
nd Dane Storag momouo3 such as mgneic disks and|
eetun th2 9cogistesu and SeConda Stoag
tha othen demg
bekusean he twD
e Mema that bridge_the Fal
EXfensive mimotj tend to be Closen to
tre CPU

Preraa VersedARrovek|

Tsuithga 24o
h. Kegina