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Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal) Libraries at University of Nebraska-Lincoln

March 2023

Conservation and Preservation of Manuscripts in the Nazrul

Academy Town Library: A Study and Proposal for their
Modernization
Kousik Samanta
The University of Burdwan, comlisk@gmail.com

Subhas Chandra Majhi

Kazi Nazrul University, subhasmajhik@gmail.com

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Samanta, Kousik and Majhi, Subhas Chandra, "Conservation and Preservation of Manuscripts in the
Nazrul Academy Town Library: A Study and Proposal for their Modernization" (2023). Library Philosophy
and Practice (e-journal). 7542.
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/7542
 Conservation and Preservation of Manuscripts in the Nazrul
Academy Town Library: A Study and Proposal for their
Modernization

Kousik Samanta
M.Phil Scholar, Dept. of Library and Information Science, The University of Burdwan,
Email: comlisk@gmail.com

Subhas Chandra Majhi

Library Assistant, Central Library, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol-713340.
Email: subhasmajhik@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Presently information technology age, most of

user’s are dependent on digital information, but
we have to go to library for very rear and
ancient information. Manuscripts are the major
source of information to know about the
historical facts, cultural heritage and bygone
traditions of the previously. Libraries are the
only safe place were preserved manuscripts, old
records like hand written, poems, documents, letters etc. The manuscripts collection and
preservation are influence to the human community, researcher can measure the usefulness of
worth collection, who they are able to access them. The present study represents to conserve
and preserve the available of manuscripts and rear documents of Kazi Nazrul Islam adopted
at Nazrul Academy Town Library, West Bengal, India. The paper also highlights the present
status and management of collection, services, staff strength, budget and policy of Nazrul
Academy Town Library and find out the gap of awareness about the collection, which are
facing many problems at the present time.

Keywords: Manuscripts, Conservation, Preservation, Digital Preservation, Nazrul Academy

Town Library.
Introduction

The human brain is incredible gifted by the nature, because the human mind stored the
various knowledge/information in his brain, when the writing and storage materials were not
invented. After the invention of writing media the scholars were store their knowledge in
various media i.e. stone, wood, leather or in the form of manuscripts like papyrus, parchment,
palm leaf, vellum and paper, which are the primary sources of the traditional knowledge in
the present era. It is our responsibility to preserve them and to save for the next generation,
because the ancient valuable resources are symbolizing our significance of cultural and
tradition, which are describe the history of development of earlier civilization. The invention
of writing media, handmade Paper was the very important media for storage the information
in the earlier time, handmade paper was dominate in every area of the life. Most of the earlier
information/knowledge is available in the form of handmade paper manuscripts, which are
stored in the museum, library, temple and monk. Now the present time, it is a very serious
problem related to conservation and preservation of these valuable resources. Library is a
house of knowledge, where knowledge is stored in organised form. The library is fulfil the
general and special need of users.

Nazrul Academy Town Library, India which is unique in its holdings of more than
17412collection, most of them are huge the rare value. This library also possesses several rear
ancient manuscripts in Arabic, Persian and Urdu. Other collection are books, periodicals,
newspapers reference-books, journals, maps and others printed materials.

Review of Related Literature

Agarwal (2000) pointed out the problems related to the preservation of manuscripts in
Southeast Asia like lack of awareness of the importance of manuscripts, lack of technical
knowledge, lack of facilities, lack of funding, etc.
Kumar & Shah (2004) & Ramana (2005) discussed various efforts took in preserving
manuscript in digital format and preservation techniques which are currently in use. In their
paper,

Gaur & Chakaborty (2009) not only discussed the modern concept of preservation and access
but also the institutional and individual efforts in the field of preservation.

Mazumdar (2009) highlighted the initiatives took by U.S. in India for digital preservation of
manuscripts. He also discussed about the emphasis given by different professional bodies on
digital preservation by organising seminars and conference by taking it as a theme or sub
theme.

Warraich and Tahira (2010) focused on the issues of conservation and preservation of the
rare manuscript collection.

Mishra (2012) has given a brief overview of indigenous methods used for conservation of
manuscripts. The author has mentioned some methods like the use of turmeric, black cumin,
cinnamon, neem leaves, eucalyptus oil, etc. The author also mentioned that use of these
indigenous materials was eco friendly, no side effects may occur by these materials and the
same time these are not so costly.

Devanathan, R. (2013) gave in detail the information about the herbals and natural products
such as some of the plants and their products, which have been acknowledged from the
ancient times for their germicidal properties and insect repellence potentialities, used for the
conservation of manuscripts.

Mahawar and Kuriya (2013) investigated the policy for the conservation and preservation of
the oriental collection in Saulat Public Library (SPL), Rampur. It was recommended by the
author that new tools and technique related to ICT should be implemented in the library.

Sahoo & Mohanty (n.d) attempted to summarize the effectiveness of various traditional
practices like Indian herbal pesticides and insect repellents which are being used by different
organizations or could be used by the organizations to seize the growth of insect infestation in
the manuscript repositories. In spite of the advent of technology has also given rise to greater
concerns of preservation of manuscripts by adopting modern technologies but still the
traditional methods of preservation are in vogue.

Objectives of the study

1. To know the Standing position of collection and services are available in Nazrul Academy
Town Library.

2. To know availability of staff and accessories in the NATL.

3. To know the Budget and Source of funding body of NATL.

4. To know the position of Nazrul collection in NATL.

5. To know the condition of the Library Building and Furniture related to conservation and
preservation for the Manuscript.

6. To know the position regarding maintenance and treatment Policy for the Manuscripts and
Status of Library restoration plan in the NATL.

Research Methodology

A survey method is used in the study and a questionnaire is used as a tool to collect data from
Nazrul Academy Town Library. Also discuss with the library committee, chairman, secretary
and members by using interview, observation method to get the way in preservation and
conservation of historical resource to fulfilled researcher needed information.

The oriental of rebel poet vibrant rhythms collection of the Nazrul Academy Town Library
Churulia is prosperous and valuable, due to the importance of oriental collection a detailed
study is conducted of Nazrul Academy Town Library (NATL) in the birthplace of rebel poet
Kazi Nazrul Islam Churulia. This study makes a clear picture of the present status of the
collection, problems related to deterioration and conservation of Manuscripts, to study the
various internal and external factors which are responsible for deterioration of oriental
collection.

Definition of Preservation and Conservation

The term preservation and conservation are often used interchangeably to mean the process
of keeping an object safe from harm or loss, damage and maintaining it in sound condition
for its present and future use. Conservation has three aspects viz. careful examination of an
object ( rare document/ manuscript) to determine its condition ;preservation through adoption
of appropriate measures to maintain object in good condition and to prolong its life to extend
it as much possible and restoration through appropriate remedial treatment of already affected
object. Thus, conservation is an activity of which preservation is one aspect. In common
practice, preservation deals with maintenance and conservation deals with remedial treatment
and restoration of the already damaged specimen. Conservation is mainly concerned with
manuscripts and other rare documents.

Conservation and Preservation Policy

The Nazrul Academy Town Library (NATL) has no facility of laboratory and any agency for
conservation and preservation of the library collection, due to many reasons. The library uses
a few confidential procedures for the conservation and preservation of manuscripts and
collection i.e. regular dusting, use of Nepthalene balls, Gamaxine powder, Tamakpata
(Tobacco) etc. The library used the general wooden and iron book racks for stored the
manuscripts collection of the library. The Nazrul Academy Town Library has not much
present-time tools and techniques are available for the modernization of the library.

Manuscripts

A manuscript is a written document that has been manually created as opposed to being
printed or reproduced in some other way. The word ‘manuscript’ is derived from the
Medieval Latin term ‘manuscriptum’ that means hand written documents
(www.wikipedia.in). Manuscript is a hand written composition on bark, cloth, metal, palm
leaf, paper or any other material that has significant scientific, historical or aesthetic value.
Manuscripts are found in hundreds of different languages and scripts
(www.indianetzone.com). Manuscripts of modern period also refer to autographs,
correspondences and type written materials. The manuscripts have a long history of its
existence. According to the Chambers Dictionary, “Manuscript is a book or document written
by hand before the invention of printing” (Allied Chambers (India) Limited, 2000). So
manuscripts include all types of early writing, which are not printed and published. In other
words hand writings of any kind whether on paper or any other material in contradiction to
printed materials are called manuscripts.

Types of Manuscripts:

• Palm leaf

• Bamboo Leaf

• Banana Leaf

• Brich Bark Sanchi Pat

• Bhoj Patra

• Cloth

• Parchment

• Ivory

• Metal (Gold, Bonze, Copper, etc.)

• Paper

Factors Responsible for Deterioration of Archival Materials

Environmental Factors : Temperature; Relative Humidity, Sunlight, Darkness and moisture.

Biological Factors : Insects like cockroaches, silverfish, lice fungus, moulds, rat etc.

Natural Factors : Natural disaster, flood, earthquake, fire etc.

Human Being : Invasion at the time of war, terrorist attack etc.

Methods of Preservation and Conservation

• Documentation of Traditional Knowledge;

• Captured and Recording Traditional Knowledge;

• Microfilming of Traditional Knowledge;

• Digitalization and Digital Preservation.

• Centrally Air –Conditioned building of Libraries, Archives and Museums conducive for the
documents and manuscripts, artefacts etc.
Indigenous Material of Preserving Manuscripts

• Along with bundles of manuscripts pieces of Vasambu or dried ginger are kept to save these
from insect attack.

• Dried and powdered leaves of Aswagandha in small packets are kept with the manuscripts
covered in clothes to repel insect attack.

• Coatings of lemon-grass oil are given to strengthen the leaves of manuscripts and destroy
the growths of micro-organisms.

• In some repositories people use vermillion or kumkum fruit powder (which is red in colour)
that act as a very good insect repellant.

• Oil extracts of some natural products like black pepper, sandal wood or clove facilitate in
the restoration of flexibility to the palm leaf manuscripts.

• The mixture of neem laves, karanja, nirgundi and citronella are known to have insecticidal
properties for which it could be used in the manuscript libraries

• Mint leaves also repel ants and cockroaches.

• Sandal wood dust is commonly used by many libraries to ward off insects.

• Application of turmeric paste to the seasoned palm leaves is well known for its disinfecting
effect.

• Black-Cumin (Kala Jeera) which gives a strong aromatic smell also used as an insect
repellant. Scattering of the seeds at the manuscript storage keeps away insects.

Need to preserve and conserve manuscripts and rare documents

• To fulfill the objective as stated in ‘Constitution of India - 1950 ’ In Part IV-A under
fundamental Duties in article 51A “It shall be the duty of every citizen of India- (F) to value
and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.”(Govt. of India,2015.)

• To help preserve memories of human progress from the ancient past available in rare
collections and manuscripts and to facilitate its transfer for more and more generations to
come.

• To maintain the precious thoughts and experiences of eminent personalities and

philosophers in writings over a long period of time.

• To provide the best way to offers historical footprints to our next generations as all rare
documents and manuscripts have historical significance.
• To preserve emotional values and faith of a person who donates manuscripts to libraries to
look after their precious heritage.

History of Nazrul academy Town Library

Nazrul Academy Town Library (KATL) was established in 1963 with 1200 documents are
collected and received from community by a social worker of Churuliavillegers. Presently it
is situated in birthplace of rebel poet Kazi Nazrul Islam, beside of Churulia Panchayat
OfficeKabithirtaChuruliaPaschim Bardhaman district of West Bengal. Nazrul Academy
Town Libray start his journey as a village library and in 1971 government affiliation as a
Rural Library and also promoted as Town Library in 1982. Kazi Abdul Hai (1963-1970) is
the first librarian of Nazrul Academy Town Library then Kazi Golam Kibria (1970-2013)and
after retainment of Adwip Kr. Chatterjee (16-02-2016 to 31-01-2020) no librarian and library
support staff posted in vacant position, without staff Nazrul Academy Town Library function
partly through library committee. Finally, library not meet to users’ information needs
through library resources.

Collection in NATL

The library has rich collection in cultural and intellectual heritage. The NATL having great
collection of books, newspaper, periodicals, reference books journals, manuscripts etc. also
rebel poet vibrant rhythms and religious books collection. Nazrul Academy Town Library
contain approximate 17,000 collections(books, periodicals, newspaper, reference books,
journals, maps etc.), out of them 700 are Nazrul Collection, 600 Religious collection, which
also includes rare and handwritten copies. Some manuscripts or rare books are written by
Kazi Nazrul Islam. As for it collection of manuscripts and rear documents, the library are
received of Shera Garanthagar Samman 2019, Paschim Bardhaman award.The library has
precious collection but there is no technical staff of Curator, Restorer, and Conservator, it is
main problem for the library and the library is not well equipped with the modern equipment
such as Air Condition, Photocopier, Vacuum Cleaner, Climate Meter, Fumigation Chamber,
Theft Detector, Binding Machine, etc.

Table 1: Countrywide collection

Indian Collections 17156

Bangladesh and Other Collections 247
Total Collections 17412

Table 2: Collection type

Books Collect from Rear books Nazrul Hand Magazine

Bangladesh (from 1985-) album writing book (Type)
(Kazi Nazrul
Islam)
16979 247 180 02 02 02

Staff

Sl. No. Sanction Post Name No. of Post Present Status

1 Librarian 1 0
2 Library Staff 1 0
3 Book Binder 1 0
4 Night Guard 1 0

Sanctioned total post 4 to maintain stander library services of Town Library Users,
butpresently all post is vacant, without staff Nazrul Academy Town Library users not fulfil
their information needs through library resources.
Budget and Source of funding body of NATL

State Government renders financial assistance to the Nazrul Academy Town Library Rs.
44,000/- per years for services rendered to common people but last fund received only
Rs.34,000/- on three year back.

Library Member

Total 600,

Types-4

Child General Senior Citizen Special Pearson /

Global
1-18 years 18-60 years 60-...years Minister, MP, MLA,
VC
Position of Nazrul collection in NATL

As on May 1986 total only Nazrul Collection are given below;

Books Written by Nazrul Poet-26, Song-50, Story-5, Translation-3,

Drama-7, Essay-4, Letters-2, child’s
literature-6
Books on Poet Life & Literature Biography-36, Literary Criticism-22, Music
Discussion-5, Nazrul affairs magazine-17
Translation of Nzrul Kavya English-6, Urdu-1, Rush-1, Oriya-1
Manuscript and Hand written 9

“Nazrul Album” published in 1994 by Album Committee, University of Dhaka Bangladesh.

It provides a summary of the contain, collection of Bengali, Hindi, Urdu hand writing by
rebel poet and front page of popular books, memorable photos.

Nazrul albam

“HaranoGanerkhata” published in 1997 by Nazrul Institute, Dhaka Bangladesh. It provides a

summary of the contain hand written manuscript poetry by Kazi Nazrul Islam in digitalis
print formats.

These two valuable manuscript collections and all poetry published in “Dhumketu”
Patrikapreserved by Nazrul Academy Town Library.Presently total Nazrul Collection is 675.
Hand writing (Kazi nazrul islam)
 Letters

Hand writing Quran Sorif

Condition of the Library Building and Furniture related to conservation and
preservation for the Manuscript

The building has some facilities such as sufficient arrangement for ventilation, lighting, safe
Windows by weather and rain, few fire extinguisher are install near the stack room, office
and reading section for the protection of the valuable collection and section of the library like
acquisition, processing, circulation, newspaper, manuscript etc. fire detection system are not
installed in the library building.

Position regarding maintenance and treatment Policy for the Manuscripts in the NATL.

The information about the element of failure of the collection in NATL, the failure element is
like silver fish, book-worm, termites, fungus, wood borers, etc are found in the library,
important collection is tolerated from separate types of deteriorations such as holes, old
repair, stains, acidity, charring, yellowing, brittleness, darkening of papers, fungus, termites
and silverfish etc. The NATL tolerate from the Physical, Chemical and biological factors,
which are the prime cause of the failure of the important collection.

Barriers of Conservation and Preservation

Following barriers are to found in conservation and preservation of valuable collection

inNazrul Academy Town Library;

1. Lack of financial grant.

2. Lack of trained library staff.

3. Lack of basic treatment.

4. Lack of modern technologies use

5. Lack of national level collaboration.

Some suggestion and recommendations

1. The NATL should need to pay more attention towards the better conservation and
preservation of valuable collection by adopting the latest techniques.

2 The NATL should be need to trained staff for the conservation and preservation of oriental
collection, who has knowledge of the nature of library collection.

3 The NATL need fund from some National funding agencies, which are working for save
the intellectual and cultural heritage of nation.
4 The NATL need to take up digitize plan of the rare collection.

5 The National authority should help and support for the upcoming generation for the nation
by providing them with fund

6 Fumigation: It is a method of pest control, process of destroying germs and insects with
fumes of chemical. Thymol vapors use for this process. Thymol is common name of the 2-
isopropyl-5methylphenol is a phenol. Its vapor kills the fungus without any effect on papers.

7 Pagination: For conservation process, we need to separate all the pages, and at last, again
we rebind it. At this stage, we put page number to all the pages from beginning to end before
its binding.

8 Dry brushing: Some documents may contain dust / dirt on their surface then can be cleaned
easily by dry brushing.

9 De-acidification: It is the process of washing documents in plain and lime water (Calcium
Hydroxide solution) to reduce acidity. Some times to remove adhesives, de-acidification is
carried out. For de-acidification, various chemicals used may include magnesium hydrogen
carbonate, barium, magnesium methoxide, calcium hydroxide or magnesium oxide, diethyl
zinc, Cyclohexylamine carbonate, morpholine, amines and ammonia etc. Many of these are in
liquid forms with considerable degree of vapour pressure or are gases, to make them useful
for mass processes of conservation of manuscripts and rare documents.

10 Drying Process: After de-acidification process, Blotting paper is used to dry de-acidified
pages. This process is used to absorb moisture.

Conclusion

From the above discussion it is clear that the use of the new tools and technique related to
ICT should be implement in the library, because the Nazrul Academy Town Library has
important manuscripts and rare collection, which is intellectual property of our nation.
Manuscripts are the primary sources of our culture and tradition, the collection of
manuscripts are available all over the maximum part of the country. Today most of them face
many problems due to many reasons, in the past we have also lost a big number of
manuscripts due to lack of awareness. Manuscripts cannot survive without proper care, so it
is our duty to conserve and preserve those manuscripts, save for the next generation. Because
library material is a repository of science and technology in the past, present and future.

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