ISS 123: FIQH AZ-ZAKAT AND AL-HAJJ

Course Description
Definition and concept of Zakat in Islam, relevance of Zakat to modern social and
economic systems, Zakatable items (zakat of livestock, farm produce, cash, bank notes
etc.), collection of zakat, distribution of Zakat, zakat in modern times. Definition and
concept of sadaqah, similarities and differences between zakat and sadaqah.
Definition and origin of Hajj, its conditions, its types, duties and significance. ‘umrah,
its conditions, performance and significance etc.
Course Outline
1. Definition and Importance of Zakat
2. Condition Governing Zakat’s Obligation
3. Kinds of Zakat
4. Property on which Zakat is Payable
5. Rates at Which Zakat must be paid
6. Articles of Zakat
7. Recipients of Zakat
8. Differences between Zakat and Sadaqat
Hajj and its Performance
1. Definition and Importance of Hajj
2. Conditions governing Hajj
3. Types of Hajj
4. The Essentials of Hajj
5. Obligatory Steps of Hajj
6. Sunnah Steps of Hajj
7. Prohibited Acts During Hajj
8. The lessons of Hajj
List of Reading Materials
Islam in Focus by Hammdalah

DEFINITION AND IMPORTANCE OF ZAKAT

The word is derived from the root verb zakat which means to grow or purify. The
Quran used it as purification of sins. In other words, Zakat is a fixed rate in proportion
of the well to do Muslims and distribution among the poor Muslims.
The poor Muslims have prescriptive right to share in the fortune of their brothers,
Quran 2:3-5, say “those who believe in the unseen and keep up prayers and spend out
of what we have given them”
This verse shows that benevolence or doing good to man is one of the mainstays of
religion and a constant theme in the Quran.
Other charitable deeds mentioned in the Hadith are:
1. To do justice among people is considered an act of charity-Sadaqah
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 2. If a man helps another to ride his camel is a charitable deed.
3. Every step which man takes in going to prayer.
4. To show the way to a wanderer is also a charity.
5. To enjoin what is right and forbidding what is wrong.
6. Salutation to people is also an act of charity. e.t.c.
Zakat is the fourth pillar of Islam. It is an obligation prescribed by Allah on those
Muslim men and women who possess enough means to distribute 21/2% of their
annual savings among the poor and the needy. The literal meaning of the word Zakat is
purity.
The holy prophet has said,
“Allah has made Zakat obligation simply to purify your remaining property”, There
is no equivalent practice in other religions.
Zakat is not a tax levied by a government nor is it a voluntary contribution. It is
enjoined by God and hence a form of worship.
See Qur’an 2:277; 31:1-5.
While Salat is an act of worship through words and bodily actions, Zakat is a
devotional act through one’s wealth. Without the spirit of submission to God, both
acts are without spiritual and moral significance.
The first Caliph “Abu Bakr” declared war on those tribes that refused to pay
Zakat while still professing Islam and observing Prayers.
In the Qur’an, wealth is referred to as God’s bounty(fadl) Qur’an 27, 60.
Since God is the true owner of all things, we are merely his trustees, hence,
wealth is to be produced, distributed, acquired and spent in the way which will please
God.
Wealth is not to be squandered for meaningless or wasteful purposes, it must
also not be used to gain power over other people through exploitation or control of
the mean of livelihood.
The payment of Zakat is an obligatory duty on every Muslim. The giver should
never consider it as a favour to the receiver and there should be no sense of
superiority from the giver to the receiver.
The intention of the giver must be pure and honest. Through the Zakat, the
nation protect itself from exploitation which is always the result of concentration of
national income in the hands of few individuals.
Islam neither approves of hoarding and unlimited building or capital nor of
compulsory equal distribution of wealth as both are unjust. Its teaching encourages
the earning of a livelihood and acquisition of wealth by lawful, honest and productive
means. The community’s share in the produced wealth is Zakat and Sadaqah.
Zakat is obligatory while Sadaqah is voluntary.
Benefits of zakat
Zakat when honestly practiced results in freeing the society in class distinctious,
rivalries, suspicion, arson, murder and corruption. It produce the community of people
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who love and respect one another and who have sympathy and concern for one
another welfare.
Conditions Governing Its Obligation
1. Islam
2. Freedom
3. Nisab
4. One year in possession.
5. Maturity
Kinds of Zakat
There are two kinds of Zakat
1. Zakat of wealth
2. Zakatul Fitri or Sadaqatul Fitri.
Property on which zakat is payable
The detail concerning Zakat was given after Islam was established in Madina. Silver
and Gold were the two commodities which man had always loved to hoard and beside
this, these were the two precious metals which were the basis of the currencies of the
world. These two therefore found special mention as being articles on which Zakat
must be paid.
Ornament made of silver or gold were treated as silver or gold.
Cash in form of coins or notes or bank deposits would follow the same rule.
Articles of merchandise were also considered as being articles of Zakat.
There is no mention of immovable property such as agricultural land and house
property among the things on which Zakat is levied, but the produce of land whether
cereals or fruits was subject of Tax. Vegetable are exempted from Zakat.
According to a tradition, the holy prophet said, “Whoever is the guardian of an orphan,
he should do trading by his property and should not allow it to lie idle so that it may
come to an end by the payment of Zakat”.
Nisab :- is an annual charge on property which remained in the possession of a person
for a whole year when its value reached a certain limit on which Zakat could be charged.
Nisab differed with different kinds of property.
Rate at which Zakat must be paid
With the exemption of animals, Zakat was levied at almost a uniform rate being 21/2 %
of the accumulated wealth. In the case of animals especially camels and sheep,
detailed rules were laid down and animals of a particular age were taken for Zakat
when the herd reached a specified number.

Articles of Zakat
1. Livestock
2. Farm produce
3. Gold, Silver and banknotes

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 1. Livestock:
Zakat of camels.
5 to 20 1 sheep for each 5
25 to 35 1 year old she camel.
36 to 45 A 2 year old she camel
46 to 60 A 3 year old she camel
61 to 75 A 4 year old she camel
76 to 90 2; 2 year old she camel
91 to 120 2; 3 year old she camel

Zakat of Cows
30 to 39 A 2 year old cows
40 to 59 A 3 year old cows
If the total wealth is more than 40, a two year old cow for each 30 and a three (3) year
old for each (40) fourty.

Zakat of sheep and goats

40 to 120 1 year old sheep or Goat
120 to 200 2 year old sheep or Goat
201 to 399 3 year old sheep or Goat
400 4 year old sheep or Goat
If the total wealth is more than 400, a sheep or goat should be given for each hundred.

Farm produce and fruits

Zakat is imposed on wealth, barley, rice, beans, peas, groundnuts and dated. No zakat
is given out on vegetable, sweet fruits such as apples and oranges.
Zakat is given during the season of it harvest. The is ½ of tenth if it had been irrigated
by machine or efforts, otherwise the amount is one tenth.
The following items are exempted from zakat
1. Gold and silver if used in shape of jewelry by women as ornamentation.
2. Private abode, personal clothing, furniture weapons, animal used for transport.

Recipients of zakat
Quran 9:60 enumerates the recipients of zakat, “the alms are only for poor, the needy,
those who collect them, those whose hearts are to be reconuled, to free the captive
and the debtors, for the cause of Allah and for the travellers, a duty imposed by God,
God is all knowing , All wise”.
1. The poor
2. The needy
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 3. Zakat collector
4. Converts
5. People who are not free
6. Debtors
7. Wayfarers and travellers
8. In the way of God.
This include general help to the public or to the good cause for which people are
striving e.g
a. To propagate the message of Islam.
b. It be given as stipend to students, scholars and researchers
c. It could be used in improving organization benefits to the community e.g.
hospital, educational institutions, libraries, mosque, group working for the
service of Islam, and for the propagation of knowledge.
Zakat should not be given to one’s relative or dependents.

Differences between Zakat and Sadaqah

1. Zakat is obligatory while Sadaqah is Voluntary.
2. Zakat is fixed while Sadaqah is not
3. Zakat is only for the Muslims while Sadaqah could be given to a non-Muslim.
4. Zakat is paid annually while Sqadaqah can be paid at any time.
5. Both acts are meant to improve the condition of the poor.
Zakat is not the only charitable institution set up by Islam, there are two others of
similar nature. These are:
i. Sadaqatul Fitri or Zakatul Fitri.
This is the charity that is connected to the Idul Fitri- breaking of fast
ii. Idul –Adha- the festival that is connected with the sacrifice of animals whereby
the poor members of the community feed from the meat of the sacrificed
animals.

HAJJ-PILGRIAMGE
1. Definition and importance of hajj
2. Conditions which made hajj obligation
Types of Hajj
3. The essential parts of Hajj
4. The obligatory steps of Ihram
5. The Sunnah steps of Ihram
Prohibition acts during Ihram
Hasting between Safwa and Marwa
Standing at mount Arafah
6. The lessons of Hajj.

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 The arabic word Hajj means to set out for a purpose but specifically it refers to
pilgrimage to Ka‘ba. It became a recognized institution in Islam in the first year of
Hijra. Quran 22:28 says “and proclaimed to men the pilgrimage they will come to
you on foot and on every lean camel, coming from every remote part of the world.
Also Qur’an 3:97 says “pilgrimage to the sacred house is a duty of Allah for
mankind for him who is able to make the journey”.
The main objective of Hajj is to create the spirit of submission to God.
CONDITIONS WHICH MAKE HAJJ OBLIGATORY
1. Muslim
2. Adult
3. Mentally sound
4. Health
5. Financial ability
6. Safety during the journey
7. Means of transportation

Islam has prohibited person from going to perform their Hajj on Foot. The person who
is in capacitated by old age or incurable disease may choose someone to perform
pilgrimage on his behalf.
Qur’an 2:197 says

Meaning :- “The months of the Hajj are well known, so whoever determine to perform
the pilgrimage in these months should remember that there should be no fowl talk or
any act of transgression, nor quarrelling during the pilgrimage. And whatever good
you do, Allah knows it, and furnish yourself with necessary provision and surely the
best provision is righteousness and fear me Oh! Men of understanding”
Hajj was a recognized institution in the first and second year of Hijra between
the commencement of the war with the Quraysh “The Saffah and Marwah are truly
among the signs of Allah, so whoever makes a pilgrimage to the house or pays a visit
to it, there is no blame for him who goes round them” 2:158.
THE HISTORY OF KA’BAH
The ka’bah is stated in the Qur’an as the first house of worship appointed for men.
Qur’an 3:95. In Qur’an 22:29, it is called baitul Atiq or ancient house. In Qur’an 5:97 it is
call Baitul Haram or Al-Muharam, signifying the place where sanctity must not be
violated.
There is nothing in the Qur’an or the tradition to show when and by whom the Ka’bah
was first built. Qur’an 2:127

“ And remember the time when Ibrahim and Ismael raised the foundation of the house
praying, our Lord, accept this from us for you are all hearing, all knowing, our lord,
make us submissive to thee and make our offspring a people submissive to thee. And
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show us our ways of worship, and turn to us with mercy for you are with compassion
and merciful”.
An eartier revelation makes it clear that Ka’bah was already there when Abraham left
the Ismael in the wilderness of Arabia. Ka’bah was then in a demon shell condition
before it was rebuilt by Ibrahim &Ismail.

The Ka’bah was rebuilt again by the Quraysh when the prophet was a young man and
the prophet personally took part in its building by carrying stones on his shoulders.
During the construction, a dispute arose as to who should place the black stone in its
place.

The prophet decided this dispute with his sagacity. The Ka’bah remained as it was built
by the Quraysh untill the time of Abdullah Ibn Zubayr when the building was damaged
by army of Umayyad which had besieged Makah. Abdullah ibn Zubayr rebuilt it instead
of repairing it including the Hijrah open space in the building. After the fall of Abdullah
ibn Zubayr, it was rebuilt by Al- Hajjaj on the foundation of the structure erected by
the Quraysh and the building today rest on the same foundation.

TYPES OF PILGRIMAGE
There are 3 ways through which pilgrimage can be performed as regards combination
of Umrah.
1. Ifrad
2. Qiran
3. Tamattui

Ifrad: this means the performance of pilgrimage alone. The person concerned is
called Mufrad. The Hajj is performed alone and Umrah is not added. The pilgrim
puts on Ihram with only the Niyyah of Hajj alone.

Qiran: this means the performance of Hajj and Umrah. The person concerned is
called Qarin. In the month of Hajj, a pilgrim puts on Ihram with the purpose of
Qiran.
He first performs the Umrah and keeps on Ihram, he does not remove Ihram.
During this period which may be days, weeks or months he observes all the
obligations of Ihram.

Tamattui‘:- This means enjoyment. The pilgrim puts on the Ihram with the Niyyah
of Tamattui‘. On reaching Makah, he performs Umrah.
He then takes off his Ihram. On the night between 7&8 of Dhul-Hijjah, he puts on
Ihram again with the purpose of Hajj.

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 THE ESSENTIAL ACTS OF HAJJ
The essential forms of Hajj are
1. Ihram
2. Tawaf
3. Hasting between Saffah and Marwah (sayi)
4. Standing at month Arafah.

IHRAM:- This word is derived from the word Harama meaning to prevent or to forbid.
When a pilgrim arrives at the Miqat near Makka, he performs a ritual birth, performs
two Rakahs and them removes his clothes and puts on Ihram Garment. After adopting
Ihram garment, certain acts formerly lawful become unlawful for him. The dress of
Ihram for men consists of two unsewn sheets, one of which reaches from navel to
below the knees. The other piece covers the upper parts of the body. Both sheets must
be preferably white. The head of the pilgrim remains uncovered. Women may wear
their ordinary sewn clothes. Preferably white. They must keep their heads covered.
The emphasis is on the simplicity of dress. The distinction of class, color, wealth and
nationality is totally removed.
After the 2 rakah prayer the pilgrim faces the ka’bah and utters Taibiyah.

“here I am, here I am, no partner with you, here I am, truly the praise and the favor is
yours and the dominion, no partner with you”.

The following things are forbidden in Ihram

1. Sexual intercourse, wrong doing, quarrelling, and committing sins.
2. To injure fellow muslims by deed or by word.
3. Cutting one’s nail or putting out one’s hair
4. Using scent whether on the cloth or on the body
5. Hunting any land game
6. To be engaged in marriage and to perform marriage contact for one
7. Cutting a tree or plucking any green vegetation. At this stage the cares of the
body are sacrificed for a few days to devote greater attention to the cares of
the soul. It is however permissible to wear sandals, a ring, a pair of glasses, a
wrist watch, and a belt or girdle to protect one’s documents.

MIQAT
Law has appointed certain boundaries on the different road leading to Makkah.
When pilgrims reach this limit, they cannot proceed further without Ihram. The
Miqat is also called Muhil which signifies the place of raising voice with Taibiyah.

TAWAF: the word tawaf is derived from the word called Taafa which means to
go round a thing and in Islamic terminology it means making circumbulation
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 round the Ka’bah e.g going round it. The injunction to perform Tawaf is
contained in Quran 22:29…………
“And let them go round the ancient house”
In the acts of Hajj, Tawaf occupies the most important act. It is the first act of
pilgrimage on his first arrival at Makkah and it is his last act when he leaves Makkah.
Tawaf is performed by going round the Ka’bah near the walls of sacred building as
possible.
It is necessary to perform ablution before the tawaf and if possible to take a ritual
bath. Men and women perform Tawaf together. The women keeping apart from men.
Women are not allowed to go inside the Ka’bah until it is emptied of Men.

There are 3 types of Tawaf

1. Tawaful Qudum
The tawaf of the arrival
2. Tawaf Wadai‘
Tawaf of departure.
3. Tawaf Ziyarah
Tawaf of visit

The tawaf of visit is made on the day of scarifice on the …. of Dhul Hijja. This tawaf is
obligatory while the remaining one are not.
The pilgrim commence the tawaf as the black stone Hajarul Aswad which he kissed but
making a sign over is sufficient, in going round the Ka’bah,is kept to the left and seven
rounds are made in all.
The first 3 round are made at a fast pace and the remaining 4 at ordinary pace.
Tawaf may be performed while on his ride on the back of an animal. While performing
tawaf, the holy prophet was reported to make prayer as thus:
“our lord give us good in this world and good in the hereafter and save us from the
punishment of fire”.

Women on menstruation should postpone the tawaf and the sayi - running between
Saffah and Marwah. The pilgrim observes 2 Rakah prayer behind the station of Ibrahim
- Maqqam Ibrahim. This can be done from any distance from it or within the sacred
mosque. The tawaf of the Ka’bah signifies the love of devote for his maker. The
circumambulation of an object that is considered sacred is met within the history of
Israelites. “where the actor is circumnutated on the first six days and sometimes on
the seventh”.

3. SA’Y HASTENING BETWEEN SAFA & MARWA

Sa‘y signifies brisk marching of the pilgrim between the two wills of Saffah and
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Marwah, this act commemorate the running to and fro of Hajarat in search of water
for the infant Ismail when he was left there by Ibrahim. The sa’y is mentioned in the
Qur’an 2:158:

“surely, the Saffah and the Marwah are signs among the signs appointed by Allah, so
whoever makes a hajj to the house or an Umrah there is no blame for him if he goes
round them”
These two became the movement of patience under the hardest trails and it is in
connection with the teaching of patience that the Tawaf, Saffah and Marwah is spoken
of in Qur’an.

4. ALWUQUF BIL-ARAFAH (Standing on the Mount Arafah.)

The standing on the mount Arafah is the most essential part of Hajj. There is no
pilgrimage without it, for more details.
Read Cardinal Principles of Islam by DOI or any other text.
Read pilgrim acts between 7th-10 of Dhul-Hijjjah.
Read the differences between Hajj and Umrah.

Benefits of Hajj
1- Leaving influence E.g Ihram dress
2- World brotherhood of mankind
3- The say signifies patience in serving Allah
4- The stone throwing signifies keeping devil at a distance and readiness by
the thrower to defend Islam
5- The sacrifice of an animal gives a practical expression to the intention of the
pilgrim to give his life blood in the cause of Allah.
6- Hajj is the largest annual convention of Faithfulls.
7- Hajj is a practical demonstration of the universality of Islam, brotherhood
and the equality of the Muslims.
8- Opportunity for the prilgrims to buy those things that are beneficial to them
in their various countries.

Tutorial Questions:
1. (a). A Muslim Business man has a sum of #10.7 million naira in his account
for 12 calendar months. All his expenses for the year did not affect this sum.
If he were to pay Zakat for the said year, how much would he pay as Zakat
for the year?(10 marks)
(b). A Civil Servant whose monthly income amount to #4,800,000 at the end

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 of the year has a savings of #1,200,000 in the Senior Co-operative account,
he has another #3,000,000 in the his Al-Hayat Islamic Co-operative Society,
he also has #1,500,000 in his Retirement Savings account, also have
#550,000 in Jaiz Bank Shares, has another #250,000 in Al-Hayat
Micrifinance Bank Shares and #1,000,000 in another Investment account. If
all these have been intact for the past 12 calendar months except the annual
income that came in monthly, what would be the Zakat of the Public Servant?
(10 marks)
( c). A cattle Dealer has 1350 goats in his possession within the past two
years. During the period, he sold 180 goats, lost 25 goats to death and gave
out 15 goats to fifteen Muslims during the 2017 Ileya Festival. Calculate his
Zakat for the current year in goats. (10 marks)
2. Discuss the conditions to be met before A Muslim would be qualified to pay
Zakat. (20 marks)
3. The performance of Hajj in Islam rests on certain preliminary conditions.
Discuss these conditions in details with examples and possible illustrations.
(20 marks)
4. (a). List the different ways by which a pilgrim could perform his hajj
depending on certain circumstances. (10 marks)
(b). Discuss these ways known as types of Hajj in Islam. (10 marks)

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