Chapter – 2
Stone Age
Paleolithic Age (Ice Age): 10,000 BCE
First Site : Pallavaram (1863) by Robert Bruce Foot
Sites in India: Soan Valley, Narmada Valley, Belan Valley, Kurnool, Amaravati, Attirampakam.
Sites in Karnataka : Kibbanahalli, Hunasagi, Lingasugur, Baichabad
Types of Humans: Ramapithecus, Semi-erect ape, Homo-erectus, Neanderthal
At the end Homosapiens emerged.
Life Style: Natural Caves, Hunting & Gathering.
Tools & weapons: Hand axes, Choppers etc.. made from Quartzite.
At the later stage of this period learnt to control Fire.
Mesolithic(Microlithic) Age: 10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE
Sites in India :
W.B :- Birbanpur, Damodar valley
G.J :- Sabarmati valley
A.P :- Nagarjuna konda
Adamgarh (M.P) : Animals(Dog, Sheep & Goat) skeleton (Domestication)
Bimbetka (M.P) UNESCO : 2 Layered Painting (Man, animal & geometrical).
Sarai Nahar Rai (Belan valley, U.P): Human Skeleton, Houses (Temporary).
Chopani Mando (Belan valley) : Hand made pottery (First in the world).
Sites in Karnataka :
Sanganakallu, Jalahalli, Brahmagiri, Kanaganahalli.
Tools: Scraper, lunate, trapeze, choppers etc… Made from Calcideni.
Lifestyle : Animal Husbandary, Hide as dress, Caves & temporary houses
Petroglyph art
Neolithic age 7000 BCE – 1000 BCE
Sites in India:
Mehrgarh(PAK): Houses built of Sun-baked bricks, Cotton (first in the world), Wheat & Barley (Ist
in Indian subcontinent, Pottery wheel, Grapes
Koldihwa (Belan valley): Paddy (first in world).
Burzahom (Kashmir): Pit dwelling, Dogs with master
Chirand (Bihar): Bone needle.
In Karnataka & A.P found ash mounds & Most of them were cattle herders, sheep & goat.
Sites in Karnataka:
Boodhihala: Ash mound. Kolar: Stone tools & Gold pieces (trade relation with IVC people).
Halluru & Tekkalakota: Ragi. Hirebenkal: Dolmens (Megalithic burials), UNESCO temporary
list.
Other sites in state are: Brahmagiri, Piklihal, Kadekal, Chandravalli, Maski, Teradal, Banahalli &
T. Narasipura.
Life style: Food production, settled in a one place, some bodies were buried with their used
materials.
Chalcolithic(Eneolithic) Age 1000 BCE – 700 BCE
Jorve culture(M.H) : Black & red ware pottery, copper tools
Ahara Culture(RJ): Black & red ware, Jewells, Bricks, Copper materilas
Malwa culture (Gj, Narmada): Copper bangales, Grains, Necklace, Largest settlement of this age
Kayatha (MP, Chambal): Pots, Copper axes
Pandu, Rajar dibi (WB): Bangales, Necklaces & cremation.
Sites in Karnataka:
Halluru, Banahalli, Brahmagiri etc…
Features:
Agriculture, Animal rearing, tools made from copper & alloys (Knives, axes, fish hooks, etc..),
Houses (no baked bricks) Designed pots manufactured by using wheel, Equipment's made from
bronze helped in rise in food production.
Iron Stone Age
Iron was used in South India long before Copper
Sites: Banahalli, Hirebenakallu, Brahmagiri, Heggadehalli, Koppa, Hemmige, T.Narasipura,
Halluru, Pandavara dinne etc….
