FOAMING CAPACITY OF DIFFERENT SOAPS
ISHAAN PASTARIYA
NATIONAL PUBLIC SCHOOL WHITEFIELD
BENGALURU
2024-2025
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Ishaan Pastariya has
satisfactorily completed the project in Chemistry
entitled “TO COMPARE THE FOAMING CAPACITY OF
DIFFERENT SOAPS” as prescribed by the Central
Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) as part of
the practical requirements for Senior Secondary
Certificate Examination (SSCE) during the
academic year 2024-2025.
___________________
___________________
Internal Examiner External
Examiner
__________________
Head of Department
Name of the Candidate : _____________________
Registration Number : _____________________
Examination Center : _____________________
Date of Practical Examination : _____________________
School Seal
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my gratitude to our Principal, Ms. Roopa Sridhar for giving
me the opportunity and encouragement to do the project work at school.
My sincere thanks to my mentor Ms. Subarna Chatterjee for her invaluable
guidance, insightful suggestions and unwavering support throughout, which
helped me to develop and refine my ideas. Their expertise and dedication
were instrumental in the completion of my project.
I would like to thank the Science/Math laboratory assistants and support staff
for their help and support in organizing the requirements for the successful
completion of the project.
Lastly, I wish to thank my parents, family and friends for their patience, love
and support during the project. Their belief in me helped me in staying
motivated to pursue my goals and to never give up.
This project truly reflects the collective effort of many, and I am deeply
appreciative of their contributions.
ISHAAN PASTARIYA
CONTENTS
S.No. TITLE PAGE NO.
1 Introduction 1
2 Aim, Materials required, 2
Theory
3 Procedure 3
4 Observations 4
5 Result, Precautions 5
6 Bibliography 6
INTRODUCTION
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids like stearic, palmitic
and oleic acids can be either saturated or unsaturated. They contain a long
hydrocarbon chain of about 10-20 carbon with one carboxylic acid group as the
functional group. A soap molecule a tadpole shaped structure, whose ends have
different polarities. At one end is the long hydrocarbon chain that is non- polar
and hydrophobic, i.e., insoluble in water but oil soluble. At the other end is the
short polar carboxylate ion which is hydrophilic i.e., water soluble but
insoluble in oil and grease.
Long Hydrocarbon Chain contain Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic end. When
soap is shaken with water it becomes a soap solution that is colloidal in nature.
Agitating it tends to concentrate the solution on the surface and causes
foaming. This helps the soap molecules make a unimolecular film on the
surface of water and to penetrate the fabric. The long non-polar end of a soap
molecule that are hydrophobic, gravitate towards and surround the dirt (fat or
oil with dust absorbed in it).
The short polar end containing the carboxylate ion, face the water away from
the dirt. Several soap molecules surround or encircle dirt and grease in a
clustered structure called ‘micelles’, which encircles such particles and
emulsify them. Cleansing action of soaps decreases in hard water. Hard water
contains Calcium and magnesium ions which react with sodium carbonate to
produce insoluble carbonates of higher fatty acids. This hardness can be
removed by addition of Sodium Carbonate.
AIM:
The aim of the experiment is to compare the foaming capacity of different
soaps.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Five 100ml conical flasks, five 20 ml test tubes, 100ml measuring cylinders,
Test tube stand, weight box and stopwatch.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
Five different samples of soap, distilled water.
THEORY:
The foaming capacity of soap depends upon the nature of the soap and its
concentration. This may be compared by shaking equal volumes of solutions of
the different samples of soap having the same concentration with the same force
and for the same period.
The solutions are then allowed to stand when the foam produced during
shaking disappears gradually. The time taken for the foam to disappear in each
sample is determined. The longer the time taken for the disappearance of foam
in the given sample of soap, greater is its foaming capacity or cleansing
capacity.
PROCEDURE:
1. Take five 100mlconical flasks and number them 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Put
50ml distilled water in each conical flask and add 50g of soap shavings
or granules of different soap samples to each flask.
2. Warm the contents of each flask to get a clearer solution.
3. Take five 20ml test tubes, add 10mlof distilled water to each one of
them and label them as 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Now add 1ml of soap solution
from each of the conical flask to the corresponding test tube.
4. Close the mouth of the test tube No.1 with your thumb and shake its
contents vigorously for 1 minute. Place the test tube in the test tube
stand and start the stopwatch immediately. Note the time taken for the
disappearance of the foam produced.
5. Repeat the same procedure repeat the same procedure for the test tubes
2, 3, 4and 5 and shaking each time vigorously with the same force and
for the same time. Note the time taken for disappearance of foam in
each case and record the observations as follows
OBSERVATIONS:
Amount of each soap sample taken =5.0g
Volume of distilled water added to each soap sample
=50.0ml
RESULT:
The foaming capacity and hence the cleansing capacity of different soaps is in
the order
1. Dove
2. Lux
3. Cinthol
4. Lifeboy
5. Dettol
PRECAUTIONS:
Each test tube containing the soap solution must be shaken with the
same force and for the same period of time.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. TOGETHER WITH CHMISTRY LAB MANUAL
2. WIKIPEDIA
3. iCBSE
4. STEPHENSON
5. SCIENCE DIRECT
