CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter reviews on several theories related this research. They are

relevance theories consist of: linguistics, the definition of morphology, studying

word-formation, the definition of morpheme, morph, allomorph, free morpheme

and bound morpheme, types of morpheme, inflectional morpheme, derivational

morpheme, the differences of inflectional morphemes and derivational

morphemes, definition of textbook, text types, relevance studies to support this

research.

2.1 Relevance Theories

2.1.1 Linguistic Theory

Linguistics is the study about language and an analysis of language form,

meaning and the context. Linguistic has many branches and one of them is

morphology. According to Spolsky and Hult (2008: 53), stated that linguists

generally contrast theory and description which the description itself comprises

the details of vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, and so on of particular

languages whereas theory covers more general ideas about how language works

and about how we might study it.

2.1.2 Studying Word-Formation

The students have to deal with the formation of words to master in English

morphology, it means the students or the beginners are able to separate smaller
elements to larger word with complex meaning. It called morphologically

complex words. For example, employee can be analysed as being composed of the

verb employ and the ending –ee, the adjective unhappy can be analysed as being

derived from the adjective happy by adding of the element un-. From here, the

learners can divide complex words into smallest meaningful units. It is the

morphemes. According to Lieber (2009: 35) stated that prefixes and suffixes

usually have special requirements for the sorts of bases that can be attached to.

Some of these requirements concern the phonology (sounds) of their bases, and

others concern the semantics (meaning) of their bases.

2.1.3 Morphology

English morphology is different form like Indonesia morphology. In the

morphology, it divides become morpheme that is how the word are formed.

Morphology is the study of word formation and the minimal meaningful units of

language. According to Aronoff and Fudeman (2010: 1) stated the term

morphology is generally attributed to the German poet, novelist, playwright, and

philosopher Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832), who coined it early in the

nineteenth century in a biological context. Its etymology is Greek: morph means

‘shape, form’, and morphology is the study of form or forms. In linguistics

morphology refers to the mental system involved in word formation or to the

branch. Morphology as the area of grammar concerned with the structure of words

and with relationships between words involving the morphemes that compose

them is technically.
 Learning English morphology is about creating new word and changing

the level of word class and it is the way the structure determines the word

meaning, the way they combine to make larger units like phrases and clauses and

the variation of new word formation in the sentences. In the morphology, it has

other focus studies such as morpheme, morph, allomorph, affixes, etc. Studying

word-formation in the first lesson is a thing that the students have to know in this

main point of morphology before focusing some branches of morphology above.

2.1.3.1 Morpheme

Morpheme is a smaller part of words and also morpheme is the smallest

unit in the linguistics. According to Aronoff and Fudeman (2010: 2) “Morpheme

is the study of identify and investigate words, the internal structure, and how they

are formed’’. A morpheme may consist of a word, such as hand, or a meaningful

piece of a word, such as the –ed of looked. Other example such as the word dogs

consists of two units that are having meaningful word, ‘’dog’’ and ‘’dogs’’, in

here ‘’dog’’ refers a particular kind of animal, and ‘’dogs’’ with –s refers the

notion of plurality. Morphemes can be classified into “free” and “bound’’ form. The

writer will explain the differences below.

2.1.3.1.1 Free Morphemes

Free morpheme can stand alone without have to add another element of word.

They can exist as independent words. They can be recognized as a meaningful word in

the one word. ‘’If they can occur by themselves a whole words, (i.e. if they can form

mono-morphemic words), then we call them as free morphemes. For instance, {house},
{albatross}, {kangaroo}, {lullaby}, {table}, etc. are free morphemes.” (Varga (2010:

50). According to Meyer (2009: 154), stated that if a morpheme is free, it can

stand on its own.

Most compound words always be faced such as sandbox, are created by

joining together two morphemes, in this case {sand} and {box}, each of which

can be recognized as a word that carries a meaning by itself. Free morpheme

sometimes referred as the base.

2.1.3.1.2 Bound Morphemes

Bound morpheme is a morpheme that must be attached to other morphemes.

According to Varga (2010: 50), stated there are also morphemes which must be attached

to other morphemes within words, these are called bound morpheme. For example, the

plural morpheme {-s}, or the adverb-forming morpheme {-ly} are bound morphemes.

According to Plag (2002: 13), said some bound morphemes, for example un-, must

always be attached before the central meaningful element of the word, the so-called root,

stem, or base, whereas other bound morphemes, such as –ity, –ness, or –less, must follow

the root. Most bound morphemes are affixes. Affixes are either suffixes and prefixes.

Suffixes in English are inflectional and derivational.

2.1.3.1.2.1 Inflectional Morphemes

Inflectional morphemes known as a morpheme that can be added in ending

of the word and the type of inflectional morphemes is not create the lexeme to be

a new word but it is just changing the grammatical structure. Inflectional affixes is

a suffix that can be formed as plural {-s} e.g. dogs, singular possessive {-s sg ps}
e.g. boy’s, plural possessive {-s pl ps} e.g. boys’, 3rd person present tense singular

{-s 3rd} e.g. vacates, progressive aspect{-ing} e.g. discussing, past tense aspect {-

ed pt} e.g. chewed, past participle aspect {-ed pp} e.g. visited, comparative form

of adjective {-er} e.g. bolder, superlative form of adjective {-est} e.g. boldest.

According to Kracht (2005: 84), stated that to fit a word into a syntactic

construction, it may have to undergo some changes. In English, the verb has to get

an ‘s’ suffix if the subject is third person singular. The addition of the ‘s’ does not

change the category of the verb; it makes it more specific, however. Likewise, the

addition of past tense. Adding inflection thus makes the word more specific in

category, narrowing down the contexts in which it can occur.

2.1.3.1.2.2 Derivational Morphemes

Derivational morpheme is a morpheme that has both prefixes or suffixes.

This derivation can change the category of the word. According to Kracht (2005:

82), said that ‘’derivation is the only one of the parts is a word; the other is only

found in combination, and it acts by changing the word class of the host.

Examples are {anti-, dis-, -ment}.” Derivational affixes can occur at either end of

the base words whereas regular inflection is always expressed by suffix.

Based on Brinton’s opinion on his book (2000: 86), he stated the addition

of a derivational affix to a root produces a new word with one or more of the

following changes below:

- A phonological change (including stress changes): reduce > reduction,

clear > clarity, fuse > fusion, photograph > photography, drama >
 dramatize, relate > relation, permit > permissive, impress > impression,

electric > electricity, include > inclusive;

- An orthographic change to the root: pity .> pitiful, deny > denial, happy >

happiness;

- A semantic change, which may be fairly complex: husband > husbandry,

event > eventual, post > postage, recite > recital; and

- A change in word class.

Derivational affixes that have a prefix in the word can change only the

meaning, not its class. For example showing ‘’time” e.g. {pre-} prearrange,

presuppose, preheat; {after-} aftershock, afterthought, afterglow, ‘’number’’ e.g.

{tri-} tricycle, triannual, triconsonantal; {multi-} multinational, multilingual,

multimillionaire, ‘’place’’ e.g. {in-} infield, in-patient, ingrown; {inter-}

interconnect, interbreed, interlace, ‘’degree’’ e.g. {super-} supersensitive,

supersaturated, superheat; {over-}, overanxious, overconfident, overdue,

‘’privation’’ e.g. {a-} amoral, apolitical, asymmetric; {un-} unlock, untie, unfold,

‘’negation’’ e.g {un-} unafraid, unsafe, unwise; {anti-} antisocial, antitrust,

antiwar, ‘’size’’ e.g {micro-} microcosm, microchip, microfilm; {mini-} miniskirt,

minivan, minimall.

The prefixes that already given in the explanation above are from native

English such as after-, in-, over-, and un-, while pre-, inter-, super-, mini-, and

dis- are Latin and tri-, a-, micro-, anti-, ortho-, epi-, hyper-, peri-, schizo-, auto-,

and bio- are Greek. Suffixes have two functions, to change the meaning of the
root and to change the part of speech of the root. those changing meaning alone

include the diminutive suffixes –ling, –let, –y (in princeling, piglet, daddy), the

feminine suffixes –ess, –ette, –rix, –ine (in actress, usherette, aviatrix, heroine),

which for social and cultural reasons, are now falling out of use and the abstract

suffixes, making an abstract noun out of a concrete noun, –ship, –hood, –ism (in

friendship, manhood, hoodlumism).

Word classes in english such as ‘adjective’, ‘noun’ and ‘verb’ can be

derived into nouns from verb, adjective into nouns, adjective into adjective and so

on. In this analysis, the writer want to explain more about derivational affixation.

According to Andrew Carstairs and McCarthy (2002: 48), he stated that adverb,

noun, adjective, verb can be derived and change the word class.

2.1.3.1.2.2.1 Adverb derived from adjective

According to Andrew Carstairs and McCarthy (2002: 48-49) adjectives

become adverb if a word ended up by suffix –ly, for example goodly, the original

word is good which is an adjective and it is added by –ly become an adverb. Other

example are sickly, lonely, quickly, terribly, gradually.

2.1.3.1.2.2.2 Nouns derived from noun

According to Andrew Carstairs and McCarthy, 2002: 49, stated that

English has derivational processes that yield nouns with meanings such as ‘small

X’, ‘female X’, ‘inhabitant of X’, ‘state of being an X’ and ‘devotee of or expert

on X’.
 For example:

- ‘small X’: -let, -ette, -ie, e.g. droplet, booklet, cigarette, doggie

- ‘female X’: -ess, -ine e.g. waitress, princess, heroine

- ‘inhabitant of X’: -er, -(i)an e.g. Londoner, New Yorker, Texan,

Glaswegian

- ‘state of eing an X’: -ship, -hood e.g. kingship, ladyship, motherhood,

priesthood

‘devotee of or expert on X’: -ist, -ian e.g. contortionist, Marxist, logician,

historian.

2.1.3.1.2.2.3 Nouns derived from members of other word classes

Based on Andrew Carstairs and McCarthy (2002: 50), stated that nouns

derived from adjectives and from verbs are extremely numerous. It is called

‘property of being X’, where X is the base adjective.

For example:

a. –ity. e.g. purity, equality, ferocity, sensitivity

b. –ness e.g. goodness, tallness, fierceness, sensitiveness

c. –ism e.g. radicalism, conservatism

Even more numerous are suffixes for deriving nouns from verbs (Andrew

Carstairs and McCarthy, 2002: 51).

For example:

a. –ance, -ence e.g. performance, ignorance, reference, convergence

b. –ment e.g. announcement, commitment, development, engagement

c. –ing e.g. painting, singing, building, ignoring

d. –((a)t)ion) e.g. denunciation, commission, organization, confusion

 e. –al e.g. refusal, arrival, referral, committal

f. –er e.g. painter, singer, grinder

According to Andrew Carstairs and McCarthy (2002: 52) stated that some

non-affix ways of deriving abstract nouns (other than conversation) are:

1. Change in the position of the stress.

e.g. nouns permit, transfer. Alongside verb permit, transfer

2. Change in the final consonant.

e.g. nouns belief, proof and defence. Alongside verb believe, prove,
and defend.

3. Change in a vowel.

e.g. nouns song, seat. Alongside verb sing, sit.

Those explanation and examples show that English derivational makes of

vowel change is minimal.

2.1.3.1.2.2.4 Adjectives derived from adjectives

According to Andrew Carstairs and McCarthy (2002:52), he stated that the

only suffix of note is –ish, meaning ‘somewhat X’, as in greenish, smallish,

remotish ‘rather remote’. By contrast, the prefix un- meaning ‘not’ is extremely

wide-spread: for example, unhappy, unsure, unreliable, undiscovered. Because it

is so common, most dictionaries do not attempt to list all un-adjectives. This does

not mean, however, that un- can be prefixed to all adjectives quite freely. Another

negative prefix is in-, with allomorphs indicated by the variant spellings il-, ir-

and im-, as in intangible, illegal, irresponsible, and impossible.

2.1.3.1.2.2.5 Adjectives derived from members of other word classes

According to Andrew Carstairs and McCarthy (2002:53), he stated that

some of the processes that derive adjectives from verbs straddle the divide

between derivation and inflection in a way that we have not yet encountered. The

suffixes –ed, –en and –ing, and vowel change, in passive and progressive

participle forms of verbs. However, such forms can be adjectives:

a. A not very interesting book

b. The party-goers sounded very drunk

c. The car seemed more damaged than the lamp-post

Another example of suffixes that commonly form adjectives from verbs,

with their basic meanings, are:

a. –able ‘able to be Xed’ e.g breakable, readable, reliable, watchable

b. –ent, -ant ‘tending to X’ e.g. repellent, expectant, conversant

c. –ive ‘tending to X’ e.g repulsive, explosive, speculative

Suffixes that form adjectives from nouns are more numerous (Andrew

Carstairs and McCarthy, 2002: 53). For example:

a. –ful, e.g. joyful, hopeful, helpful, meaningful

b. –less, e.g. joyless, hopeless, helpless, meaningless

c. –al, e.g. original, normal, personal, national

–ish, e.g. boyish, loutish, waspish, selfish

2.1.3.1.2.2.6 Verbs derived from verb

According to Andrew Carstairs and McCarthy (2002: 54), stated that most

prominent are re- and the negative or ‘reversive’ prefixes un-, de- and dis- as in

the following examples:

a. Re- e.g. paint becomes repaint, enter becomes re-enter

b. Un- e.g. tie becomes untie, tangle becomes untangle

c. De- e.g. compose becomes decompose, sensitise becomes desensitise

d. Dis- e.g. believe becomes disbelieve, entangle becomes disentangle

2.1.3.1.2.2.7 Verbs derived from members of other word classes

According to Andrew Carstairs and McCarthy (2002: 55), stated that verbs

derived from nouns and from adjectives are numerous. Some affixes for deriving

verbs from nouns are:

a. De-, e.g. debug, deforest, delouse

b. –ise, e.g. organise, patronise, terrorise

c. –(i)fy e.g. beautify, gentrify, petrify

There are some English affixes and word classes based on Kracht (2005:

81). They are:

1. Anti- that attached and changed from nouns into nouns, e.g. anti-matter,

anti-aircraft. Adjectives still become adjectives, e.g. anti-democratic.

2. Un- that attached and changed from adjectives into adjectives, e.g. un-

happy, un-lucky. Verb still becomes verb, e.g. un-bridle, un-lock.

3. Re- that attached and changed from verbs into verbs, e.g. re-establish, re-

assure.

4. Dis- that attached and changed from verbs into verbs, e.g. dis-enfranchise,

dis-own. Adjectives still become adjective, e.g. dis-ingenious, dis-honest.

5. –ment that attached and changed from verbs into nouns, e.g. establish-

ment, amaze-ment.

6. –ize that attached and changed from nouns into verbs, e.g. burglar-ize.

Adjectives still become verb, e.g. steril-ize, Islamic-ize.

7. –ism that attached and changed from nouns into nouns, e.g. Lenin-ism,

gangster-ism. Adjectives still become nouns, e.g. real-ism, American-ism.

8. –ful that attached and changed from nouns into adjectives, e.g. care-ful,

soul-ful.

9. –ly that attached and changed from adjectives into adverbs, e.g. careful-ly,

nice-ly.

10. –er that attached and changed from adjectives into adjectives, e.g. nic-er,

angry-er.
 Brinton (2000:86) stated that suffix has an unproductive suffix and a

productive suffix. Their productivity may range from from very limited to quite

extensive, depending upon whether they are found preserved in just a few words

and no longer used to create new words. An example of an unproductive suffix is

the –th in warmth, width, depth, or wealth, whereas an example of a productive

suffix is the –able in available, unthinkable, admirable, or honourable.

Only three prefixes, which are no longer productive in English,

systematically change the part of speech of the root:

• a- N/V > A ablaze, asleep, astir

• be- N>V betoken, befriend, bedeck

• en- N/A > V enlarge, ensure, encircle, encase, entrap

According to Plag (2002: 109), stated that suffixes can be divided into these

points below:

2.1.3.1.2.2.8 Nominal suffixes

Nominal suffixes are often employed to derive abstract nouns from verbs,

adjectives, and nouns. Such abstract nouns can denote actions, results of action, or

other related concepts, but also properties, qualities, and the like. Another large

group of nominal suffix derives person nouns of various shorts. Very often, these

meaning are extended to other, related senses that practically every suffix can be

shown to be able to express more than one meaning, with the semantic domains of

different suffixes often overlapping (Plag, 2002: 109).

• -age

This suffix derives nouns that express an activity (or its result) as

in coverage, leakage, spillage, and nouns denoting a collective entity

or quality, as in acreage, voltage, and yardage. Due to inherent

ambiguities of certain coinages, the meaning can be extended to

include locations, as in orphanage. Base words may be verbal or

nominal and are often monosyllabic (Plag, 2002: 109).

• -al

A number of verbs take –al to form abstract noun denoting an

action or the result of an action, such as arrival, overthrowal, recital,

referral, renewal. Base words for nominal –al all have their main

stress on the last syllable (Plag, 2002: 109).

• -ance (with its variant –ence/-ancy/-ency)

Attaching mostly to verbs, -ance creates action nouns such as

absorbance, riddance, retardance. The suffix is closely related to –cy/-

ce, which attaches productively to adjectives ending in the suffix –

ant/-ent. Thus, a derivative like dependency could be analysed as

having two suffixes (depend–ent-cy) or only one (depend-ency). The

question then is to determine whether –ance (and its variants) always

contain two suffixes, to the effect that all action nominal would in fact

be derived from adjectives that in turn would be derived from verbs.

 Such an analysis would predict that it would find –ance nominal only

if there are corresponding –ant adjectives. This is surely not the case,

as evidenced by riddance (*riddant), furtherance (*furtherant), and it

can therefore assume the existence of an independent suffix –ance, in

addition to a suffix combination –ant-ce. (Plag, 2002: 110).

• -ant

This suffix forms count nouns referring to persons (often in

technical or legal discourse, e.g. applicant, defendant, disclaimant) or

to substances involved in biological, chemical, or physical processes

(attractant, dispersant, etchant, suppressants). Most basses are verbs

of Latinate origin (Plag, 2002: 110).

• -cy/-ce

As already mentioned in connection with the suffix –ancy, this

suffix attaches productively to adjectives in –ant/-ent (e.g.

convergence, efficiency, emergence), but also to nouns ending in this

string, as in the case with agency, presidency, regency. Furthermore,

adjectives in –ate are eligible bases (adequacy, animacy, intimacy).

The resulting derivatives can donate states, properties, qualities or

facts (convergence can, for example, be paraphrase as ‘the fact that

something converges’), or, by way of metaphorical extension, can refer

to an office or intuition (e.g. presidency). Again the distribution of the

 two variants is not entirely clear, although there is a tendency for

nominal bases to take the syllabic variant –cy (Plag, 2002: 110).

• -dom

The native suffix –dom is semantically closely related to –hood and

–ship, which express similar concepts. –dom attaches to nouns to form

nominals which can be paraphrased as ‘state of being X’ as in apedom,

clerkdom, slumdom, yuppiedom, or which refer to collective entities,

such as professordom, studentdom, or donate domains, realms or

territories as in kingdom, cameldom, mariodom (Plag, 2002: 111).

• -ee

The meaning of this suffix can be rather clearly discerned. It

derives nouns denoting sentient entities that are involved in an event as

non-volitional participants (so – called episodic –ee). Thus, employee

denotes someone who is employed, a biographee is someone who is

the subject of a biography, and a standee is someone who is forced to

stand (on a bus, for example). Due to the constraint that the referents

of –ee derivatives must be sentient, an amputee can only be someone

who has lost a limb and not the limb that is amputated. (Plag, 2002:

111).
• -eer

This is another person noun forming suffix, whose meaning can be

paraphrased as ‘person who deals in, is concerned with, or has to do

with X’, as evidenced in forms such as auctioneer, budgeteer,

cameleer, mountaineer, pamphleteer. Many words have a depreciative

tinge. The suffix -eer is autostressed and attaches almost exclusively to

bases ending in stressed syllable followed by unstressed syllable (Plag,

2002: 111).

• -er (and its orthographic variant –or)

The suffix –er can be seen as closely related to –ee, as its

derivatives frequently signify entities that are active or volitional

participants in an event (e.g. teacher, singer, writer). This is, however,

only a sub-class of –er derivatives, and there is a wide range of forms

with quite heterogeneous meaning. Apart from performers of actions

we find instrument nouns such as blender, mixer, steamer, toaster,

nouns denoting entities associated with an activity such as diner,

lounger, trainer, winner (in the sense ‘winning shot’). Furthermore, -er

is used to create person nouns indicating place of origin or residence

(e.g. Londoner, New Yorker, Highlander, New Englander). This

heterogeneity suggests that the semantics of –er should be described as

rather underspecified, simply meaning something like ‘person or thing

having to do with X’. -er, is often described as a deverbal suffix, but

 there are numerous forms (not only inhabitant names) that are derived

on the basis of nouns (e.g. sealer, whaler, noser, souther), numerals

(e.g. fiver, tenner), or even phrases (four-wheeler, fourth-grader).The

orthographic variant –or occurs mainly with Latinate bases ending in

/s/ or /t/, such as conductor, oscillator, compressor (Plag, 2002: 112).

• -(e)ry

Formation in –(e)ry refer to locations which stand in some kind of

connection to what is denoted by the base. More specific meaning such

as ‘place where a specific activity is carried out’ or ‘place where a

specific article or service is available’ could be postulated (e.g. bakery,

brewery, fishery, pottery or cakery, carwashery, eatery), but examples

such as mousery, cannery, rabbitry speak for an underspecified

meaning, which is then fleshed out for each derivative on the basis of

the meaning of the base. In addition to the locations, -(e)ry derivatives

can also denote collectivities (as in confectionery, cutlery, machinery,

pottery), or activities (as in summitry ‘having many political summits’,

crookery ‘foul deeds’) (Plag, 2002: 112).

• -ess

This suffix derives a comparatively small number of mostly

established nouns referring exclusively to female humans and animals

(princess, stewardess, lioness, tigress, waitress). The OED lists only

 three 20th century coinages (hostess, burgheress, clerkess) (Plag 2002:

113).

• -ful

The nominal suffix –ful derives measure partitive nouns (similar to

expressions such as a lot of, a bunch of) from nominal base words that

can be construed as containers: bootful, cupful, handful, tumblerful,

stickful (Plag, 2002, 113).

• -hood

Similar in meaning to –dom, -hood derivatives express concept

such as ‘state’ (as in adulthood, childhood, farmerhood) and

‘collectively’ (as in beggarhood, Christianhood, companionhood). As

with other suffixes, metaphorical extensions can create new meaning,

for example the sense ‘area’ in the highly frequent neighborhood,

which originates in the collectivity sense on the suffix (Plag, 2002:

113).

• -an (and its variant –ian, –ean)

Noun denoting persons and places can take the suffix –an.

Derivatives seem to have the general meaning ‘person having to do

with X’ (as in technician, historian, Utopian), which, where

appropriate, can be more specially interpreted as ‘being from X’ or

‘being of X origin’ (e.g. Bostonian, Lancastrian, Mongolian,

 Scandinavian), or ‘being the follower or supporter of X’ (e.g. Anglican,

chomskyan, Smithsonian. Many –(i)an derivatives are also used as

adjectives. All words belonging to this category are stressed on the

syllable immediately preceding the suffix, causing stress shifts where

necessary (e.g. Hungary - Hungarian, Egypt - egyptian) (Plag, 2002:

113).

• -ing

Derivatives with this deverbal suffix denote processes (begging,

running, sleeping) or result (building, wrapping, stuffing). The suffix is

somewhat peculiar among derivational suffixes in that it is primarily

used as verbal inflectional suffix formal present participles. Examples

of pertinent derivatives are abundant since –ing can attach to

practically any verb (Plag, 2002: 114).

• -ion

This Latinate suffix has three allomorphs: when attached to verb in

–ify, the verbal suffix and –ion surface together as –ification

(personification). When attached to a verb ending in –ate, we find –ion

(accompanied by a change of the base –final consonant from [t] to [ʃ],

hyphenation), and find the allomorph –ation in all other cases

(starvation, colonization). Phonologically, all –ion derivatives are

characterized by having their primary stress on the penultimate

 syllable, which means that –ion belongs to the class of suffixes that

can cause a stress shift.

Derivatives in –ion denote events or results of processes. As such,

verbal bases are by far the most frequent, but there is also a

comparatively large number of forms where –ation is directly attached

to nouns without any intervening verb in –ate. These forms are found

primarily in scientific discourse with words denoting chemical or other

substances as bbases (e.g. expoxide – epoxidation, sediment –

sedimentation) (Plag, 2002: 114).

• -ism

Forming abstract nouns from other nouns and adjectives,

derivatives belonging to this category denote the related concepts state,

condition, attitude, and system of beliefs or theory, as in blondism,

Parkinsonism, conservatism, revisionism, Marxism, respectively (Plag,

2002: 114).

• -ist

This suffix derives nouns denoting persons, mostly from nominal

and adjectival bases (balloonist, careerist, fantasist, minimalist). All

noun in –ism which denote attitudes, beliefs or theories have potential

counterparts in –ist. The semantics of –ist can be considered

underspecified ‘person having to do with X’, with the exact meaning

 of the derivative being a function of the meaning of the base and

further inferencing. Thus, a balloonist is someone who ascends in a

ballonn, a careerist is someone who is chiefly interested in her / his

career, while a fundamentalist is a supporter or follower of

fundamentalism (Plag, 2002: 115).

• -ity

Words belonging to this morphological category are nouns

denoting qualities, states or properties usually derived from Latinate

adjective (e.g. curiosity, productivity, solidity). Apart from the

compositional meaning just descried, many –ity derivatives are

lexicalized, i.e. they have become permanently incorporated into the

mental lexicons of speakers, thereby often adopting idiosyncratic

meanings, such as antiquity ‘state of being antique’ or ‘ancient time’,

curiosity ‘quality of being curios’ and ‘curious thing’. All adjectives

ending in the suffixes –able, -al and –ic or in the phonetic string [ɪd]

can take –ity as a nominalizing suffix (readability, formality, erraticity,

solidity). The suffix is capable of changing the stress pattern of the

base, to the effect that all –ity derivatives are stressed on the antepenult

syllable (Plag, 2002: 115).

• -ment

This suffix derives action noun denoting process or results from

(mainly) verbs, with a strong preference for monosyllables or

 disyllabic base words with stress on the last syllable (e.g. assessment,

endorsement, involvement, treatment) (Plag, 2002: 116).

• -ness

Quality noun forming -ness is perhaps the most productive suffix

of English. With regard to potential base words, -ness is much less

restrictive than its close semantic relative –ity. The suffix can attach to

practically any adjective, and apart from adjectival base words we find

noun in thingness, pronoun as in us-ness, and frequently phrases as in

over-the-top-ness, all-or-nothing-ness (Plag, 2002: 116).

• -ship

The suffix –ship forms nouns denoting ‘state’ or ‘condition’,

similar in meaning to derivatives in –age, -hood, and –dom. Base

words are mostly person nouns as in apprenticeship, clerkship,

friendship, membership, statesmanship, vicarship. Extensions of the

basic senses occur, for example ‘office’, as in postmastership, or

‘activity’, as in courtship ‘courting’ or censorship ‘censoring’ (Plag,

2002: 116).
2.1.3.1.2.2.9 Verbal suffixes

• -ate

Forms ending in this suffix represent a rather heterogeneous group.

There is a class of derivatives with chemical substance as bases, which

systematically exhibit so called ornative and resultative meanings.

These can be paraphrased as ‘provide with X’ (ornative) as in

fluorinate, or ‘make into X’ (resultative), as in methanate. However, a

large proportion of forms in –ate do not conform to this pattern, but

show various kinds of idiosyncrasies, with –ate being apparently no

more than indicator of verbal status. Examples of such non-canonical

formations are back-fomations (formate < formation), local analogies

(stereoregular : stereoregulate :: regular : regulate), conversion

(citrate), and completely idiosyncratic formations such as dissonate or

fidate.

Phonologically, -ate is largely restricted to attachment to words

that end in one or two unstressed syllables. If the base ends in two

unstressed syllables, the last syllable is truncated: nitrosyl – nitrosate,

mercury – mercurate (Plag, 2002: 116).

• -en

The Germanic suffix –en attaches to monosyllable that ends in a

plosive, fricative, one affricative. Most bases are adjectives (e.g.

 blacken, broaden, quicken, ripen), but a few nouns can also be found

(e.g. strengthen, lengthen). The meaning of –en formations can be

described as causative ‘make (more) X’ (Plag, 2002: 117).

• -ify

This suffix attaches to base words that are either monosyllabic,

stressed on the final syllable or end in unstressed / ɪ /. Neologisms

usually do not show stress shift, but some older forms do (humid –

humidify, solid – solidify). These restrictions have the effect that –ify is

in (almost) complementary distribution with the suffix –ize (Plag,

2002: 117).

• -ize

Both –ize and –ify are polysemous suffixes, which can express a

whole range of related concepts such as locative, ornative,

causative/factitive, resultative, inchoative, performative, similative.

Locatives can be paraphrased as ‘put into X’, as in computerize,

hospitalize, tubify. Patinatize, fluoridise, youthify are ornative examples

(‘provide with X’), randomize, functionalize, humidify are causative

(‘make (more) X’), carbonize, itemize, trustify and nazify are resultative

(‘make into X’), aerosolize and mucify are inchoative (‘become X’),

anthropologize and speechify are performative (‘perform X’), cannibalize,

vampirize can be analysed as simulative (‘act like X’). Derivatives in –ize

show rather complex patterns of base allomorphy, to the effect that bases
 are systematically truncated (i.e. they lose the rime of the final syllable) if

they are vowel-final and end in two unstressed syllables (cf. truncated

vowel-final memory - memorize, vs. non-truncated consonant-final

hospital - hospitalize). Furthermore, polysyllabic derivatives in –ize are

not allowed to have identical onsets in the two last syllables. In the

pertinent cases truncation is used as a repair strategy, as in feminine –

feminize and emphasis – emphasize. (Plag, 2002: 118).

2.1.3.1.2.2.10 Adjectival suffixes

• -able/-ible

This suffix chiefly combines with transitive and intransitive verbal

bases, as in deterrable and perishable, respectively, as well as with

nouns, as in serviceable, fashionable. The semantics of deverbal -able

forms seen to involve two different cases, which have been described

as ‘capable of being Xed’ (e.g. breakable, deterrable, readable), and

‘liable or disposed to X’ (e.g. agreeable, perishable, variable;

changeable can have both meanings). There are also some lexicalized

denominal forms with the meaning ‘characterized by X’ as in

fashionable (but e.g. the concurrent compositional meaning ‘that can

be fashioned’). In established loan words also can be found the

orthographic variant –ible: comprehensible, discernible, flexible,

reversible (Plag, 2002: 119)

• -al

This relational suffix attaches almost exclusively to Latinate bases

(accidental, colonial, cultural, federal, institutional, modal). All

derivatives have stress either on their penultimate or antepenultimate

syllable. If the base does not have its stress on one of the two syllables

preceding the suffix, strees is shifted to the antepenult of the derivative

(e.g. colony – colonial) (Plag, 2002: 119).

• -ary

Again a relational adjective-forming suffix, -ary usually attaches to

nouns, as in complementary, evolutionary, fragmentary, legendary,

precautionary. (Plag, 2002: 120).

• -ed

This suffix –ed derives adjectives with the general meaning

‘having X’, being provided X’ as in broad-minded, pig-headed,

wooded. The majority of derivatives are based on compounds or

phrases (empty-headed, pig-headed, air-minded, fair-minded) (Plag,

2002: 120).

• -esque

The suffix –esque is attached to both common and proper nouns to

convey the nation of ‘in the manner or style of X’: Chaplinesque,

 Hermingwayesque, picturesque, Kafkaesque. There is a strong

preference for polysyllabic base words (Plag, 2002: 120).

• -ful

Adjectival –ful has the general meaning ‘having X, being

characterized by X’ and is typically attached to abstract nouns, as in

beautiful, insightful, purposeful, tactful, but verbal bases are not

uncommon (e.g. forgetful, mournful, resentful) (Plag, 2002: 120).

• -ic/-ical

Being another relation suffix, -ic also attaches to foreign bases

(nouns and bound roots). Quite a number of –ic derivatives have

variant forms in –ical (electris – electrical, economic – economomical,

historic – historical, magic-magical etc). Sometimes these forms are

clearly distinguished in meaning (e.g. economic ‘provitable’ vs

economical ‘money-saving’), in other cases it remains to be

determined what governs the choice of one form over the other.

Derivatives in –ic are stressed on the penultimate syllable, with stress

being shifted there, if necessary (e.g. hero – heroic, parasite –

parasitic) (Plag, 2002: 120).

• -ing

The verbal inflectional suffix primarily forms present participles,

which can in general also be used as adjectives in attributive position

 (and as nouns). The grammatical status of a verb suffixed by -ing in

predicative position is not always clear. In the changing weather the –

ing form can be analysed as adjective, but in the weather is changing

we could classify it a verb (in particular as a progressive form). In the

film was boring, however, we would probably want to argue that

boring is an adjective, because the relation to the event denoted by the

verb is much less prominent than in the case of changing (Plag, 2002:

121).

• -ish

This suffix can attach to adjectives (e.g. clearish, freeish, sharpish)

numerals (fourteenish, threehundredforthyish), adverbs (soonish,

uppish) and syntactic phrases (stick-in-the-muddish, out-of-the-wayish,

silly-little-me-late-again-ish) to convey the concept of ‘somewhat X,

vaguely X’. When attached to noun referring to human beings the

derivatives can be paraphrased as ‘of the character of X, like X’, which

is obviously closely related to the meaning of the non-denominal

derivatives. Examples of the latter kind are James-Deanish, monsterish,

summerish, townish, vampirish. Some forms have a pejorative

meaning, e.g. childish (Plag, 2002: 121).

• -ive

This suffix form adjectives mostly from Latinate verbs and bound

roots that end in [t] or [s]: connective, explosive, fricative, offensive,

 passive, preventive, primitive, receptive, speculative. Some nominal

bases are also attested, as in instinctive, massive (Plag, 2002: 121).

• -less

Semantically, –less can be seen as antonymic to –ful, with the

meaning being paraphrasable as ‘without X’: expressionless, hopeless,

speechless, and thankless (Plag, 2002: 122).

• -ly

The suffix is appended to nouns and adjectives. With base nouns

denoting persons, -ly usually conveys the nation of ‘in the manner of

X’ or ‘like an X’, as in brotherly, daughterly, fatherly, and womanly.

Other common types of derivative have bases denoting temporal

concepts (e.g. half-hourly, daily, monthly) or directions (easterly,

southwesterly) (Plag, 2002: 122).

• -ous

This suffix derives from nouns and bound roots, the vast majority

being of latinate origin (curious, barbarous, famous, synonymous,

tremendous). Like derivatives in al-, -ous formation are stressed either on

the last but one syllable or last but two syllable (the so-called penult or

antepenult), with stress being shifted there, if necessary (e.g. platitude –

platitudinous). There are further variants of suffix, -eous (e.g. erroneous,

homogeneous), -ious (e.g. gracious, prestigious), and –uous (e.g. ambiguous,

continuous) (Plag, 2002: 122).

2.1.3.1.2.2.11 Adverbial suffixes

• -ly

The presence of this exclusively de- adjectival suffix is for the

most part syntactically triggered and obligatory, and it can therefore be

considered inflectional. However, in some formations there is a

difference in meaning between the adjective and the adverb derived by

–ly attachment: shortly, hardly, and dryly are semantically distinct

from their base words and hotly, coldly, and darkly can only have

metaphorical senses. Such changes of meaning are unexpected for

inflectional suffix, which speaks against the classification of adverbial

–ly as inflectional (Plag, 2002: 123).

• -wise

This suffix derives adverbs from nouns, with two distinguishable

subgroups: manner/dimension adverbs, and so-called view-point

adverbs. The former adverb type has the meaning ‘in the manner of X,

like X’ as in the towel wound sarongwise about his middle, or

indicates a spatial arrangement or movement, as in The cone can be

sliced lengthwise. It is however, not always possible to distinguish

clearly between the ‘manner’ and ‘dimension’ readings (e.g. is ‘cut X

 crosswise’ an instance of one or the other). The smaller and much

more recent group of viewpoint adverbs is made up of adverbs whose

meaning can be rendered as ‘with respect to, in regard to, concerning

X’. the scope of the viewpoint adverbs is not the verb phrase, but the

whole clause or sentence, a fact which is visible in the surface word-

order in They make no special demands food-wise and Statuswise, you

are at a disadvantage (Plag, 2002: 123).

2.1.3.1.2.2.12 Prefixes

• A(n)-

This prefix only occurs in Latinate adjectives. With denominal

adjectives, the meaning can either be paraphrased as ‘without what is

referred to by the nominal base’, for example achromatic ‘without

color’, asexual ‘without sex’, or can be paraphrased as ‘not X’, as in

ahistorical, asymmetrical. Opposites formed by a(n)- are mostly

contraries (Plag, 2002: 124).

• Anti-

This polysemous prefix can express two different, but related

nations. In words like anti-war, anti-abortion, anti-capitalistic, anti-

scientific, anti-freeze, anti-glare it can be paraphrased as ‘against,

opposing’, with denominal, de-adectival and deverbal derivatives

behaving like adjectives (e.g. anti-war movement, Are you pro-

 abortion or anti-abortion?, an anti-freeze liquid). Another type of

denominal anti- derivatives are nouns denoting something like ‘the

opposite of an X’ or ‘not having the proper characteristics of an X’, as

in anti-hero, anti-particle, anti-professor (Plag, 2002: 125).

• De-

This prefix attaches to verbs and nouns to form reversative or

privative verbs: decolonize, decaffeinate, deflea, depollute, dethrone,

deselect. Very often, de- verbs are parasynthetic formations, as

evidenced by, for example, decaffeinate, for which no verb *caffeinate

is attested (Plag, 2002: 125).

• Dis-

Closely related semantically to un- and de-, the prefix dis- forms

reversative verbs from foreign verbal bases: disassemble, disassociate,

discharge, disconnect, disproof, disqualify. Apart from deriving

reversative verbs, this suffix uniquely offers the possibility to negate

the base verb in much the same way as clausal negation does: disagree

‘not agree’, disobey ‘not obey’, dislike ‘not like’.

Dis- is also found inside nouns and nominalizations, but it is often

unclear whether dis- is prefixed to the nominalization (e.g. (dis-

(organization))) or to the verb before the nominalizing suffix was

attached (e.g. ((disorganiz)-ation). There are, however, a few forms

 that suggest that prefixation to nouns is possible, conveying the

meaning ‘absence X’ or ‘faulty X’: disanalogy, disfluency,

disinformation. Finally, dis- also occurs in lexicalized adjectives with

the meaning ‘not X’: dishonest, dispassionate, disproportional (Plag,

2002: 125).

• In-

This negative prefix is exclusively found with Latinate adjectives

and the general negative meaning ‘not’: incomprehensible, inactive,

intolerable, implausible, illegal, irregular (Plag, 2002: 126).

• Mis-

Modifying verbs and nouns (with similar bracketing problems as

those mentioned above for dis-), mis- conveys the meaning

‘inaccurate(ly), wrong(ly)’: misalign, mispronounce, misreport,

misstate, misjoinder, misdemeanour, mistrial. The prefix is usually

either unstressed or secondarily stressed. Exceptions with primary

stress on the prefix are either lexicalizations (e.g. mischief) or some

nouns that are segmentally homophonous with verbs: miscount (noun)

vs. miscount (verb), mismatch vs. mismatch, misprint vs. misprint

(Plag, 2002: 126).

• Non-

When attached to adjectives this prefix has the general meaning of

‘not X’: non-biological, non-commercial, non-returnable. In contrast

to un- and in-, negation with non-does not carry evaluative force, as

can be seen from the pairs unscientific vs. non-scientific, irrational vs.

non-rational. Furthermore, non-primarily forms contradictory and

complementary opposites.

Nouns prefixed with non- can either mean ‘absence of X’ or ‘not

having the character of X’: non-delivery, non-member, non-profit, non-

stop. The latter meaning has been extended to ‘being X, but not having

the proper characteristics of an X’: non-issue, non-answer (Plag, 2002:

126).

• Un-

Un- can attach to verbs and sometimes nouns (mostly of native

stock) to yield a reversative or privative (‘remove X’) meaning: unbind,

uncork, unleash, unsaddle, unwind, unwrap. The prefix is also used to

negate simple and derived adjectives: uncomplicated, unhappy,

unsuccessful, unreadable. Adjectival un- derivatives usually express

contraries, especially with simplex bases.

Nouns are also attested with un- usually expressing ‘absence of X’

(e.g. unease, unbelief, uneducation, unrepair). Such nouns are often the
 result of analogy or back-formation (e.g. educated : uneducated ::

education : uneducation). We also find a meaning extension similar to the

one observed with anti- and non-, namely ‘not having the proper

characteristics of X’: uncelebrated, unevent, un-Hollywood (all attested in

the BNC) (Plag, 2002: 126).

2.1.3.1.3 Root

In learning English morpheme, it has an original word that added by

affixes. The original word is called as root. Root is always a single morpheme.

According to Kracht (2005: 81), stated that roots are ‘main’ words, those that

carry meaning. Those words or parts thereof that are not composed and must be

drawn from the lexicon. ‘’ a root is like a stem in constituting the core of the word

to which other pieces attach, but the term refers only to morphologically simple

units. For example, disagree is the stem of disagreement, because it is the base to

which –ment attaches, but agree is the root. Taking disagree now, agree is both

the stem to which dis- attaches and the root of the entire word.’’ (Aronoff and

Fudeman (2010: 2))

According to Varga (2010: 51), stated in his book that ‘’If we remove all

affixes, we arrive at the absolute stem, called root (also known as base), which is

always a single morpheme. For example, in words like include, conclude,

preclude, exclude, etc. the prefix {in-}, {con-}, {pre-}, {ex-}, etc. is followed by

the root {-clude}.’’

2.1.3.1.4 Stem

Stem is not a single morpheme, it is a part of words that does exist before

inflectional affixes. Before attaching the inflectional suffixes, a derived word is a

stem. According to Aronoff and Fudeman (2010: 2), stated ‘’a stem is a base

morpheme to which another morphological piece is attached. The stem can be

simple, made up of only one part, or complex, itself made up of more than one

piece. For example reconsideration is re–, consider, and –ation. Consider is

called the stem.’’

‘’A stem is that part of a word which remains if we remove the suffix or

prefix that has entered the word last. The stem is not necessarily a single

morpheme, e.g. the stem of unfriendliness is unfriendly, the stem of unfriendly is

friendly, and the stem of friendly is friend, cf.’’ (Varga (2010: 51)).

2.1.3.1.5 Base

A single free morpheme sometimes referred to as the base. According to

Plag (2003: 11) stated, “Base is the part of a word which an affix is attached to.’’

Some words can contain more than one base, and some bases are a bound rather

than a free morpheme. For example the base of the suffix –al in the derivative

colonial is colony, the base of the suffix –ize in the derivative colonialize is

colonial, the base of –ation in the derivative colonialization is colonialize. In the

case of colonial the base is a root, in the other cases it is not.

2.1.3.1.6 Affixes

Most bound morphemes are affixes. Affixes do not bring the core meaning

and it is always bound to a root. It occupies a position where there is limited

potential for substitution. A particular affix will attach to only certain roots.

According to Kracht (2005: 80), stated “Affixes are parts that are not really words

by themselves, but get glued onto words in some way.’’ Affixes in English will

change a root into different word classes in the a new context. Other example is

reconsideration, re- and –ation are both affixes, which means that they are

attached to the stem. English has two affixes, prefixes and suffixes.

2.1.3.1.6.1 Prefixes

Prefixes are a bound morpheme that attach to the beginnings of words or

roots. A prefixes of the word can change the opposite meaning for example, the

root is lucky while the meaning is being so blessed, then it is added the prefix –un

and it becomes –unlucky, the meaning refers an opposite meaning or antonym,

‘’not being so blessed’’.

2.1.3.1.6.2 Suffixes

Another affixes is a suffix that attach to the endings of words or roots.

According to Varga (2010: 50), stated that ‘’Suffixes in English are inflectional

and derivational. If someone adds an inflectional suffix to a stem, it does not

create a new lexeme and only produce another inflected variant (i.e. another

syntactic word) of the same lexeme. For example, {-s} is an inflectional suffix,

because by adding it to the stem {boy}, we get boys, which is just another
syntactic word belonging to the paradigm of boy. However, if someone adds a

derivational suffix to a stem, it creates another lexeme. For example, {-hood} is a

derivational suffix, because by adding it to the stem {boy}, it produces a new

lexeme boyhood, which is the starting point of a new paradigm.” The suffix can

change the word class from verb to be noun or from noun to be adjective, and

others.

2.1.3.2 Morph

Morph is used to refer specifically to the phonological realization of

morphemes. Morpheme is an abstraction and a morph has the level, the concrete

realization and the actual segment of a word that must be recognized. Sometimes

morpheme has no concrete realization even it does exist. It called a zero morph.

For example the plural fish consists of the morphemes ‘’fish’’ + ‘’fishes’’ {pl},

although the plural morpheme has no concrete realization. Other example, the

English past tense morpheme that we spell -ed has various morphs. It is realized

as [t] after the voiceless [p] of jump (e.g. jumped), as [d] after the voiced [l] of

repel (e.g. repelled), and as [ǝd] after the voiceless [t] of root or the voiced [d] of

wed (e.g. rooted and wedded). Morphs show word forms or phonetic forms. A

word of ‘’realized’’ is included a morph too.

2.1.3.3 Allomorph

Allomorph is a variant form of different pronunciations of a morpheme

that has two or more. According to Varga (2010: 49), ‘’Allomorphs are the

positional alternants of a morpheme: they have the same meaning and are in
complementary distribution’’. Allomorph has many variants. For example, the

plural morpheme in English, {pl} or plural can be formed through many

allomorphs. For example, the words hats, dogs, and buses. These words are

written as /hæts/, /dogz/, and /bʌsəz/, while the endings are /-s/, /-z/, and /-əz/.

these allomorphs help to differ the pronunciation of the various plural endings.

2.2 Definition of Textbook

Textbook is a teaching tool (material) which presents the subject matter

defined by the curriculum (Edutechwiki). Textbook is usually created to help

students and teacher in learning activities. Textbook is arranged based on

curriculum KTSP or K13, depends on the school. To make a good learning

activities in the class and give a motivation to students for making them feel

happy to learn, the textbook is published with many variant contents such as

giving the colourful font and picture on the book, giving some motivation quotes

and some quizzes. The textbook really helps some students in daily school life.

2.3 Text Types

A text type is a subcategory of texts. Text refers to any written record of a

communicative event. The event itself may involve oral language (for example, a

sermon, a casual conversation, a shopping transaction) or written language (for

example, a poem, a newspaper, advertisement, a wall poster, a shopping list, a

novel). Text consists of more than one sentence and the sentences combine to

form a meaningful whole that is convey a complete message.

 According to Gorlach (2004: 105), stated that “a text type is a specific

linguistic pattern in which formal/structural characteristics have been

conventionalized in a specific culture for certain well-defined and standardized

uses of language so that a speaker/hearer or writer/reader can be judge’’. A text

type is a textual form that the sender tells to the receiver to achieve the

information and purpose in the social practice. In English, text type has many

genres, such as narrative, recount, descriptive, report, explanation, analytical

exposition, hortatory exposition, procedure, discussion, review, anecdote, spoof

and news item. Each text has its own social function, schematic (generic) structure

and linguistic (language) features.

Because this research focuses in analysing textbook, Erlangga English

Textbook entitled: Get Along with English for Vocational High School Students

Grade XI. The writer only takes six text types, they are report, descriptive,

explanation, analytical exposition, recount, and procedure.

2.4 Relevance Studies

The researcher takes five relevance studies related this research, which the

title is An Analysis of Derivational Morphemes Found In “Get Along With

English For Vocational School Grade XI Elementary Level’’ Published By

Erlangga. The first past study was written by Yusi Ernita Sari (2016) An Analysis

of Derivational Affixes in The Headlines Column of Jakarta Post November 2015

Edition. She analysed the derivational affixes in the headlines column of Jakarta

Post because the writer is interested in conducting in overview of derivational

affixes as data source. She stated there are so many derivational affixes in this

newspaper. In her research, she used a qualitative research which produces

descriptive data, speech or word and behaviour that can be observed by the

subject itself. She focused on collecting and analyses the derivational affixes that

be found 139 word and in the headlines column of Jakarta Post consists of four

texts that are discussed. They are 43 words (table 4.1), 30 words (table 4.2), 47

word (table 4.3), and 19 words (table 4.4). The table showed the words, bases or

roots, part of speech, derivational affixes, note and meaning. she found the

function of derivational affixes such as verb marker (6); noun marker (91);

adjective marker (27); and adverb marker (15). She found the bases or roots of

words that had been classified into the part of speech are 29 (adjective), 50 (noun),

60 (verbs). The second, Maharani Sri Aryati (2014) An Analysis of Derivational

Affixes in The Land of Five Towers Novel By A. Faudi Translated By Angie

Kilbane. She used a qualitative research and she found 656 words which attached

derivational affixes. The writer obtain the root of the words, they are 199

(adjectives), 188 (noun), 266 (verb). The third, Nurul Endang S. (2014) The

Analysis of Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes in Lyric of Songs Adele

Albums. She found two kinds of morphology from fourty seven data in adele

album. They are derivational and inflectional morpheme, it consists of

derivational suffix (14 data / 30%), and inflection morpheme (33 data / 70%). The

fourth, Qiyat Alfianto (2014), A Morphological Study of Affixes Found in

Campus English Magazine. He found many derivational affixes in the campus

English magazine such as seven noun indicators (suffixes: -er, -ment, -ness, -ity, -
ist, -ion/-ation, and –ship), five adjective indicators (suffixes: -ive, -able, -al, -est,

and –ful) and a form of prefix, namely prefix –in, one adverb indicators (suffix: –

ly), and one verb indicator (suffix: –ize). In the inflectional affixes, he found one a

noun indicator (suffix: –s), two adjective indicators (suffix: –ed, and –ing). He

also found a prefix –in which can be attached to adjective. There are sixteen kinds

of suffixes in that magazine. The fifth, Dedi Rahman Nur (2016), An Analysis of

Derivational Affixes in Commencement speech By Steve Jobs. He found an

investigation of derivational appends in the content of initiation discourse by

Steve Jobs. The study discovered 69 postfixes and 9 prefixes. The foundations of

the words that has been grouped in light of the grammatical feature are 17

(descriptor), 27 (thing), 33 (verb), 1 (adverb).

The writer can say this research has a correlation with some relevance

studies but they have different data. The each of researcher discussed about

derivational and inflectional affixes and they took the data from many sources

such as newspaper, novel, song, magazine, and speech. The writer in this research

took different source which is a text of English from school textbook especially

vocational high school textbook. The writer chose text of English textbook as the

data analysis because the writer wanted to analyse some derivational affixes on

the textbook. The writer assumed there are many derivational affixes that can be

found on it. In short, this research is about analysing derivational affixes in order

to know the process of word-forming and kinds of derivational affixes on the

textbook.