INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................2
2. AIM..............................................................................................................................................2
3. APPARATUS...............................................................................................................................2
4. THEORY......................................................................................................................................3
4.1 Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04............................................................................................................3
4.2 ARDUINO.......................................................................................................................................4
4.3 BUZZER..........................................................................................................................................5
4.4 Vibrating motor...............................................................................................................................6
4.5 JUMPER WIRE...............................................................................................................................6
4.6 LED (Light-emitting diode).............................................................................................................7
5. DIAGRAM...................................................................................................................................8
5.1 CIRCUIT DIGRAM........................................................................................................................8
5.2 PCB LAYOUT................................................................................................................................9
6. PROCEDURE................................................................................................................................10
7. WORKING.....................................................................................................................................11
8. APPLICATIONS............................................................................................................................12
9. INFERENCE..................................................................................................................................13
10. REFERENCE...............................................................................................................................14
10.1 BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................................................14
10.2 WEBLIOGRAPHY.....................................................................................................................14
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1. INTRODUCTION
A smart blind stick is a technologically advanced tool designed to assist visually
impaired individuals by providing enhanced mobility and safety. Traditional white canes
help detect obstacles at ground level but have limitations in detecting objects at various
heights or distances. A smart blind stick overcomes these limitations by integrating an
Arduino Uno and sensors, such as ultrasonic modules, to detect obstacles in the user's
path. When the sensor identifies an obstruction within a certain range, it sends signals to
a buzzer or vibration motor to alert the user, allowing them to navigate safely and avoid
potential hazards.
This device significantly improves upon conventional methods of mobility assistance,
offering a more comprehensive detection system for obstacles, including those at waist
and head levels. Moreover, the project can be expanded by adding features such as GPS
for location tracking, GSM modules for emergency calls, and tilt sensors to detect falls,
making the device adaptable for various user needs. With a focus on affordability and
ease of construction, the smart blind stick combines modern electronics with practical
functionality to provide a life-changing tool for the visually impaired, promoting greater
independence and confidence in their daily lives.
2. AIM
To detect object in path of a blind person.
3. APPARATUS
Arduino Nano, Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04, Buzzer, Push button, Vibrating motor
Soldering Kit, 9V batteries
2
4. THEORY
4.1 Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04
This economical sensor provides 2cm to 400cm of non-contact
measurement functionality with a ranging accuracy that can reach
up to 3mm. Each HC-SR04 module includes an ultrasonic
transmitter, a receiver and a control circuit.
There are only four pins that you need to worry about on the HC-
SR04: VCC (Power), Trig (Trigger), Echo (Receive), and GND
(Ground).
3
4.2 ARDUINO
An Arduino is actually a micro controller-based kit which is basically used in
communications and in controlling or operating many devices. It is used to control
other components in the circuit. Arduino uno microcontroller can sense the
environment by receiving input from a variety of sensors and can affect its
surroundings by controlling lights, motors, and other actuators. The microcontroller is
programmed using the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring) and the
Arduino development environment (based on Processing). Operating voltage is 5V.
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4.3 BUZZER
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device which is used to warn us about the
object Infront of the blind person. The buzzer is an electrical device that generates
audible sound due to potential differences between source and object in the circuit.
The buzzing or beeping sound is created by vibrations developed in the diaphragm of
the device when the circuit is complete. When there is a break in the circuit, then the
buzzing sound stops.
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4.4 Vibrating motor
Vibration motor is a DC motor in a compact size that is used to inform the users by
vibrating on receiving signals. It has no sound. Mainly they are used in mobile
phones, joysticks, pager and so on.
4.5 JUMPER WIRE
A jumping wire is an electrical wire, or group of them in the cable, with a connector
or pin at each end, which is normally used to connect the components of a breadboard
or other prototype or test circuit, internally with other equipment or components,
without soldering. Is used for all the connections of Arduino with other components.
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4.6 LED (Light-emitting diode)
A light-emitting diode is a semiconductor device that emits light when current flows
through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing
energy in the form of photons. The color of the light is determined by the energy
required for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor.
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5. DIAGRAM
5.1 CIRCUIT DIGRAM
8
5.2 PCB LAYOUT
9
6. PROCEDURE
Step 1: The Circuitry
1. HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor:
1.1. VCC Pin to Arduino 5V
1.2. GND Pin to Arduino GND
1.3. Echo pin to Arduino Pin 10
1.4. Trig pin to Arduino Pin 11
2. Vibrating motor:
2.1. One cable should go to GND
2.2. The remaining cable should go to Pin 3
Step 2: The Code
Using Arduino IDE upload the code into the Arduino Uno using USB 2.0 type A/B.
Step 3: Putting It All Together
Once the circuitry is completed, and uploaded the code onto the Arduino, then you're
ready to attach everything to the ski pole. The final step is to simply connect a power
source to your Arduino.
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7. WORKING
So, when we will turn on the circuit power supply the ultrasonic sensor starts. As soon
as the object comes in the range of vicinity (set as 15cm) the ultrasonic sensor sends
frequency from sender part which after striking the obstacle reflects back and is
received by the receiving part. After receiving the frequency from desired range the
ultrasonic sensor under the control of code embedded in ARDUINO UNO, the
ultrasonic sensor sends the signal to vibrating motor and the buzzer.
Hence after getting the sensations due to vibrating motor and buzzer the person
holding it gets to know the presence of an object in vicinity.
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8. APPLICATIONS
1. Obstacle detection: Smart sticks can use ultrasonic sensors to detect obstacles in
front of the user, providing audible warnings or vibrations to guide users safely
through their environment.
2. Navigation: These devices can be equipped with GPS modules to provide location
information to users, helping them reach their destination. They can also use
Bluetooth modules to communicate with smartphones for additional navigation
assistance.
3. Vibration alerts: Smart sticks can integrate vibration motors to alert users to
potential obstacles or changes in their surroundings. This feature can be particularly
useful for detecting edges of stairs, doorways, or other hazardous areas.
4. Buzzer alerts: In addition to vibration alerts, smart sticks can also use buzzers to
produce audible warnings when obstacles are detected. This allows users to be
aware of potential hazards and adjust their course accordingly.
5. Smart walking aid: By connecting to smartphones, smart sticks can access real-
time maps and navigation information, providing users with turn-by-turn directions
and obstacle warnings.
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9. INFERENCE
The smart stick is designed to provide enhanced assistance to visually impaired
individuals. These smart sticks utilize ultrasonic sensors and Arduino microcontrollers
to detect obstacles and they can provide feedback to the user through vibration and
sound. The use of this technology aims to improve the safety, efficiency, and
independence of visually impaired individuals in their daily mobility and navigation.
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10. REFERENCE
10.1 BIBLIOGRAPHY
W. Joshi (2017) ‘NCERT Physics Textbook for Class XII (Part 2)’, NCERT,
Pp: 467 to 496
Neerparaj Rai (2016) ‘Arduino Projects for Engineers’, Pp: 9
Niel Cameron (2019) ‘Arduino Applied’, Pp: 1to 4, 50 to 55
10.2 WEBLIOGRAPHY
https://youtu.be/_RpSaj9j-GY downloaded on 10/11/2023
https://www.cuidevices.com/blog/push-button-switches- 101#:~:text=A%20push
%20button%20switch%20is,depending%20on%20the%20d esign%20requirements.
downloaded on 11/11/2023
https://projecthub.arduino.cc/hadi1234/arduino-blind-stick-b3157a downloaded on
11/11/2023
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