1.

Rudraksha (Elaeocarpus angustifolius)

Family: Elaeocarpaceae
Nepali Name: Rudraksha

Rudraksha is a sacred seed that is highly regarded in Hinduism and

Buddhism. It is believed to possess spiritual and healing properties. The
word "rudraksha" is derived from Sanskrit, where "rudra" means Lord
Shiva, and "aksha" means teardrop. According to ancient Hindu
scriptures, Lord Shiva shed tears of compassion for humanity, and these
tears crystallized into the seeds known as rudraksha.
Nepal is one of the primary sources of high-quality rudraksha beads.
The plant that produces rudraksha seeds, known as Elaeocarpus
ganitrus, is indigenous to the foothills of the Himalayan region,
including Nepal, India, and parts of Southeast Asia. In Nepal, the sacred
tree grows in the mountainous regions at elevations ranging from 700
to 1,500 meters above sea level.
The Nepalese region of Taplejung, located in the eastern part of the
country, is particularly renowned for its abundant supply of authentic
and high-quality rudraksha beads.
Silvicultural Characteristics
Rudraksha is a medium-sized evergreen tree that can reach heights of
20 to 30 meters.
It has a straight and cylindrical trunk with a well-developed crown.
The rudraksha tree is primarily cultivated for its seeds, which are
considered sacred and used for various religious and spiritual purposes.
Each drupe contains one or a few rudraksha seeds.
The seeds have a hard, rough texture and are typically brown in color.
Rudraksha trees prefer a tropical or subtropical climate.
They are commonly found in regions with an average annual
temperature of 20-30 degrees Celsius.
The tree thrives in well-drained soil with good fertility. It can tolerate a
wide range of soil types but prefers loamy or sandy soils.
Adequate rainfall and moisture availability are essential for the growth
and development of rudraksha trees.
Proper care and management are important for the growth and health
of rudraksha trees.
This includes regular watering, fertilization, and protection from pests
and diseases.
Pruning and thinning of the canopy may be required to maintain the
tree's shape and promote better growth.
Field Identification:
The leaves of the rudraksha tree are simple, alternate, and spirally
arranged.
They are elliptical or oblong in shape, with prominent veins and a shiny
dark green color.
Rudraksha trees produce small, pale-green flowers that are fragrant
and have a bell-shaped appearance.
After pollination, the tree produces fruits known as drupes. These fruits
are initially green and turn bluish-purple or black when ripe.

Flowering: The flowering season typically occurs from April to May.

Fruiting: The fruits ripen in June.
No of Fruits per kg: 1000-2000 annually.
Conservation Status: Not evaluated
Germination: Soak the seeds in lukewarm water for 48 hours.
Fill a bowl with warm water from your sink so it's deep enough to
submerge the seeds you're planting. Pour the seeds into the water and
leave them to soak to help them germinate easier. After about 2 days,
drain the water and pat the seeds dry.
Methods of propagation:
The rudraksha tree (Elaeocarpus ganitrus) can be propagated through
various methods. Here are some common methods of propagating
rudraksha:
1. Seed Propagation: The most common and natural method of
propagating rudraksha is through seeds. The seeds are obtained from
mature fruits. It is important to collect ripe fruits and remove the pulp
before extracting the seeds. The seeds should be soaked in water for a
day or two to facilitate germination. After soaking, they can be sown
directly in prepared nursery beds or pots containing well-drained soil.
The germination period can vary and may take several weeks to several
months. Once the seedlings have reached a suitable size, they can be
transplanted to their permanent location.
2. Air Layering: Air layering is another method used for propagating
rudraksha. This method involves creating a wound or removing a ring of
bark on a branch of a mature tree. The wounded area is then covered
with moist sphagnum moss or a rooting medium and wrapped with a
plastic or polythene sheet to maintain humidity. Roots will develop at
the wounded area, and once they are well-formed, the branch can be
cut and planted as an independent seedling.
3. Grafting: Grafting is a common propagation method used for many
tree species, including rudraksha. It involves joining a scion (a young
shoot or branch) from a desired rudraksha tree onto a rootstock of a
compatible species. The scion is carefully selected to ensure the desired
traits, such as specific mukhi (facets) or high-quality seeds. The grafting
process requires skill and expertise to ensure successful union and
growth.
4. Tissue Culture: Tissue culture propagation is a more advanced and
specialized method used for mass production of rudraksha plants. It
involves taking small tissue samples from a selected plant and placing
them in a nutrient-rich culture medium under controlled conditions.
These tissue samples then develop into new plants, which can be
multiplied rapidly in a laboratory. Tissue culture propagation allows for
the production of genetically identical plants with desirable traits.
Each propagation method has its advantages and challenges. Seed
propagation is the most accessible and natural method, while methods
like air layering, grafting, and tissue culture require specialized
knowledge and equipment. The choice of propagation method depends
on factors such as the availability of planting material, desired traits,
scale of propagation, and expertise available.

Rate of Growth:
Generally, rudraksha is considered a slow-growing tree compared to
many other tree species. Here are some general estimates of its growth
rate:
1. Seedling Stage: During the initial years, rudraksha seedlings can have
a slow growth rate. In the first few years after germination, the
seedlings may grow around 15-30 centimeters in height annually.
2. Young Tree Stage: As the rudraksha tree matures, its growth rate can
increase. In the following years, the tree may grow around 30-60
centimeters in height annually. However, it is important to note that
growth rates can vary based on factors such as soil fertility, moisture
availability, and overall plant health.
3. Mature Tree Stage: Once rudraksha trees reach maturity, their
growth rate tends to slow down further. At this stage, the tree's growth
rate can range from 10-30 centimeters per year.
It is worth mentioning that rudraksha trees have a long gestation
period, typically taking 7 to 10 years to produce viable seeds. The
growth rate can also be influenced by the specific mukhi (facets) of the
rudraksha tree, as different mukhis are associated with different
growth characteristics and benefits.

Uses:
1. Spiritual and Religious Practices: Rudraksha beads are widely used by
spiritual seekers, yogis, and followers of Hinduism and Buddhism. They
are worn as a necklace or bracelet, commonly known as a "rudraksha
mala" or prayer beads, during meditation, chanting, and prayer. The
beads are believed to enhance focus, concentration, and spiritual
connection. Different mukhis (facets) of rudraksha are associated with
specific deities and energies, and individuals often choose beads based
on their spiritual needs.
2. Health and Well-being: In traditional Ayurvedic medicine, rudraksha
is considered a therapeutic herb. The seeds are believed to possess
healing properties and are used in Ayurvedic remedies for various
ailments. They are often powdered, infused in oils, or worn close to the
body to promote physical and mental well-being. Rudraksha is believed
to help reduce stress, anxiety, and depression, as well as improve
overall vitality and energy.
3. Protection and Good Luck: Rudraksha beads are considered
protective talismans. They are believed to shield the wearer from
negative energies, evil spirits, and psychic attacks. Rudraksha is also
associated with good luck, fortune, and prosperity. Many people wear
rudraksha beads as a symbol of blessings and to attract positive energy
into their lives.
4. Jewelry and Fashion: Rudraksha beads have gained popularity in the
fashion and jewelry industry. They are used to create unique and stylish
accessories such as necklaces, bracelets, earrings, and pendants.
Rudraksha jewelry blends spirituality with fashion, allowing individuals
to wear the beads as a symbol of their beliefs while also making a
fashion statement.
5. Collectibles and Investments: Rare and high-quality rudraksha beads,
especially those with unique mukhis or natural formations, are sought
after by collectors and enthusiasts. These beads hold cultural and
spiritual value, and their scarcity can increase their market worth over
time. Some people consider rudraksha beads as valuable investments.
2.Pipal (Ficus religiosa)
Family: Moraceae
Nepali Name: Peepal (pipal)

Peepal, scientifically known as

Ficus religiosa, is a revered and sacred tree found in the Indian
subcontinent and other parts of Southeast Asia. It stands as a symbol of
spirituality, wisdom, and divinity in various cultures and religions. This
majestic tree can reach impressive heights, with a wide-spreading
crown adorned by heart-shaped, vibrant green leaves.
The peepal tree holds immense ecological importance as it thrives in
diverse soil types and provides shelter to numerous bird species and
animals. It has medicinal significance too, with its leaves, bark, and
aerial roots utilized in traditional medicine for their healing properties.
Peepal's significance extends beyond its physical attributes, as it serves
as a focal point for worship and spiritual practices. Sitting under the
shade of a peepal tree is believed to bring tranquility and
enlightenment, while tying threads or adorning it with offerings is a
mark of devotion.
 With its rich cultural, ecological, and spiritual significance, the peepal
tree remains a cherished and cherished symbol of sacredness and
reverence.

Silvicultural Characteristics:
Peepal is a large deciduous tree that can grow up to 30 meters in
height.
It has a spreading canopy with branches that extend widely. The trunk
is usually straight and cylindrical, with a pale gray bark that develops
fissures and flaky texture as the tree matures.
Peepal trees bear small, inconspicuous flowers that are enclosed within
a fig-like structure known as a syconium. The flowers are usually
pollinated by wasps.
After pollination, the syconium develops into a fruit known as a fig. The
figs are green when unripe and turn purple or black as they mature.
Peepal trees are well-adapted to a variety of environmental conditions.
They prefer a tropical or subtropical climate with temperatures ranging
from 20 to 35 degrees Celsius.
Peepal trees can grow in a wide range of soil types, including sandy,
loamy, and clayey soils. They have a moderate tolerance for drought
but require well-drained soil for optimal growth.
Peepal trees require minimal maintenance once established. Adequate
spacing should be provided to allow for the tree's expansive growth.
Field Identification:
The leaves of the peepal tree are alternate, simple, and heart-shaped.
They have a glossy, bright green color and are characterized by a
distinctive drip tip at the apex.
The leaves are arranged alternately on the branches and provide dense
foliage.The bark of a mature peepal tree is pale gray in color and
becomes rough and flaky with age.It develops fissures and ridges, giving
the trunk a unique textured appearance. Younger trees may have
smoother bark.
Peepal is a large, deciduous tree that can reach a height of up to 30
meters. It has a spreading canopy with widely extending branches that
create a broad, rounded shape. The tree often has an open and airy
appearance.
Peepal trees produce fig-like fruits called syconia. These fruits are small
and green when unripe, turning purple or black as they mature
Peepal trees are commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions.
They thrive in a variety of habitats, including forests, woodlands, open
fields, and urban areas.

Flowering: February
Fruiting: In the month of May
Conservation Status: Least concerned
Germination: Keep at between 20-25 degrees C. Seeds sometimes
germinate within 4 to 6 weeks although some may take very much
longer so please be patient. Plant out in the open ground in warmer
countries or in a large container elsewhere.

Method of Propagation:
1. Seed Propagation: Propagation from seeds is one of the most
common methods for growing peepal trees. The ripe fig-like fruits
(syconia) are collected from mature trees. The seeds are extracted from
the fruits and washed to remove any pulp or debris. Peepal seeds have
a hard coat and are often treated to enhance germination. Scarification,
which involves nicking or scratching the seed coat, can be done to
promote better water absorption. Soaking the seeds in water for a few
hours or overnight can also help in softening the seed coat. Once
prepared, the seeds are sown in well-prepared soil or seedling trays.
Adequate moisture and warmth are provided for germination, and the
seedlings are transplanted to their final growing location when they are
of sufficient size.

2. Vegetative Propagation: Peepal can also be propagated through

vegetative means, which involve using plant parts other than seeds.
Some common vegetative propagation methods for peepal include:

a. Stem Cuttings: Select healthy, mature stems and take cuttings

around 20-30 cm in length. Remove any leaves from the lower portion
of the cutting. Dip the cut end of the stem in a rooting hormone
(optional) and plant it in a well-draining rooting medium. Maintain
humidity around the cutting by covering it with a plastic bag or a
propagating dome. Provide warmth and indirect light. Over time, the
cutting develops roots and can be transplanted into a larger container
or directly into the ground.
 b. Air Layering: Air layering is another effective method for
propagating peepal trees. Select a healthy branch and make a shallow
incision or remove a small section of bark. Apply a rooting hormone to
the exposed area. Wrap the wounded section with moist sphagnum
moss or another suitable rooting medium. Cover the moss with plastic
wrap or a plastic bag, sealing it at both ends. Roots will develop within a
few weeks or months. Once the roots are well-formed, the branch can
be cut below the rooting zone and planted as a new tree.

c. Grafting: Grafting can also be used for propagating peepal, although

it is less commonly practiced compared to seed or stem cutting
propagation. Grafting involves joining a desired peepal cultivar (scion)
onto a compatible rootstock. The scion is carefully selected, and a cut is
made in the rootstock to match the scion's shape. The scion is then
inserted into the cut area and secured in place with grafting tape or a
similar material. The grafted tree is protected and maintained until
successful union and growth occur.

Rate of Growth:
The rate of growth of peepal (Ficus religiosa) can vary depending on
several factors such as environmental conditions, soil fertility, and
cultural practices. Generally, peepal trees are known for their relatively
fast growth compared to some other tree species. However, the growth
rate can still vary and is influenced by the following factors:

1. Age: Young peepal trees tend to grow more rapidly compared to

mature trees. During the early stages of growth, peepal trees can
exhibit vigorous growth, especially when provided with optimal
growing conditions.
2. Environmental Conditions: Peepal trees thrive in tropical and
subtropical regions with warm temperatures and ample sunlight. They
prefer well-drained soil but can adapt to different soil types. Adequate
water availability, especially during the establishment phase, is
essential for promoting growth. When provided with favorable
environmental conditions, peepal trees can grow rapidly.
3. Nutrient Availability: Peepal trees respond well to fertile soil that
provides a rich supply of nutrients. Adequate nutrient availability,
including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, supports healthy
growth and can contribute to faster growth rates.
4. Pruning and Maintenance: Regular pruning, especially during the
early stages of growth, can help shape the tree and stimulate lateral
branching. Pruning can direct the tree's energy towards growth and
result in a more compact and well-formed canopy.
It's important to note that the growth rate of trees, including peepal,
can also slow down as they reach maturity. Once peepal trees establish
their canopy and root system, their growth rate may stabilize.

Uses:
1. Religious and Spiritual Significance: Peepal is considered a sacred
tree in various religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, and
Jainism. It is often associated with spiritual and religious practices.
Many people believe that meditating or praying under a peepal
tree brings blessings, enlightenment, and spiritual growth. The
 tree is considered a symbol of wisdom, longevity, and divine
energy.

2. Medicinal Properties: Different parts of the peepal tree, such as

leaves, bark, and aerial roots, are used in traditional medicine systems
for their potential medicinal properties. Peepal leaves are believed to
have anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties. The bark is used to
treat various ailments such as asthma, skin disorders, and digestive
issues. Aerial roots are used for their antimicrobial and astringent
properties.
3. Environmental Benefits: Peepal trees play a vital role in the
environment. They are known for their ability to provide shade and
reduce heat. The large spreading canopy of peepal trees helps in
reducing air pollution, providing a cooling effect, and improving air
quality. The tree also helps in preventing soil erosion and stabilizing the
surrounding ecosystem.
4. Timber and Woodcraft: Peepal wood is used in various woodcraft
and carpentry applications. It is relatively soft and easy to work with,
making it suitable for carving, making small furniture, and crafting
decorative items. The wood is also used for making toys, handicrafts,
and religious artifacts.
5. Fodder for Livestock: Peepal leaves serve as a valuable fodder for
livestock, particularly for grazing animals. The leaves are nutrient-rich
and provide nourishment to cattle, goats, and other herbivorous
animals.
6. Landscaping and Ornamental Use: Peepal trees are often planted for
their aesthetic appeal in parks, gardens, and urban landscapes. The
tree's large and graceful canopy, along with its distinct heart-shaped
leaves, adds beauty and provides shade in outdoor spaces.

3. Asuro (Justicia adhatoda)

Family: Acanthaceae
Nepali Name: Asuro (Malbar nut)

Asuro, also known as the Malabar nut, is a fascinating plant species

found in Nepal. Native to the Western Ghats of India, the Malabar nut
has made its home in the diverse ecosystems of Nepal, particularly in
the Terai region. This perennial evergreen shrub stands out with its
glossy leaves and vibrant inflorescence of small, fragrant white flowers.
The plant holds great significance in traditional medicine practices, as
various parts of the Asuro plant, including the leaves, seeds, and roots,
are believed to possess medicinal properties.
In Nepal, it is commonly used in Ayurvedic treatments to alleviate
respiratory ailments, such as coughs, asthma, and bronchitis. The
Malabar nut's presence in Nepal not only adds to the country's rich
biodiversity but also provides a valuable natural resource for traditional
healing practices.
In Nepal it is distributed throughout the country up to the altitude of
1300m.
Silvicultural Characteristics:
Asuro, also known as the Malabar nut, exhibits several silvicultural
characteristics that are worth noting. Here are some key aspects:
Asuro is a perennial evergreen shrub that typically grows up to 3 to 5
meters in height.
It has a bushy and compact growth habit, with multiple branches
emerging from the base.
Asuro produces small, fragrant white flowers that are arranged in
inflorescences.
These inflorescences, called racemes, arise from the leaf axils. The
flowering season usually occurs during the summer months.
The capsules contain several small seeds. When mature, the capsules
split open, releasing the seeds.
Asuro can be propagated through both seeds and vegetative means.
Seeds can be collected from mature capsules and sown in suitable
growing conditions. Vegetative propagation is also possible through
stem cuttings or layering.
Asuro thrives in tropical and subtropical regions with well-drained soils.
It is well-adapted to a variety of environments, including forest edges,
open areas, and disturbed habitats. It can tolerate moderate levels of
shade but prefers full or partial sunlight.
Asuro can be managed through regular pruning to maintain its shape
and size. It is a low-maintenance plant that requires moderate watering
and periodic fertilization for optimal growth.
Field Identification:
The leaves of Asuro are simple, alternate, and ovate in shape. They are
dark green and glossy, providing an attractive appearance to the plant.
The leaves are leathery in texture and have prominent veins.
Field identification of Asuro, also known as the Malabar nut, can be
done by considering several key characteristics. Here are some features
to look for when identifying Asuro in the field:
Asuro produces small, white flowers that are fragrant. The flowers are
borne in inflorescences called racemes, which emerge from the leaf
axils. The inflorescences are elongated and can contain multiple
flowers.
Following successful pollination, Asuro develops small, rounded
capsules as its fruit. The capsules are usually green initially and turn
brown as they mature. When fully ripe, the capsules split open,
releasing several small seeds.
The bark of Asuro is relatively smooth and grayish-brown in color. The
stems are woody, and the younger branches can be slightly pubescent
(covered with fine hairs).

Flowering & Fruiting: April to June

No of fruits per kg: Asuro plant can produce several dozen to over
a hundred fruits during its fruiting season.

Conservation Status: Least concerned

Method of Propagation:
1. Seed Collection: Asuro seeds are usually collected from mature
capsules that have turned brown and split open naturally. The seeds
should be carefully collected and stored in a cool, dry place until ready
for sowing.

2. Seed Preparation: Before sowing, it is recommended to soak the

Asuro seeds in water for a few hours or overnight. This helps to soften
the seed coat and enhance germination.

3. Sowing: Asuro seeds can be sown directly in the desired growing

medium. Prepare a well-drained potting mix or use a seed tray filled
with a combination of soil, sand, and organic matter. Plant the seeds at
a shallow depth, covering them with a thin layer of the growing
medium.

4. Moisture and Temperature: To facilitate germination, it is important

to keep the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged. Maintain a
warm temperature of around 25-30°C (77-86°F), which provides
optimal conditions for germination. Using a plastic cover or maintaining
a humid environment can help retain moisture.

5. Germination Period: The germination period for Asuro seeds can vary
but typically ranges from 10 to 20 days. During this time, monitor the
moisture levels and ensure the growing medium remains damp.
6. Seedling Care: Once the seedlings emerge, gradually expose them to
more sunlight by removing the plastic cover or shifting them to a
brighter location. Maintain regular watering and provide adequate
ventilation to promote healthy growth.

7. Transplanting: As the seedlings develop several leaves and grow to a

suitable size, they can be transplanted into individual pots or directly
into the desired planting site. Ensure the soil is well-drained and
provide adequate spacing between the plants for proper growth.

Uses:
1. Respiratory Health: Asuro is widely used in traditional medicine
systems, such as Ayurveda, for its beneficial effects on the respiratory
system. It is believed to have expectorant, bronchodilator, and
antitussive properties, making it useful in the treatment of coughs,
bronchitis, asthma, and other respiratory conditions.

2. Herbal Remedies: Various parts of the Asuro plant, including the

leaves, seeds, and roots, are used in herbal remedies. Leaves are often
made into infusions, teas, or decoctions to alleviate respiratory
ailments. The seeds are sometimes powdered and used in formulations
for cough relief. The root extract is used for its antimicrobial properties.

3. Digestive Aid: Asuro has been used traditionally as a digestive aid. It

is believed to stimulate digestion, promote appetite, and provide relief
from gastrointestinal disorders such as indigestion, flatulence, and
bloating.
4. Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Properties: Asuro is known for its
anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. It is used topically in the form
of poultices or ointments to alleviate pain and inflammation associated
with arthritis, joint pains, and muscular discomfort.
5. Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity: Asuro exhibits antimicrobial
properties, and its extracts have shown inhibitory effects against
certain bacteria and fungi. Additionally, it possesses antioxidant
compounds that help in scavenging free radicals and protecting against
oxidative stress.
6. Oral Health: Asuro has been used in oral care due to its antimicrobial
properties. It is believed to help in preventing and treating oral
infections, gum diseases, and bad breath.
7. Cosmetics and Skincare: Asuro extracts are sometimes incorporated
into cosmetic products and skincare formulations due to their
antioxidant and skin-soothing properties. They are used in creams,
lotions, and herbal preparations for their potential benefits on the skin.
4.Simal (Bombax ceiba)
Family: Malvaceae
Nepali Name: Simal

Bombax ceiba,
commonly known as the
silk cotton tree, holds a
prominent presence in
Nepal's diverse
landscape. This majestic
tree is native to the
tropical and subtropical
regions of Asia, including
Nepal. It is known for its towering height, reaching up to 20-30 meters,
and its impressive girth, with a wide spreading canopy. The distinctive
feature of the Bombax ceiba is its large, trumpet-shaped flowers that
bloom in vibrant shades of red or pink. These eye-catching flowers add
a splash of color to the Nepalese forests during the flowering season,
typically observed from February to April. Apart from its ornamental
value, Bombax ceiba has significant cultural and ecological importance
in Nepal. Its strong and lightweight wood is utilized for construction
purposes, while the silky fibers within its seed pods are collected and
used for stuffing pillows, mattresses, and traditional crafts. Moreover,
the tree provides habitat and food for a variety of wildlife, making it a
vital part of Nepal's biodiversity.
Silvicultural Characteristics:
Bombax ceiba is a large deciduous tree that can reach impressive
heights of up to 20-30 meters. It has a tall and straight trunk with a
wide canopy that spreads out horizontally.
After successful pollination, Bombax ceiba develops fruit capsules
known as follicles.
These elongated capsules contain numerous seeds embedded in a
cotton-like fiber.
When the capsules mature and dry, they split open, releasing the seeds
along with the fluffy cotton fibers, which aid in seed dispersal.
Bombax ceiba is native to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia,
including countries like India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Thailand.
It thrives in diverse habitats, including deciduous forests, savannas, and
riverbanks. It prefers well-drained soils but can tolerate periodic
flooding.
Bombax ceiba holds cultural and religious significance in many regions.
It is often considered a sacred or revered tree and is associated with
various folklore and traditions.
The timber of Bombax ceiba is moderately hard and lightweight. It is
used in construction, making furniture, and crafting various wooden
products.
The fluffy cotton fibers surrounding the seeds have commercial value
and are utilized for stuffing pillows, cushions, and mattresses.
Field Identification:
1. Size and Growth Habit: The silk cotton tree is a large, deciduous tree
that can reach impressive heights, often exceeding 20 meters (65 feet)
or more. It has a tall and straight trunk with a wide, spreading crown.
2. Bark: The bark of Bombax ceiba is grayish-brown and smooth when
young, but it becomes rough and fissured with age. The older bark
develops prominent thorns or conical prickles.
3. Leaves: The leaves are compound, composed of several leaflets
arranged in a palmate pattern. Each leaflet is oblong or ovate in shape,
with a pointed tip and a serrated or toothed margin. The leaves are
typically green and shed during the tree's dormant period.
4. Flowers: One of the distinct features of Bombax ceiba is its large,
showy flowers. The tree produces clusters of bright red or orange-red
flowers with five petals. The flowers are cup-shaped and have
numerous stamens arranged in a striking, spherical structure in the
center.
5. Fruits and Seeds: After flowering, the silk cotton tree produces large,
oval-shaped fruits called capsules. These capsules are covered in a
thick, woody shell filled with cotton-like fibers surrounding the seeds.
When mature, the capsules split open, releasing the fluffy fibers and
seeds, which are dispersed by wind.
6. Habitat and Distribution: Bombax ceiba is native to tropical and
subtropical regions and can be found in various habitats, including
rainforests, dry deciduous forests, and savannas. It is commonly found
in Asia, including countries such as India, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam.
7. Cultural Significance: In addition to its ecological importance,
Bombax ceiba holds cultural and religious significance in many regions.
It is often considered a sacred tree and is associated with various
cultural practices and folklore.

Flowering: March to May

Fruiting: starting from around May or June
No of fruits per kg: 10-20
Conservation Status: Not evaluated
Germination:
1. Seed Collection: Obtain mature seeds from the silk cotton tree. The
seeds are usually contained within large, oval-shaped capsules. Harvest
the capsules once they have turned brown and dried on the tree.

2. Seed Preparation: Gently remove the seeds from the capsules. It's
important to handle them with care as the seeds are surrounded by
cotton-like fibers, which can cause irritation.

3. Seed Scarification: Bombax ceiba seeds have a hard seed coat that
can inhibit germination. To enhance germination, scarify the seeds by
nicking or lightly scratching the seed coat with a knife or sandpaper.
This process helps water to penetrate the seed coat, promoting
germination.
4. Seed Soaking: Soak the scarified seeds in water overnight or for
about 24 hours. This step helps to soften the seed coat and initiate the
germination process.

5. Sowing: Plant the soaked seeds in a well-draining potting mix or

directly in the ground. Ensure that the soil is loose and provides good
drainage. Sow the seeds at a depth of about 2-3 centimeters (1 inch).

6. Moisture and Temperature: Maintain consistent moisture in the

growing medium by watering regularly. The optimal temperature range
for germination is around 25-30°C (77-86°F). Provide a warm and humid
environment, if possible, to promote germination.

7. Germination Period: The germination period for Bombax ceiba seeds

can vary but generally ranges from a few weeks to a couple of months.
Be patient as the seeds can take time to sprout.

8. Seedling Care: Once the seedlings emerge, provide them with

adequate sunlight and gradually expose them to brighter conditions.
Ensure that the seedlings receive sufficient water and protection from
extreme weather conditions.
Methods of Propagation:
1. Seed Propagation: Propagation through seeds is the most common
method for Bombax ceiba. Collect mature seeds from the tree and sow
them in well-draining soil. Scarify the seeds by nicking or lightly
scratching the seed coat to enhance germination. Soak the seeds in
water for a few hours or overnight before sowing. Plant the seeds at a
depth of 2-3 centimeters (1 inch). Keep the soil moist and provide
warmth and light for optimal germination. Seed propagation is cost-
effective and can result in genetic diversity.
2. Stem Cuttings: Bombax ceiba can be propagated through stem
cuttings. Take 15-20 cm (6-8 inches) long stem cuttings from mature
and healthy branches during the dormant season. Remove the leaves
from the lower half of the cutting and dip the base in a rooting
hormone. Plant the cuttings in a well-draining rooting medium and
keep them moist. Provide a warm and humid environment, and protect
the cuttings from direct sunlight. With proper care, the cuttings can
root and develop into new plants.
3. Air Layering: Air layering is another method to propagate Bombax
ceiba. Select a healthy branch and make a 2-3 cm (1 inch) longitudinal
cut on the lower part of the branch. Apply a rooting hormone on the
cut area and cover it with a moist sphagnum moss or a rooting medium.
Wrap the moss with plastic and secure it at both ends. Keep the moss
moist and wait for roots to develop. Once the roots are well-formed,
cut below the rooted section and plant it in a separate container.
4. Grafting: Bombax ceiba can be grafted onto suitable rootstocks to
propagate desired varieties or ensure specific traits. Select a compatible
rootstock and a scion from a healthy tree with the desired
characteristics. Perform the grafting technique of your choice, such as
whip grafting or cleft grafting. Properly join the scion and rootstock,
secure them, and protect the graft union. Provide appropriate care and
monitoring to ensure successful grafting.

Uses:
1. Timber: The wood of Bombax ceiba is lightweight, durable, and
relatively easy to work with. It is used in construction for making
furniture, plywood, and other wooden items. The wood is also suitable
for carving and crafting.
2. Fiber: The cotton-like fibers that surround the seeds of Bombax ceiba
are used for stuffing pillows, cushions, and mattresses. They provide
natural insulation and good airflow, making them suitable for bedding
materials.
3. Traditional Medicine: Different parts of Bombax ceiba, including the
leaves, bark, and flowers, are used in traditional medicine systems.
They are believed to have medicinal properties and are used to treat
various ailments such as respiratory disorders, inflammation,
gastrointestinal issues, and skin problems.
4. Cultural and Religious Significance: Bombax ceiba holds cultural and
religious significance in many regions where it is found. It is often
considered a sacred tree and is associated with various ceremonies,
festivals, and folklore.
5. Wildlife Support: The large and sturdy branches of Bombax ceiba
provide nesting sites for birds and other wildlife. The flowers attract
pollinators, and the fruits serve as a food source for birds and animals.
6. Landscaping and Shade: Bombax ceiba is valued for its ornamental
beauty and is often planted in parks, gardens, and along roadsides for
its attractive flowers and large canopy, which provides shade.
7. Honey Production: Bees are attracted to the flowers of Bombax
ceiba, and honeybees utilize the nectar to produce honey. In regions
where silk cotton trees are abundant, honey production can be an
important economic activity.
8. Erosion Control: The extensive root system of Bombax ceiba helps
stabilize soil and prevent erosion, particularly in areas prone to heavy
rainfall or soil erosion.
9. Environmental Benefits: Bombax ceiba trees contribute to the
ecosystem by providing oxygen, sequestering carbon dioxide, and
improving air quality.
5.Dhupi Salla (Juniperus indica)
Family: Cupressaceae
Nepali Name: Dhupi

Juniperus indica, commonly

known as the Himalayan
juniper or Dhupi in Nepal, is a
species of juniper native to the
Himalayan region, including
Nepal. This evergreen tree is
highly adaptable to diverse
environments and can be found
in various habitats, from high altitude alpine zones to lower elevations.
Juniperus indica is characterized by its dense, conical or columnar
shape and its aromatic foliage, which releases a distinct resinous scent
when crushed. The leaves are scale-like, arranged in opposite pairs or
whorls, and often have a bluish-green hue. This species is dioecious,
meaning that male and female reproductive structures are found on
separate trees. The female trees produce small, round, bluish-black
berries known as "juniper berries." These berries are used in traditional
medicine and as a spice in culinary applications. In Nepal, Juniperus
indica holds cultural significance and is often found in sacred groves
and as a component of traditional healing practices. The tree is also
valued for its timber, which is used in construction, furniture making,
and as fuelwood. Juniperus indica is an important component of the
Himalayan ecosystem, providing habitat and food for various wildlife
species and contributing to the overall biodiversity of the region.
Silvicultural Characteristics:
Juniperus indica is a slow-growing, evergreen tree that typically exhibits
a conical or columnar growth habit.
It is a shrub growing to 50-200 cm tall, with largely horizontal
branching. The leaves are dark grey-green, dimorphic, with adult plants
having mostly scale-like leaves 1-3 mm long, while young plants have
mostly needle-like leaves 5-8 mm long, but needle-like leaves can also
be found on shaded shoots of adult plants.
The leaves are borne in whorls of three on strong stout main stem
shoots, and opposite pairs on thinner, slower-growing shoots. It is
dioecious, with male (pollen) and female (seed) cones on separate
plants.
The mature seed cones are ovoid, berry-like, 6-10 mm long, glossy
black, and contain a single seed; the seeds are dispersed by birds which
eat the cones, digest the fleshy cone pulp, and excrete the seeds in
their droppings
Himalayan juniper is highly adaptable and can tolerate a wide range of
climatic and soil conditions. It is commonly found in the Himalayan
region, including Nepal, at various elevations ranging from lower hills to
alpine zones. It can withstand harsh environmental conditions such as
cold temperatures, high altitudes, and rocky terrain
Juniperus indica plays a crucial role in the Himalayan ecosystem. It
provides habitat and food sources for various wildlife species, including
birds and small mammals. The dense foliage of the tree also offers
shelter and protection for animals. Additionally, the tree's deep root
system helps stabilize soil and prevent erosion in mountainous areas.
Field Identification:
1. Tree Size and Shape: Juniperus indica is a medium to large-sized
evergreen tree that can reach heights of up to 20 meters (65 feet). It
has a dense, conical or columnar shape with a rounded crown.
2. Bark: The bark of Juniperus indica is reddish-brown or grayish-brown
and develops shallow furrows and ridges as the tree matures. The bark
texture is often smooth on young branches but becomes rougher and
more fissured on older branches and trunks.
3. Foliage: The foliage of Juniperus indica consists of scale-like or
needle-like leaves that are arranged in opposite pairs or whorls along
the branches. The leaves are often bluish-green or grayish-green in
color and give off a pleasant resinous aroma when crushed.
4. Cones: Juniperus indica produces small cones that are typically green
when young and turn bluish-black or dark purple when mature. The
cones are berry-like in appearance and have a fleshy texture with a
waxy coating. They contain seeds and are often referred to as "juniper
berries."
5. Habitat and Distribution: Juniperus indica is native to the Himalayan
region, including Nepal. It can be found in various habitats ranging from
high-altitude alpine zones to lower elevations. It is often found growing
in rocky areas, slopes, open forests, and grasslands.
6. Geographic Range: Juniperus indica is primarily found in the
Himalayan region, including Nepal, India, Bhutan, and parts of China
and Pakistan.
7. Aromatic Resin: When the foliage or branches of Juniperus indica are
crushed or bruised, they release a characteristic resinous scent, which
is a notable feature of this species.

Flowering: early Spring

Fruiting: The cones are seen in April to May that mature in October
to December.

No of Fruits per kg: 1000-3000

Conservation Status: Least concerned
Germination: Seed dormancy in this species is broken by warm-cold
stratification at 15°C/3°C, for 14+12 weeks, respectively. Seed drying
for 72 h at room temperature in the middle of the warm phase (i.e.
after 4-8 weeks of stratification at 15°C) and the following cold
stratification at 3°C, cause a significant increase in seed germination
capacity at cyclically alternating temperatures of 3~15°C, and in
seedling emergence in growing trays (67 cells each) in a greenhouse.
However, seedling emergence was over 2-fold to 4-fold lower in an
open nursery than in the greenhouse.
Methods of Propagation:
1. Seed Propagation: Propagation through seeds is the most common
method for Juniperus indica. Collect mature seeds from the tree during
the fruiting season. Soak the seeds in water for a few hours to soften
the seed coat and enhance germination. Sow the seeds in well-draining
soil or a seedling tray, covering them with a thin layer of soil. Keep the
soil consistently moist and provide warmth and light. Germination may
take several weeks to a few months. Once the seedlings are well-
established, they can be transplanted into larger containers or directly
into the ground.
2. Stem Cuttings: Juniperus indica can be propagated through semi-
hardwood stem cuttings. Select healthy, mature branches and take 10-
15 cm (4-6 inch) long cuttings. Remove the lower leaves and dip the cut
end in a rooting hormone to promote root development. Plant the
cuttings in a well-draining potting mix or rooting medium, ensuring that
at least one or two nodes are below the soil. Keep the cuttings moist
and provide a warm and humid environment. Rooting can occur in a
few weeks to a few months, and once rooted, the cuttings can be
transplanted to larger pots or the ground.
3. Layering: Layering is another method to propagate Juniperus indica.
Select a healthy, low-growing branch and bend it gently to the ground.
Make a small incision or remove a small section of the bark where the
branch touches the ground. Cover the wounded area with soil, leaving
the tip of the branch exposed. Secure the branch with a stake if
needed. Over time, roots will develop at the wounded area. Once the
roots are well-established, separate the rooted section from the parent
plant and transplant it.
4. Grafting: Juniperus indica can also be propagated through grafting,
although this method is less commonly used. Select a suitable rootstock
and a scion from a desired Juniperus indica tree. Perform the grafting
technique of your choice, such as whip grafting or cleft grafting,
ensuring proper alignment and secure attachment. Protect the graft
union with grafting wax or tape. Provide appropriate care and
monitoring to ensure successful grafting.

Uses:
1. Timber: The wood of Juniperus indica is highly valued for its
durability and resistance to decay. It is used in construction, furniture
making, cabinetry, and crafting of small wooden items. The wood is also
sought after for its attractive grain patterns.
2. Traditional Medicine: Juniperus indica has a long history of use in
traditional medicine systems. Various parts of the plant, including the
leaves, berries, and essential oil, are used for their medicinal
properties. They are believed to have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory,
and antioxidant properties, and are used to treat respiratory ailments,
digestive issues, skin problems, and rheumatism.
3. Incense and Aromatherapy: The aromatic foliage and resin of
Juniperus indica are used in incense production. The pleasant fragrance
is believed to have calming and purifying effects. The essential oil
derived from the plant is also used in aromatherapy for relaxation and
stress relief.
4. Culinary Uses: The berries of Juniperus indica, known as juniper
berries, are used as a spice in cooking. They have a distinctive flavor
that adds depth and complexity to dishes, particularly in meat
marinades, pickling, and flavoring of alcoholic beverages like gin.
5. Cultural and Spiritual Significance: Juniperus indica holds cultural and
spiritual significance in various cultures and regions. It is often
associated with purification rituals, blessings, and warding off negative
energies. The branches and foliage are used in ceremonies, festivals,
and sacred spaces.
6. Landscaping and Ornamental Plant: Juniperus indica is valued for its
attractive appearance and ability to withstand harsh environmental
conditions. It is commonly used in landscaping for its evergreen foliage,
unique shape, and tolerance to drought and cold temperatures. It adds
aesthetic appeal to gardens, parks, and landscapes.
7. Erosion Control: The extensive root system of Juniperus indica helps
stabilize soil and prevent erosion. It is often planted on slopes and
hillsides to control soil erosion and provide stability to the land.
8. Wildlife Habitat: Juniperus indica provides habitat and food for
various wildlife species. Birds and mammals are known to feed on the
berries, while the dense foliage and branches offer nesting sites and
shelter for birds and small animals.