Solve QB in Assignment separately

2 marks question

1. State classification of Nuclear Power Plants.

2. State the need of Waste Heat recovery in Thermal Power Plants
3. Enlist any four nuclear fuel
o Uranium-235
o Plutonium-239
o Uranium – 233
o Thorium

4. Define any two performance parameters considered in Power Plants

5. Define : (i) Fixed Cost(ii) Depreciation Cost

6. Name the regulating agencies for nuclear power plant

7. List different performance parameters of power plants.
8. Define the term ‘Capacity Factor’.
9. State importance of power plant
10. Name any four nuclear plant situated in India with their capacity.

4 marks question (Diagram should be perfect according to question

asked)

1. Describe the working of constant pressure open cycle gas turbine with neat
sketch. How does actual cycle differ from the theoretical ?

2. State various methods of improve thermal efficiency of Gas Turbine Power Plant.
Explain Reheating ,Cooling and Regeneration PV and TS diagram and Its layout
Any two 4 marks

3. Explain with neat sketch intercooling method used to improve the thermal
efficiency of a open cycle gas turbine plant.
4. State the present practices in Cogeneration.
5. Explain the need of co-generation with suitable example/ Define trigeneration and
discuss the necessity of it./Explain the concept of Trigeneration and enlist the
opportunities in thermalpower plant./Explain the term ‘Tri-generation’. State its necessity
in thermal power plant./ Explain the concept of Trigeneration and enlist the opportunities
in thermalpower plant/ Explain the term ‘Trigeneration
 6. State different types of nuclear reactors. Explain the working of Boiler Water Reactor with
neat sketch.
7. Explain with neat sketch Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR).
8. Explain with neat sketch operating principle of Nuclear power plant.
9. Compare between Boiler Water Reactor (BWR) & Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR).
10. Enlist advantages and disadvantages of Nuclear Power Plants
11. State the function of pressurizer in PWR and explain the characteristic
features of a PWR
12. State any four advantages and limitations of nuclear power plant.
13. State different types of nuclear reactors. Explain the working of boiler water
reactor with neat sketch.
14. Discuss in brief, the Demand & Supply of Energy

Need of Cogeneration
Cogeneration power plants does maximum utilization of primary fuels
Cogeneration satisfies the need of electricity and process heat simultaneously
Instead of using two separate units for generation of heat and power uses a single cogeneration
plant

Need of Cogeneration -
1) In a conventional power plant, the fuel is burnt in a boiler, which in turn produces high pressure
steam. This high pressure steam is used to drive a turbine, which is connected to an alternator and
hence drive an alternator to produce electric energy. The exhaust steam is then sent to the
condenser, where it gets cool down and gets converted to water and hence return back to boiler for
producing more electrical energy. The efficiency of this conventional power plant is 35 % only.
2) In cogeneration plant the low pressure steam coming from turbine is not condense to form
water, instead of it its used for heating or cooling in building and factories, as this low pressure
steam from turbine has high thermal energy. The cogeneration plant has high efficiency of around
80 – 90%. In other words Cogeneration is a very efficient technology to generate electricity and
heat. It is also called Combined Heat and Power (CHP) as cogeneration produces heat and electricity
simultaneously.
So cogeneration is needed -
1) To improve the efficiency of the plant.
2) To reduces cost of production and improve productivity.
3) To save water consumption and water costs.
4) To make power plant more economical as compared to conventional power plant.
5) To make fuel utilization more efficient and optimized and hence more economical.
6) To reduce air emissions of particulate matter, nitrous oxides, sulphur dioxide, mercury and
carbon dioxide which would otherwise leads to greenhouse effect.
7) To reduce import dependency of fuel by increasing efficiency of p
standard practices of waste heat recovery in thermal power plant
1. use of economizer
2. use of air preheater
3. use of steam super heater
4. waste heat boilers
5. regenerators
6. use of regenerative burners
7. Run around coils
Safety practices in nuclear power plants
Implementation of radiation protection and contamination control procedures
Use of proper protective equipment’s
use of approved operating procedures
implementation of radiation protection training and qualification programs
use of approved maintenance procedure
conduct of refresher courses to import ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) concept
and awareness
1)The peak load on a power station is 30 MW. The loads having maximum demands
of 25 MW, 10 MW, 5 MW and 7 MW are connected to the power station. The capacity of
the power station is 40 MW and annual load factor is 50%. Find

(a) Average load on the power station. (b) Energy supplied per year. (c) Demand factor. (d)
Diversity factor.

2) A power plant supplies the loads having maximum demands of 40 MW, 50 MW and30
MW respectively. The load factor of the plant on the basis of annual load curve is 60% and
the diversity the factor of the load is 1.2. Determine (a) the maximum load on the power
plant, (b) the capacity of the power plant required to take the loads, and (c) annual energy
supplied by the power plant.

3) A power station has annual factors as follows: Load factor = 0.6 , capacity factor= and use
factor= 0.45. The maximum demand from the power station = 20 MW. Determine (a) Annual
energy produced (b) Reserve capacity over and above peak load (c) Number of hour per year
during which plant is not working

4) A power plant has the following annual factors. Load factor = 70%. Capacity factor
50%, Use factor = 60% Maximum demand is 20 MW.

Find :
(a) Annual energy production.

(b) Reserve capacity over and above peak load.

(c) Hours during which the plant is not in service per year.

5) A 60 MW power annual peak load of 50 MW. The power station supplies loads having
maximum demands of 20 MW, 17 MW, 10 MW and 9 MW. The annual load factor is
0.45.Find:(i) Average load. (iii) Diversity factor.(ii) Energy supplied per year. (iv)
Demand factor
6)The Thermal Power Plant consist of two 60 MW units, each running at 8000 hours and one
30 MW units runs at 4000 hours per year. Energy produced by the plant is 850 106 kWh per
year. Find plant load factors and plant use factor.

7)A power station has two 60 MW units each running for 7000 hours a year and
one 30 MW unit running for 1500 hours a year. The energy produced per year
is 700 × 106 kWh.
Calculate : (i) Plant load factor
(ii) Plant use factor
8)A power plant has the following annual factors :
Load factor = 0.75, capacity factor = 0.60, use factor = 0.65.
Maximum demand is 60 MW. Estimate
(i) Annual Energy Production
(ii) Reserve capacity over and above the peak load and
(iii) The hours during which plant is in operation per year.
9)A power station has two 40 MW units each running for 7000 hours a year and
one 20 MW unit running for 1500 hours a year. The energy produced per year
is 700 * 10^6 kWh.
Calculate :
(i) Plant Load Factor
(ii) Plant Use Factor

10)A power plant has following factor.

Peak load = 35 MW
Connected Load = 15, 10, 5, 7 MW
Capacity = 40 MW
Annual load factor = 50%
Estimate :
(i) Average Load
(ii) Energy Supplied
(iii) Demand Factor

11)A powerstation is said to have use factor of 47% and capacity factor of 40%.
For how many hours in a year was the power station not in service

Answer Hours in service=Use Factor×Total hours

Hours in service=0.47×8760≈4125.2 hours

1. Calculate the hours the power station was in service:

o We know the capacity factor is 40%, which means the power station was in
service for 40% of the total hours in a year.
o So, the hours in service are 8760 hours * 40% = 3504 hours.
2. Calculate the hours the power station was not in service:
o Subtract the hours in service from the total hours in a year.
o So, the hours not in service are 8760 hours - 3504 hours = 5256 hours.

Therefore, the power station was not in service for 5256 hours in a year.
Question Bank For Pratical Exam 25 marks

Combine UT 1 and 2 Question Bank

1. Draw layout of hydroelectric power plant and explain its working./ Explain with neat
sketch general layout of hydro-electric power plant.
2. Discuss in brief, the maintenance of Diesel Power Plant
3. Elaborate world scenario of demand and supply of energy MSBTE repeted question
4. Give advantages & limitation of Hydro-electric Power Plant.
5. Classify hydroelectric power plant.
6. State the factors which affect selection of power plant(Hydro-electric Power Plant, Diesel
Power Plant, Steam Power Plant)
7. Explain with neat sketch working of La Mont boiler.
8. Draw a neat sketch of ‘Benson Boiler’. Explain its working details ( Write pressure (OP)
and temperature range )
9. Explain with neat sketch working principle of fluidized bed combustion (FBC) boiler.
10. Explain the predictive maintenance procedure of high pressure boilers.
11. Explain with neat sketch working of Loeffler boiler.
12. Explain with neat sketch working of Velox boiler.
13. Explain with neat sketch working of Ramsin boiler.
14. Explain the maintenance procedure of major components of High Pressure Boilers
15. Explain the IBR Act. State the different provisions in it.
 16. Draw a layout Steam Power Plant and list the components
17. Write standard maintenance procedure of ‘Gas Power Plant’.
18. Explain with neat sketch Gas Turbine Power Plant.
19. Explain with neat sketch close cycle gas turbine power plant and open cycle.
20. Explain with neat sketch layout of Typical Fuel Handling System used in Thermal Power
Plant.
15. Describe the working of constant pressure open cycle gas turbine with neat
sketch. How does actual cycle differ from the theoretical ?

16. State various methods of improve thermal efficiency of Gas Turbine Power Plant. Explain
any one with neat sketch
17. Explain with neat sketch intercooling method used to improve the thermal
efficiency of a open cycle gas turbine plant.
18. State the present practices in Cogeneration.
19. Explain the need of co-generation with suitable example/ Define trigeneration and
discuss the necessity of it./Explain the concept of Trigeneration and enlist the
opportunities in thermalpower plant./Explain the term ‘Tri-generation’. State its necessity
in thermal power plant./ Explain the concept of Trigeneration and enlist the opportunities
in thermalpower plant/ Explain the term ‘Trigeneration

20. State different types of nuclear reactors. Explain the working of Boiler Water Reactor with
neat sketch.
21. Explain with neat sketch Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR).
22. Explain with neat sketch operating principle of Nuclear power plant.
23. Compare between Boiler Water Reactor (BWR) & Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR).
24. Enlist advantages and disadvantages of Nuclear Power Plants
25. State the function of pressurizer in PWR and explain the characteristic
features of a PWR
26. State any four advantages and limitations of nuclear power plant.
27. State different types of nuclear reactors. Explain the working of boiler water
reactor with neat sketch.
28. Discuss in brief, the Demand & Supply of Energy

1)The peak load on a power station is 30 MW. The loads having maximum demands
of 25 MW, 10 MW, 5 MW and 7 MW are connected to the power station. The capacity of the
power station is 40 MW and annual load factor is 50%. Find

(a) Average load on the power station. (b) Energy supplied per year. (c) Demand factor. (d)
Diversity factor.

2) A power plant supplies the loads having maximum demands of 40 MW, 50 MW and30 MW
respectively. The load factor of the plant on the basis of annual load curve is 60% and the
diversity the factor of the load is 1.2. Determine (a) the maximum load on the power plant, (b)
the capacity of the power plant required to take the loads, and (c) annual energy supplied by the power
plant.

3) A power station has annual factors as follows: Load factor = 0.6 , capacity factor= and use factor=
0.45. The maximum demand from the power station = 20 MW. Determine (a) Annual energy produced
(b) Reserve capacity over and above peak load (c) Number of hour per year during which plant is not
working

4) A power plant has the following annual factors. Load factor = 70%. Capacity factor 50%, Use
factor = 60% Maximum demand is 20 MW.

Find :
(a) Annual energy production.

(b) Reserve capacity over and above peak load.

(c) Hours during which the plant is not in service per year.

5) A 60 MW power annual peak load of 50 MW. The power station supplies loads having
maximum demands of 20 MW, 17 MW, 10 MW and 9 MW. The annual load factor is
0.45.Find:(i) Average load. (iii) Diversity factor.(ii) Energy supplied per year. (iv) Demand
factor

6)The Thermal Power Plant consist of two 60 MW units, each running at 8000 hours and one 30 MW
units runs at 4000 hours per year. Energy produced by the plant is 850 106 kWh per year. Find
plant load factors and plant use factor.

7)A power station has two 60 MW units each running for 7000 hours a year and
one 30 MW unit running for 1500 hours a year. The energy produced per year
is 700 × 106 kWh.
Calculate : (i) Plant load factor
(ii) Plant use factor

8)A power plant has the following annual factors :

Load factor = 0.75, capacity factor = 0.60, use factor = 0.65.
Maximum demand is 60 MW. Estimate
(i) Annual Energy Production
(ii) Reserve capacity over and above the peak load and
(iii) The hours during which plant is in operation per year.

9)A power station has two 40 MW units each running for 7000 hours a year and
one 20 MW unit running for 1500 hours a year. The energy produced per year
is 700 * 10^6 kWh.
Calculate :
(i) Plant Load Factor
(ii) Plant Use Factor

10)A power plant has following factor.

Peak load = 35 MW
Connected Load = 15, 10, 5, 7 MW
Capacity = 40 MW
Annual load factor = 50%
Estimate :
(i) Average Load
(ii) Energy Supplied
(iii) Demand Factor

11)A powerstation is said to have use factor of 47% and capacity factor of 40%.
For how many hours in a year was the power station not in service

Answer Hours in service=Use Factor×Total hours

Hours in service=0.47×8760≈4125.2 hours

3. Calculate the hours the power station was in service:

o We know the capacity factor is 40%, which means the power station was in
service for 40% of the total hours in a year.
o So, the hours in service are 8760 hours * 40% = 3504 hours.
4. Calculate the hours the power station was not in service:
o Subtract the hours in service from the total hours in a year.
o So, the hours not in service are 8760 hours - 3504 hours = 5256 hours.

Therefore, the power station was not in service for 5256 hours in a year.
Solve QB in Assignment separately

2 marks question
1. Name any four components of diesel power plant.
2. State the types of FBC boiler.
3. State any four limitations of thermal power plant.
4. State the types of Power Plants.
5. State the principle of FBC.
6. State the different fuel handling system in steam power plants.
7. List different types of power plants.
8. Name the components in control system of FBC boilers.
9. State any four limitations of diesel power plant.
10. Define HPB and function
11. Define Power plant

4 marks question (Diagram should be perfect according to question

asked)
21. Draw layout of hydroelectric power plant and explain its working./ Explain with neat
sketch general layout of hydro-electric power plant.
22. Discuss in brief, the maintenance of Diesel Power Plant
23. Elaborate world scenario of demand and supply of energy MSBTE repeted question
24. Give advantages & limitation of Hydro-electric Power Plant.
25. Classify hydroelectric power plant.
26. State the factors which affect selection of power plant(Hydro-electric Power Plant, Diesel
Power Plant, Steam Power Plant)
27. Explain with neat sketch working of La Mont boiler.
28. Draw a neat sketch of ‘Benson Boiler’. Explain its working details ( Write pressure (OP)
and temperature range )
29. Explain with neat sketch working principle of fluidized bed combustion (FBC) boiler.
30. Explain the predictive maintenance procedure of high pressure boilers.
31. Explain with neat sketch working of Loeffler boiler.
32. Explain with neat sketch working of Velox boiler.
33. Explain with neat sketch working of Ramsin boiler.
34. Explain the maintenance procedure of major components of High Pressure Boilers
35. Explain the IBR Act. State the different provisions in it.
36. Draw a layout Steam Power Plant and list the components
37. Write standard maintenance procedure of ‘Gas Power Plant’.
38. Explain with neat sketch Gas Turbine Power Plant.
39. Explain with neat sketch close cycle gas turbine power plant and open cycle.
40. Explain with neat sketch layout of Typical Fuel Handling System used in Thermal Power
Plant.

Types of Power Plant

1. Nuclear power plant
2. Thermal power plant
3. Wind power plant
4. Geothermal power plant
5. Diesel power plant
6. Hydroelectric power plant
7. Tidal power plant

Classification of hydroelectric power plants

1. According to the availability of head
2.  High head power plants
3.  Medium head power plants
4.  Low head power plants
2. According to the nature of load
 Base load plants
 Peak load plants
3. According to quantity of water available
 Run-off river power plants without pondage.
 Run-off river power plants with pondage
 Reservoir power plants.
 Pump storage plants
 Mini and micro Hydel plants
Following procedure is adopted to do maintenance of major components of high pressure
boiler General Maintenance Even though the boiler has electrical and mechanical devices that
make it automatic or semi-automatic in operation, these devices require systematic and
periodic maintenance. Any "automatic" features do not relieve the operator from responsibility,
but rather free him from certain repetitive chores, providing him with time to devote to upkeep
and maintenance.
Shift Maintenance Shift maintenance should include checking the boiler water level in the
gauge glass and the boiler steam pressure on the gauge. Operate the intermittent blow down
valve to remove any accumulated solids in the mud drum. The valves on the water column and
gauge glass should be operated to make sure these connections are clear. Monitor water
chemistry to adjust the chemical feed treatment and continuous blow down as required, to
remain within water treatment guidelines established by the Owner's water treatment
consultant.
Daily Maintenance Daily Maintenance should include a check of the burner operation, including
fuel pressure, atomizing air or steam pressure, visual appearance, etc. Clean the observation
ports during periods of low fire or shutdown. Test the boiler level alarms and low water cutoff.
Maintain a daily schedule of soot blowing.
Monthly Maintenance Follow the recommendations of you authorized inspector pertaining to
safety valve inspection and testing. The frequency of testing, either by the use of the lifting lever
or by raising the steam pressure, should be based on the recommendation of your authorized
inspector. Test the boiler safety valves in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions to be
absolutely sure that the valves have not corroded shut.
Annual Maintenance Clean both the heating and heated sides of the boiler. Remove all man
way and hand hole covers. Open all bottom blow down and drain valves. Hose the inside of the
boiler with clean water under high pressure. Use a hand scraper to remove accumulated sludge
and scale. Start near the top and work toward the bottom. After cleaning tube exteriors, inspect
the tube surfaces for signs of overheating, such as bulging, blackened surfaces in the tubes, etc

Factors considered for selection of type of power plant Common but explain each line
1. Cost of Transmission of Energy:
2. Cost of Fuel:
3. Cost of Land and Taxes:
4. Requirement of Space:
5. Availability of Site for Water Power:
6. Storage Space for Fuel:
7. Transportation Facilities:
8. Availability of Cooling Water:
9. Disposal of Ash:
10. Pollution and Noise:
11. Nature of Load:
12. Reliability of Supply:
World and National scenario of demand and supply of energy :
World energy consumption is the total energy produced and used by the entire human
civilization. Typically measured per year, it involves all energy harnessed from every energy
source applied towards humanity's endeavors across every single industrial and technological
sector, across every country. It does not include energy from food, and the extent to which
direct biomass burning has been accounted for is poorly documented. Being the power source
metric of civilization, world energy consumption has deep implications for humanity's socio-
economic-political sphere. World total primary energy consumption by fuel in 2018
Coal (27%)
Natural Gas (24%)
Hydro (renewables) (7%)
Nuclear (4%)
Oil (34%)
Others (renewables) (4%)
Demand of energy in India
During the fiscal year 2017-18, the utility energy availability was 1,205 billion KWh, a short fall
relative to requirements of 8 billion KWh (-0.7%). Peak load met was 160,752 MW, 3,314 MW (-
2%) below requirements. In the 2018 Load Generation Balance report, India's Central Electricity
Authority anticipated energy surplus and peak surplus to be 4.6% and 2.5%, respectively, for the
2018–19 fiscal year It stated that power would be made available to the few states expected to
face shortages from regions with a surplus, through regional transmission links From calendar
year 2015 onwards, power generation in India has been less of a problem than power
distribution. Supply India has recorded rapid growth in electricity generation since 1985,
increasing from 179 TWhr in 1985 to 1,057 TW-hr in 2012.
The majority of the increase came from coal-fired plants and non-conventional renewable
energy sources (RES), with the contribution from natural gas, oil, and hydro plants decreasing in
2012-2017. The gross utility electricity generation (excluding imports from Bhutan) was 1,372
billion kWh in 2018-19, representing 5.53% annual growth compared to 2017-2018.The
contribution from renewable energy sources was nearly 17% of the total. In the year 2018-19,
more than 50% is contributed by the renewable energy sources to the total incremental
electricity generation.

India has recorded rapid growth in electricity generation since 1985, increasing from 179 TW-hr
in 1985 to 1,057 TW-hr in 2012.The majority of the increase came from coalfired plants and
non-conventional renewable energy sources (RES), with the contribution from natural gas, oil,
and hydro plants decreasing in 2012-2017. The gross utility electricity generation (excluding
imports from Bhutan) was 1,372 billion kWh in 2018-19, representing 5.53% annual growth
compared to 2017-2018.The contribution from renewable energy sources was nearly 17% of the
total. In the year 2018-19, more than 50% is contributed by the renewable energy sources to the
total incremental electricity generation.
Principle of Fluidized Bed Combustion Boiler In Fluidized Bed Combustion Boiler Technology
When air or gas is passed through an inert bed of solid particles such as sand supported on a
fine mesh or grid, the air initially will seek a path of least resistance and pass upward through
the sand. With further increase in the velocity, the air bubbles through the bed and the particles
attain a state of high turbulence. Under such conditions, the bed assumes the appearance of a
fluid and exhibits the properties associated with a fluid and hence the name “Fluidized Bed
combustion”

In Fluidized Bed Combustion Boiler technology When air or gas is passed through an inert bed
of solid particles such as sand supported on a fine mesh or grid, the air initially will seek a path
of least resistance and pass upward through the sand. With further increase in the velocity, the
air bubbles through the bed and the particles attain a state of high turbulence. Under such
conditions, the bed assumes the appearance of a fluid and exhibits the properties associated
with a fluid and hence the name “Fluidized Bed combustion”. MECHANISM OF FLUIDISED BED
COMBUSTION If the sand, in a fluidized state, is heated to the ignition temperature of the fuel
and the fuel is injected continuously into the bed, the fuel will burn rapidly and the bed attains a
uniform temperature due to effective mixing. This, in short is fluidized bed combustion. While it
is essential that temperature of bed should be at least equal to ignition temperature of fuel and
it should never be allowed to approach ash fusion temperature (1050°C TO 1150°C) to avoid
melting of ash. This is achieved by extracting heat from the bed by conductive and convective
heat transfer through tubes immersed in the bed. If velocity is too low, fluidization will not occur
and if the gas velocity becomes too high, the particles will be entrained in the gas stream and
lost. Hence to sustain stable operation of the bed, it must be ensured that gas velocity is
maintained between minimum fluidization velocity and particle entrainment velocity.
Combustion temperature Excess air level and Superficial gas residence time are the principal
factors that influence combustion efficiency of a FBC boiler. Combustion efficiency of Fluidized
Bed Combustion (FBC) Boiler is 90% or greater.

Indian boiler regulations act

Objectives 02 Marks

 Provide for the safety of life limb and property

 create a board for boiler rules to serve the society
 to formulate rules and regulation for safe and proper construction, installation, repair, use and
operation of boilers and unfired pressure vessels
 provide for examination and appointment of boiler inspectors
 inspection of boilers, inspection certificate
 provide for appeals, penalty for the violation of the provisions of the act

Provisions of IBR 02 Marks

 registration with chief inspector of boilers
 determination of maximum working pressure by the boiler inspector and obtaining a
certificate
 reporting to authority in case of accident within 24 hours
 periodic checkup by boiler inspector
Boiler inspection 02 Marks
 The inspectors appointed by each government carry out normally inspection the inspection
includes first check up after the boiler is completely taken to examine defective design if any or
damaged during hydraulic pressure and issue of a certificate and registration number
 The hydraulic test checks the tightness of boiler joints, setting of leakage during repair after
completely feeling with pressure as 1.5 times the working pressure
 The steam test is carry out to check the setting of safety valve at the working pressure and
sealing the same
 Inspection under steam is done in case where the boiler cannot be stop for some reason
 Internal inspection is taken when internal parts like tube are taken out from boiler for repair
and renewal
 To check the observance of rules
 Surprise inspection are also done
 In case of accident the inspector held an enquiry at site to access the cause of accident and
damage to boiler or person