Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere.

An
Industrial visit report
On
Visit to kashedi ghat tunnel
Submitted in the partial of the required for award of degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering
By

Om Ravindra Shete PRN: 2030331191005

Under Guidance of
Dr. Mandar Malandkar

Department of Civil Engineering

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar technological university, Lonere.
Tal. Mangaon Dist. Raigad (MS)-402103.

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Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere.

CERTIFICATE

We hereby declare that the work being presented in this report entitled industrial
visit at Tunnel working site at Kashedi Ghat section in partial fulfilment for the A.Y. B-Tech
in Civil Engineering and submitted in department of Civil Engineering of Dr. Babasaheb
Ambedkar Technical University, Lonere, is an authentic record of our work carried out under
guidance of Dr. S.R. Bhagat head of department, Civil Engineering DBATU, Lonere.

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Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere.

INDEX

Sr.no. content Page.no

1 Introduction 4
2 General details 5
3 Methodology 7
4 Blasting details 10
5 equipment 11
6 Ventilation 13
7 Drainage system 13
8 Conclusion 17

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Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere.

INTRRODUCTION

The Department of Civil Engineering arranged a one-day field visit to kashedi

ghat tunnel situated near to bhagoan village on dated 10 Nov 2022. All the students should
gather at university campus at 7am. We reached the site by bus. Distance between university
and site is about 58km and it take nearly about 2hrs. The kashedi ghat is a mountain pass in
India located on the Mumbai-goa National Highway. The kashedi ghat on the highway is about
13km long with difficult turns, many accidents happened in this ghat so far.
We reached the site at 9am, firstly we meet the team of engineer namely
Mr Amol Shivatre (Contractor), Mr Anand Bitchkunde (ILF Consultant) of that site. This staff
gives the general information about this project, and he gives the safety instruction. He strictly
says that it is an under constructing site so follow all safety measures. Safety engineer divide
the whole class into two groups. Then site staff give the helmet to first group and this group
enters the tunnel. After returning of first group second group enters the tunnel.

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GENERAL DETAILES
 Location – Kashedi Ghat
 Date of Visit – 10 Nov 2022
 Length of Tunnel – 1.72km
 Width of Tunnel - 16m
 Clear Height – 11.5m
 Carriageway – 14.5 m
 Lay Bay – 750m
 Number of Lane – 6Lane
 Shape of Tunnel – D Shaped
 Contractor – Shinde Developers pvt. Ltd
 Type of Rock – Columnar Basalt
 Maintainace Duration – 4yrs
 Grade of Concrete – M35 & M45
 Grade of Steel – 415mpa
 Cement – 43 grade
 One lane opening date-23 March 2023
 Second lane opening date- 31 Oct. 2023
 Approximate cost-180 crore.

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METHODOLOGY

First the drone survey is carried out and preliminary survey is conducted. After
knowing the feasibility of site Detailed survey is carried out to know the various aspect such
as ground condition, type of soil, position of ground water table, type of rock, faults and fold,
geode, fractures, rock property, mineralogy etc. are carried out by a Geologist. After knowing
the feasibility of site they decide the two method for construction of tunnel namely ‘New
Austrian Tunnelling Method ‘and ‘Cut & Cover Method ‘.
Cut & Cover method used at the starting of tunnel on both left as well as on right
hand side of tunnel because, the soft and weathered soil is present on the face of the tunnel. As
we go inside the tunnel the hard rock found hence, they used the NATM Method in Hard Rock.

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 Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere.

1. CUT & COVER METHOD:

Cut-and-cover is the oldest method of tunnelling. The basic concept involves the
digging of a trench, the construction of a tunnel, and then returning the surface to its original
state. Tunnels are dug in types of materials varying from soft clay to hard rock. The method of
tunnel construction depends on such factors as the ground conditions, the ground water
conditions, the length and diameter of the tunnel drive, the depth of the tunnel, the logistics of
supporting the tunnel excavation, the final use and shape of the tunnel and appropriate risk
management. Shallow tunnels, tunnels for underpasses, and in flat terrain are built using this
method. A section of the earth is excavated and then covered with a support system. The cut
and cover method are also known as the open-cut method

Advantages
 Economical as compared to other method
 No involvement of cranes and heavy machineries
 Less risk
 Suitable of any shape of tunnel

Disadvantages
 Not suitable for deep excavation
 More dust and noise impact may arise
 Causes interference with traffic
 Time consuming method

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2. New Austrian tunnelling method (NATM)

The New Austrian Tunnelling method (NATM) was developed between 1957 and
1965 in Austria. It was given its name in Salzburg in 1962 to distinguish it from old Austrian
tunnelling approach. The New Austrian tunnelling method (NATM), also known as
the sequential excavation method (SEM) or sprayed concrete lining method (SCL), is a method
of modern tunnel design and construction employing sophisticated monitoring to optimize
various wall reinforcement techniques based on the type of rock encountered as tunnelling
progresses
NATM is an approach that includes various construction activities performed
in a proper sequence giving heed to flexibility and adaptability. The sequence of these activities
is discussed below:
 Marking of Drill Holes
 Drilling of Holes
 Charging with Explosives
 Charging and Blasting
 Mucking
 Installation to prevent inflow of water
 Secondary Support
 Final Lining

There are seven features on which NATM is based:

 Work starts with survey work, firstly surveyor give the profile it may take time of (30
minute to 50 minute)
 Then Drilling work is start after drilling work (Typical Drilling Time 2 to 4 Hour)
 Charging work (Charging means fill up of hole with Cartridge Explosives) is start, then
mechanized Charging with Bulk Explosive
 Then Blast and Ventilation (It Take typical Time of 1 Hour)
 Then Loading of Soil n rock work is start, Dumpers & trucks carry rock and soil out from
the tunnel
 Shotcrete protection – Loosening and excessive rock deformation must be minimised. This
is achieved by applying a thin layer of shotcrete immediately after face advance.
 Every deformation of the excavation must be measured
 Rock Bolting with Jumbo machine (Rock bolt, in tunnelling and underground mining, steel
rod inserted in a hole drilled into the roof or walls of a rock formation to provide support
to the roof or sides of the cavity. Rock bolt reinforcement can be used in any excavation
geometry, is simple and quick to apply, and is relatively inexpensive.) Process is start after
face support layer of shotcrete
 After Rock Bolting, steel Arches is just installed in poor ground condition for proper
support of soil.
 After Lattice girder one more layer of shotcrete is just Apply on it
 After its Fibre sheet and PVC membrane is apply on it
 After Final process is start, that is Lining of tunnel with the help of gantry

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Advantages
 Flexible – Support provides as required by the ground conditions.
 Safe – Able to deal with locally unexpected ground condition, minimizing claims.
 Economical – Support provided as required by the encountered ground conditions, in
contrast to TBM segments, which are designed for
worst load case – if needed or not, therefore overdesigned.
 Adaptable – Optimizing equipment and crews, allowing multiple heading operations
concurrent.

Disadvantage

 High level of coordination, cooperation and communication required.

 Lower production rates
 Interruptions in excavation and support works must be avoided as much as possible.

Gelatine:
Gelatine sticks are cheap explosive materials used by industries for the purpose of
mining and construction related work, like building structures, roads, rails and tunnels etc. They
cannot be used without a detonator.
It is more stable than dynamite but can still suffer from "sweating" or leaching out
nitro-glycerine. Its composition makes it easily mouldable and safe to handle without
protection, if it is not near anything capable of detonating it.
One of the cheapest explosives, it burns slowly and cannot explode without a
detonator, so it can be stored safely.

Blasting cycle:
1. Deforming 1 hrs.
2. Loose scaling 1 hrs.
3. Mucking 4 hrs.
4. Road maintenance 1 hrs

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EQUIPMENT
1. Ready mix concrete plant:

Ready-mix concrete (RMC) is a ready-to-use material, with predetermined

mixture of cement, sand, aggregates and water. RMC is a type of concrete manufactured in a
factory according to a set recipe or as per specifications of the customer, at a centrally located
batching plant. It is delivered to a worksite, often in truck mixers capable of mixing the
ingredients of the concrete or just before delivery of the batch. This results in a precise mixture,
allowing specialty concrete mixtures to be developed and implemented on construction sites.
The second option available is to mix the concrete at the batching plant and deliver the mixed
concrete to the site in an agitator truck, which keeps the mixed concrete in correct form.

2. Crusher:
The stone crushing plant manufactured by AGICO mainly consists of a vibrating
feeder, jaw crusher, impact crusher, vibrating screen, belt conveyor centralized electronic
control system, and other equipment. The designed output is generally 30-350 tons per hour.
According to different technological requirements, we can also equip the dust collector, cone
crusher, or other cement crushers to meet the different production needs of customers.
In the production process, large stones are evenly sent to the jaw crusher by a vibrating feeder
for coarse crushing (primary crushing), then sent to the impact crusher by the belt conveyor for
secondary crushing. After that, all the stones will be divided into three different sizes on the
vibrating screen. The large-sized stone which beyond the specification will be sent back to the
impact crusher by the belt conveyor for re-crushing, and then sent to the vibrating screen again
forming closed-circuit multiple cycles until the completion of production.

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VENTILATION

Combination of Blowing and exhausting:

A combination of blower and exhaust fan is the most reliable ventilation system. This
combined system utilizes the advantages of both blowing and exhausting. Immediately after
blasting, the exhaust system is operated for 10 to 25 min to drop smoke and dust, and then the
fan is reversed for blowing fresh air.

Method of ventilation depends on the following factors:

1. Length of tunnels
2. Size of Tunnels.
3. Frequency of blasting and the amount of explosive.
4. Amount of the heat which are produces by human, animals and light.
5. Amount of carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere due to human breathing and
explosives.
6. The temperature inside the tunnels.
7. Percentage of humidity present inside the tunnels.

TUNNEL DRAINAGE SYSTEM

(1) Drainage system provided at the time of construction or temporary drainage system.

Open Ditch Drainage System:

In this system, water is collected and removed in open ditches, laid with proper slopes
at some distance away from the place of work. The open drains or ditches are constructed along
the tunnel on both sides at the invert. This drainage system is suitable for rock bases and water-
resistant soil.

(2) Drainage system provided in completed tunnels or permanent drainage system.

By providing Side Drains:

This system is effective for multiple lane road tunnel where the volume of water to
be drained is small. In this system, drains are constructed on either side of the road.

Different types of civil engineering instrument in labs at Bhogaon-Kashedi ghat

Project
1) Impact testing machine
2) Abrasion test
3) Slump cone test
4) Compaction factor test
5) Elongation and flakiness index test
6) Sieve analysis
7) Initial setting time
8) Compressive testing machine
9) Different size of moulds

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CONCLUSION
Kashedi ghat tunnel is made through a mountain. This tunnel is located on the NH66
and it is about 13km long with difficult turns. Generally it take around 30-45min to cross that
hilly area but due to construction of Kashedi tunnel this route covered within only 6-7 minutes.
By visiting this tunnel we compared the theoretical knowledge that we learn in our
classroom and actual practice in the field. During visit we see various difficulties arises such
as presence of Ground water, uneven excavation, pressure difference, ventilation problem,
Drainage problem and many more. We see various heavy equipment near to the tunnel,
reinforcement pattern provide in tunnel etc.
This visit will be helpful to all of the student to give practical site condition and it will
be beneficial for our future.

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