RESOURCES
RESOURCES
RESOURCES
RESOURCES
RESOURCES
A rock is an aggregate of one or more minerals but without
definite composition of constituent of mineral.
Rocks from which minerals are mined are known as ores.
Although more than 2,800 types of minerals have been
identified, only about 100 are considered ore minerals.
MINERALS
RESOURCES
ENERGY RESOURCES
CONVENTIONAL ENERGY RESOURCES
COAL
PETROLEUM
NATURAL GAS
NON - CONVENTIONAL ENERGY RESOURCES
ELECTRICITY GENERATION
THERMAL - COAL
HYDRO
NATURAL GAS
ATOMIC – URANIUM AND THORIUM
RENEWABLE SOURCES
ELECTRICITY GENERATION
FOSSIL FUEL BASED ENERGY
NON FOSSIL FUEL BASED ENERGY
COAL
1. ANTHRACITE
▪ Best quality coal with more than 80% carbon content, very little moisture and minute
impurities.
▪ Mainly used to produce coking coal used to produce steel.
▪ Found in small quantities in India in some areas of Jammu & Kashmir.
2. BITUMINOUS COAL
▪ Bituminous Coal is soft, dense, compact coal with 40 to 80 per cent carbon.
▪ Most of the coal reserves in India are bituminous coal of Gondwana age.
3. LIGNITE
▪ Contains 40 to 55 per cent carbon and high moisture content.
▪ Found in Rajasthan, Assam and Tamil Nadu.
4. PEAT
▪ It is the primitive form of decomposing organic material.
▪ Contains less than 40 to 55 per cent carbon and more volatile impurities.
COAL
COAL
CIL is a Maharatna company - a privileged status conferred by the Government of India to select
state-owned enterprises in order to empower them to expand their operations and emerge as
global giants. The select club has only ten members out of more than three hundred Central Public
Sector Enterprises in the country.
Coal India Limited (CIL) the state-owned coal mining corporate came into being in November 1975.
With a modest production of 79 Million Tonnes (MTs) at the year of its inception CIL, today is the
single largest coal producer in the world and one of the largest corporate employer with manpower
of 248550. CIL functions through its subsidiaries in 84 mining areas spread over eight (8) states of
India. Coal India Limited has 318 mines of which 141 are underground, 158 opencast, and 19 mixed
mines.
CIL has ten fully owned Indian subsidiary companies, Eastern Coalfields Limited (ECL), Bharat Coking
Coal Limited (BCCL) etc.
DISTRIBUTION OF COAL
DISTRIBUTION OF COAL IN INDIA
1. GONDWANA COAL
99 % of total coal production are from Gondwana
fields.
2. TERTIARY COAL
Important areas of Tertiary coal include parts of
Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland,
Himalayan foothills of Darjeeling in West Bengal
and J&K.
3. LIGNITE
Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Kerala, Gujarat &
Rajasthan and also in Jammu & Kashmir.
DISTRIBUTION OF COAL IN INDIA
MINISTRY OF COAL
THERMAL POWER PLANTS IN INDIA
ULTRA MEGA POWER PROJECTS
PETROLEUM
PETROLEUM
PETROLEUM
PETROLEUM
Distribution in India
India does not have enough domestic reserves of which 54%
are in onshore and 46% in off shore areas.
On Shore Oilfields
Brahmaputra valley of north-east India:
Oldest oil producing region in country. Digboi oilfield in
Assam is the oldest in India.
Barmer area of Rajasthan
Largest on shore oil producing state with large inland oil
reserve in Barmer district.
Gujarat coast
Ankleshwar, Khambhat, Ahmedabad, Barkol, and Sanand are
important oilfields.
PETROLEUM
Offshore Oilfields
Off shore reserves are mainly located in the sedimentary
formations on the continental shelf and slope along Indian
coastline.
Western Coast
Fields in Mumbai High, Bassein and Aliabet.
Eastern Coast
Basin and deltaic regions of Krishna, Godavari and the Kaveri
rivers.
PETROLEUM
The energy demand will rise with
social and economic development in
the country. The country is dependent
on imports for about 83% of its crude
oil requirement and to the extent of
about 47% in case of natural gas.
In order to bridge the gap between
energy supply and demand, MoPNG is
committed to accelerate the
exploration and production activities
in the country.
MINISTRY OF PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS
PETROLEUM
NATURAL GAS
NATURAL GAS
NATURAL GAS
GAIL (India) Limited is India’s leading natural gas
company with diversified interests across the
natural gas value chain of trading, transmission,
LPG production & transmission, LNG re-gasification,
petrochemicals, city gas, E&P, etc.
It owns and operates a network of around 14617
km of natural gas pipelines spread across the length
and breadth of country. It is also working
concurrently on execution of multiple pipeline
projects to further enhance the spread. GAIL
commands ~70% market share in gas transmission
and has a Gas trading share of over ~ 50% in India..
NATURAL GAS : GAIL
SHALE GAS
GAS HYDRATE
NUCLEAR ENERGY
NUCLEAR ENERGY
THORIUM
MONAZITE SAND : THORIUM
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
THE MISSION OF THE MINISTRY IS TO ENSURE
Energy Security: Development and deployment of alternate fuels like hydrogen, bio-fuels
and synthetic fuels and their applications to contribute towards bridging the gap between
domestic oil supply and demand; lesser dependency on oil imports Increase in the share of
clean power.
Energy Availability and Access: Supplement energy needs of cooking, heating, motive
power and captive generation in rural, urban,industrial and commercial sectors
Energy Affordability: Cost-competitive, convenient, safe, affordable and reliable energy
supply options
Energy Equity: Per-capita energy consumption at par with the global average level by 2050,
through a sustainable and diverse fuel- mix
NON FOSSIL FUEL BASED ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY TARGETS
SOLAR ENERGY
WIND ENERGY
WASTE TO ENERGY
BIO-ENERGY ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
MINERAL BELTS IN INDIA
1. North-eastern Plateau Region
This belt covers Chhotanagpur (Jharkhand),
Odisha Plateau, West Bengal and parts of
Chhattisgarh.
2. South-western Plateau Region
This belt extends over Karnataka, Goa and
contiguous Tamil Nadu uplands and Kerala.
3. North Western Region
This belt extends along Aravali in Rajasthan and
part of Gujarat. Copper & zinc are major
minerals.
IRON ORE
Types of Iron Ore
MAGNETITE ((FE3O4)
▪ Very high iron content (about 70%).
▪ Black in colour and has magnetic properties.
▪ In India, over 90% of magnetite is found in the southern states of Karnataka
(73%), Andhra Pradesh (14%) and Tamil Nadu (5%).
HAEMATITE (FE2O3):
▪ Reddish ore with 60-70% iron.
▪ 80% of haematite reserves are in Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Andhra
Pradesh. Karnataka, Maharashtra and Goa also have this kind of ore.
LIMONITE - Yellowish ore with 40% to 60% iron.
SIDERITE - Ore with less than 40% iron.
DISTRIBUTION OF IRON ORE
DISTRIBUTION OF IRON ORE
IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY
IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY
IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY
IRON ORE IN INDIA
IRON ORE IN INDIA
▪ India is one of the leading producers in the world.
▪ Haematite and magnetite are the most important
iron ores in India. But haematite is considered to
be superior because of its higher grade.
▪ Important haematite accumulations are in
Singhbhum district (Jharkhand), Keonjhar
(Orissa), Bellary (Karnataka), Bastar district
(Chhattisgarh) and Goa.
▪ Magnetite ore deposits are mainly confined to the
Chikmagalur district (Kudremukh, Baba Budan
hills) in Karnataka, Rayalaseema region in Andhra
Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Goa.
IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY IN INDIA
MANGANESE
MANGANESE
❑ Odisha tops the total reserves with
44% share followed by Karnataka
(22%), Madhya Pradesh (12%),
Maharashtra & Goa (7%) each, Andhra
Pradesh 4% and Jharkhand (2%).
❑ Rajasthan, Gujarat, Telangana and
West Bengal together shared the
remaining about 2% resources
BAUXITE
DISTRIBUTION OF BAUXITE
BAUXITE IN INDIA
Distribution in India
❑ Odisha is the largest producer of Bauxite.
❑ By States, Odisha alone accounts for 51% of
country's resources of bauxite followed by:
❑ Andhra Pradesh (16%),
❑ Gujarat (9%),
❑ Jharkhand (6%),
❑ Maharashtra (5%)
❑ Madhya Pradesh (4%)
❑ Chhattisgarh (4% each).
❑ Major bauxite resources are concentrated
in the East Coast bauxite deposits in Odisha
and Andhra Pradesh
COPPER DISTRIBUTION
COPPER DISTRIBUTION
COPPER DISTRIBUTION
Distribution in India
❑ Largest reserves occur in
the state of Rajasthan
(53.81%) followed by
Jharkhand (19.54%) and
Madhya Pradesh (18.75%).
GOLD AND SILVER
Metallic Minerals
LEAD & ZINC
▪ Lead is a soft, heavy, toxic and highly malleable metal.
▪ Zinc is a silvery blue-grey metal with a relatively low melting and boiling point.
▪ Both lead & zinc are found to occur together in ore along with other metals like silver and cadmium.
▪ World wide largest single use of lead today is in the manufacture of lead-acid storage batteries about 74%, while
the single largest use for zinc is in the galvanising Industry about 50%.
▪ Australia and China have the largest reserves of the lead-zinc ores in the world.
▪ Major producers are USA, Russia, Australia, Canada, Peru, Spain and Mexico.
Distribution in India
▪ The country has the self-sufficiency in respect of zinc. In contrast, there is short supply of lead vis-a-vis the demand
in the country.
▪ Rajasthan (89.44%) is endowed with the largest reserves of lead-zinc ore.
▪ Andhra Pradesh (3.03%), Madhya Pradesh (1.98%), Bihar (1.52%) and Maharashtra (1.24%) share the remaining
resources. Resources are also established in Gujarat, Meghalaya, Odisha, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand and West
Bengal.
Metallic Minerals
Gold Distribution in India
▪ Gold is a relatively scarce metal in the world and a scarce commodity in India. The domestic demand
is mainly met through imports.
▪ By States, largest resources in terms of gold are located in Bihar (44%) followed by Rajasthan (25%),
Karnataka (21%),West Bengal (3%), Andhra Pradesh (3% ), Jharkhand (2 %).
Silver Distribution in India
▪ It occurs generally with lead, zinc, copper (especially their sulphide ore) and gold ores and is
extracted as a by-product from electrolysis or chemical methods.
▪ In India, there are no native silver deposits except the small and unique Bharak deposit in Rajasthan.
▪ Rajasthan accounted for about 87% reserves in terms of ore, Jharkhand 5%, Andhra Pradesh 3% and
Karnataka 2%.
Metallic Minerals
Nickel Distribution in India
▪ Odisha is endowed with the largest share of resources of nickel ore (92%). These resources are mainly
found to occur in three districts, namely, Jajpur, Mayurbhanj and Keonjhar.
▪ Jharkhand has 5% resources most of which are in Singhbhum (East) district. Nagaland has 5 million
tonnes (3%) resources which predominantly are in Kiphire district.
Tungsten Distribution in India
▪ Tungsten has a melting point of 3,422°C, the highest of all metals and is resistant to all acids at
ordinary temperatures.
▪ Resources of wolfram are mainly distributed in Karnataka (42%), Rajasthan (27%), Andhra Pradesh
(17%) and Maharashtra (9%). The remaining 5% resources are in Haryana, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand
and West Bengal.
Non Metallic Minerals
GRAPHITE
▪ Graphite is the most stable form of carbon (more carbon than anthracite).
▪ It is extremely resistant to heat and is highly unreactive, hence it is not used as fuel.
▪ Natural graphite is mostly consumed for refractories, batteries, steelmaking, lubricants etc.
▪ Active mining centres of graphite are in Palamu district in Jharkhand; Nuapada & Balangir districts in Odisha;
and Madurai & Sivaganga districts in Tamil Nadu.
DIAMOND
▪ Diamond mines in India are located in:
✓ Andhra Pradesh: Anantapur (Wajrakarur Kimberlite pipe), Kadapa, Guntur districts.
✓ Madhya Pradesh: Panna belt.
✓ Chhattisgarh: Raipur and Bastar districts.
✓ Odisha: Region lying between Mahanadi and Godavari valleys.
Non Metallic Minerals
MICA
▪ Mica is a naturally occurring non-metallic mineral that is based on a
collection of silicates.
▪ India enjoyed the monopoly in the production and export of mica in
the world.
▪ Andhra Pradesh leads with 41% share in country's total resources
followed by Rajasthan (28%), Odisha (17%), Maharashtra (13%),
Bihar (2%) and a small quantity of resources is found in Jharkhand
(Kodarma district) and Telangana.
LIMESTONE
▪ Limestone is sedimentary rock composed mainly of calcium
carbonate (CaCO3).
▪ It is used in cement industry, iron & steel industry and other
chemical industries.
▪ Karnataka (27%), Rajasthan (12%) and Andhra Pradesh (12%) are
important producers.
