1 Valuation of

Goodwill and Shares

Chapter

MEANING OF GOODWILL
Goodwill is an intangible but not fictitious assets that means it has some realisable value. From
the accountant’s point of view, goodwill, in the sense of attracting custom, has little significance
unless it has a saleable value. To the accountant, therefore, goodwill may be said to be that element
arising from the reputation, connection, or other advantages possessed by a business which enables it
to earn greater profits than the return normally to be expected on the capital represented by the net
tangible assets employed in the business. In considering the return normally to be expected, regard
must be had to the nature of the business, the risks involved, fair management remuneration and any
other relevant circumstances.
The goodwill possessed by a firm may be due, inter alia, to the following:
(a) The location of the business premises. The nature of the firm’s products or the reputation of
its service.
(b) The possession of favourable contracts, complete or partial monopoly, etc.
(c) The personal reputation of the promoters.
(d) The possession of efficient and contented employees.
(e) The possession of trademarks, patents or a well known business name.
(f) The continuance of advertising campaigns.
(g) The maintenance of the quality of the firm’s product, and development of the business with
changing conditions.
The need for evaluating goodwill may arise in the following cases:
(a) When the business or when the company is to be sold to another company or when the
company is to be amalgamated with another company;
(b) When, stock exchange quotations not being available, shares have to be valued for taxation
purposes, gift tax, etc.;
(c) When a large block of shares, so as to enable the holder to exercise control over the company
concerned, has to be bought or sold; and
(d) When the company has previously written off goodwill and wants its written back.
10 Financial Accounting – II

In valuation of goodwill, consideration of the following factors will have a bearing:

(a) Nature of the industry, its history and the risks to which it is subject to.
(b) Prospects of the industry in the future.
(c) The company’s history – its past performance and its record of past profits and dividends.
(d) The basis of valuation of assets of the company and their value.
(e) The ratio of liabilities to capital.
(f) The nature of management and the chance for its continuation.
(g) Capital structure or gearing.
(h) Size, location and reputation of the company’s products.
(i) The incidence of taxation.
(j) The number of shareholders.
(k) Yield on shares of companies engaged in the same industry, which are listed in the Stock
Exchanges.
(l) Composition of purchasers of the products of the company.
(m) Size of block of shares offered for sale since for large blocks very few buyers would be
available and that has a depressing effect on the valuation. Question of control, however, may
become important, when large blocks of shares are involved.
(n) The major factor of valuation of goodwill is the profits of the company. One who pays for
goodwill looks to the future profit. The profits that are expected to be earned in future are
extremely important for valuation of goodwill. The following are the important factors that
have a bearing on future profits.
(i) Personal skill in management.
(ii) Nature of business.
(iii) Favourable location.
(iv) Access to supplies.
(v) Patents and trademarks protection.
(vi) Exceptionally favourable contracts and
(vii) Capital requirements and arrangement of capital.
(o) Estimation of the profits expected to be earned by the firm and the amount of capital
employed to earn such profits, are to be computed carefully.
(p) Market reputation which the company and its management enjoys.
(q) Returns expected by investors in the industry to which the firm or company belongs.
CONCEPT OF GOODWILL
When one company buys another company, the purchasing company may pay more for the
acquired company than the fair market value of its net identifiable assets (tangible assets plus
identifiable intangibles, net of any liabilities assumed by the purchaser). The amount by which the
purchase price exceeds the fair value of the net identifiable assets is recorded as an asset of the
acquiring company. Although sometimes reported on the balance sheet with a descriptive title such as
“excess of acquisition cost over net assets acquired”, the amount is customarily called goodwill.
Goodwill arises only as part of a purchase transaction. In most cases, this is a transaction in
which one company acquires all the assets of another company for some consideration other than an
exchange of common stock. The buying company is willing to pay more than the fair value of the
Valuation of Goodwill and Shares 3

identifiable assets because the acquired company has a strong management team, a favorable
reputation in the marketplace, superior production methods, or other unidentifiable intangibles.
The acquisition cost of the identifiable assets acquired is their fair market value at the time of
acquisition. Usually, these values are determined by appraisal, but in some cases, the net book value of
these assets is accepted as being their fair value. If there is evidence that the fair market value differs
from net book value, either higher or lower, the market value governs.
Illustration 1: Company X acquires all the assets of company Y, giving Company Y ₹ 15 lakhs
cash. Company Y has cash ₹ 50,000 accounts receivable that are believed to have a realizable value of
₹ 60,000, and other identifiable assets that are estimated to have a current market value of ₹ 11 lakhs.
Particulars ₹ ₹
Total purchase price 15,00,000
Less: Cash acquired 50,000
Accounts receivable 60,000
Other identifiable assets (estimated) 11,00,000 12,10,000
Goodwill 2,90,000
This extra amount of ₹ 2,90,000 paid over an above, Net worth ₹ 12,10,000 is goodwill, which is
a capital loss for purchasing company and to be shown on assets side of Balance Sheet. This entire
amount will be written off against revenue profit, i.e., Profit and Loss Account over period of time.
Types of Valuing Goodwill
There are basically two types of valuing goodwill: (a) Simple profit method and (b) Super profit
method.
(a) Simple Profit Method: Goodwill is generally valued on the basis of a certain number of
years’ purchase of the average business profits of the past few years. While calculating
average profits for the purposes of valuation of goodwill, certain adjustments are made. Some
of the adjustments are as follows:
Trading Profit/Business Profit/Recurring Profit/Normal Profit (of past year)
Particulars 1st Year 2nd Year 3rd Year
Net Profit before Adjustment and Tax xx xx xx
Less: Non-trading Income (i.e., Income from Investment/Asset) Less:
Non-recurring Income (i.e., Profit on Sale of Investment/Asset) Add: (xx) (xx) (xx)
Non-recurring Loss (i.e., Loss on Sale of Investment/Asset) xx xx xx
Trading Profit after Adjustment and before Tax. xxx xxx xxx

Calculation of Average profit: Total profit of past years

(a) Simple Average Profit =
Total number of past years
(b) Weighted Average profit:
Years Trading Profit (a) Weight (b) Product (a × b)
2014 xx 1 xx
2015 xx 2 xx
2016 xx 3 xx
6 xxx
10 Financial Accounting – II
Total product
Weighted Average Profit = Total weight
Notes: If past profits are in increasing trend, then calculate Average Profit by weighted average method or otherwise simple average method.

Calculation of FMP (Future Maintainable Profit):

(a) All actual expenses and losses not likely to occur in the future are added back to profits.
(b) All actual income and gain not likely to occur in the future are deducted from profits.
(c) All profits likely to come in the future are added and all expenses likely to come in future are
deducted.
Particulars ₹
Simple/Weighted Average Profit before Tax XX
Add: Expenses incurred in past not to be incurred in future (i.e., XX
Rent paid in past not payable in future)
Less: Expenses not incurred in past to be incurred in future
(i.e., Rent not paid in past payable in future) (XX)
Less: Notional management Remuneration (XX)
Future maintainable profit before tax XXX
Less: Tax (If rate is not given, assume 50%) (XX)
Future maintainable profit after tax XXX
After adjusting profit in the light of future possibilities, average profit are estimated and then the
value of goodwill is estimated.
This method is a simple one and has nothing to recommend since goodwill is attached to profits
over and above what one can earn by starting a new business and not to total profits.
It ignores the amount of capital employed. for earning the profit. However, it is usual to adopt
this method for valuing the goodwill of the practice of a professional person such as a chartered
accountant or a doctor.
Calculation of Capital Employed and Average Capital Employed
Particulars ₹ ₹
Tangible Trading Assets (at agreed/adjustment value) (except: intangible, non-trading/ fictitious
assets):
Plant and Machinery xx
Land and Building xx
Furniture and Fixtures xx
Stock xx
Cash/Bank xx xxx
Less: External Liability (at agreed/adjustment value) (except: capital and reserves and surplus):

Loans xx
Debentures xx
Creditors xx
O/s Expenses, etc. xx xxx
Capital Employed xxx

Opening Capital Employed  Closing Capital Employed OR

 Average Capital Employed = 2

Average Capital Employed = Closing Capital employed – [½ of Current year’s profit +

Current year’s dividend]
Valuation of Goodwill and Shares 3

OR
Average Capital Employed = Opening Capital Employed + [½ of Current year’s profit +
Current year’s dividend]
(b) Super Profit Method: The future maintainable profits of the firm are compared with the
normal profits for the firm. Normal earnings of a business can be judged only in the light of
normal rate of earning and the capital employed in the business. Hence, this method of
valuing goodwill would require the following information:
(i) A normal rate of return for representative firms in the industry.
(ii) The fair value of capital employed.
The normal rate of earning is that rate of return which investors in general expect on their
investments in the particular type of industry. Normal rate of return depends upon the risk attached to
the investment, bank rate, market, need, inflation and the period of investment.
Normal Rate of Returns (NRR)
It is the rate at which profit is earned by normal business under normal circumstances or from
similar course of business. Normal Rate of Returns means rate of profit on capital employed which is
normally earned by others in a similar type of business. It will always be given in the problem in form
of percentages.
Or
Dividend per share 100
NRR = Rate of Risk + Rate of Returns or Market price per share

As the capital employed may be expressed as aggregate of share capital and reserves less the
amount of non-trading assets such as investments, the capital employed may also be ascertained by
adding up the present values of trading assets and deducting all liabilities. Super profit is the simple
difference between future maintainable operating profit and normal profit.
Illustration 2:
Rishi Computers Ltd. gives you the following summarised balance sheet as at 31st December,
2014.
Liabilities ₹ Assets ₹ ₹
Preference Share Capital 5,00,000 Fixed Assets:
Equity Share Capital 20,00,000 Cost Depreciation 50,00,000
Reserves and surplus 25,00,000 Capital Work-in-progress 30,00,000 20,00,000
Long-term Loans 27,00,000 Investment (10%) Current 40,00,000
Current Liabilities and Provisions 15,00,000 Assets 5,00,000
Underwriting Commission 25,00,000
2,00,000
92,00,000 92,00,000
The company earned a profit of ₹ 18,00,000 before tax in 2014. The capital work-in-progress
represents additional plant equal to the capacity of the present plant; if immediately operational there
being no difficulty in sales. With effect from 1st January, 2015, two additional Works Managers are
being appointed at ₹ 1,00,000 p.a. Ascertain the future maintainable profit and the capital employed,
assuming the present replacement cost of fixed assets is ₹ 1,00,00,000 and the annual rate of
depreciation is 10% on original cost.
10 Financial Accounting – II

Solution:
Normal Profit: Suppose investors are satisfied with a 18% return. In the above example, the
normal profit will be ₹ 11,34,000, i.e., 18% of ₹ 63 lakhs.
The following are some items which generally require adjustment in arriving at the average of the
past earnings:
1. Exclusion of material non-recurring items such as loss of exceptional nature through strikes,
fires, floods and theft, etc., profit or loss of any isolated transaction not being part of the
business of the company.
2. Exclusion of income and profits and losses from non-trading assets.
3. Exclusion of any capital profit or loss or receipt or expense included in the profit and loss
account.
4. Adjustments for any matters suggested by notes, appended to the accounts or by qualifications
in the Auditor’s Report, such as provision for taxation and gratuities, bad debts, under or over
provision for depreciation, inconsistency in valuation of stock, etc.
5. Depreciation is an important item that calls for careful review. The valuer may adopt book
depreciation provided he is satisfied that the value was realistic and the method was suitable
for the nature of the company and they were consistently applied from year to year. But
imbalances do arise in cases where consistently written down value method was in use and
heavy expenditure in the recent past has been made in rehabilitating or expanding fixed assets,
since the depreciation charges would be unfairly heavy and would prejudice the seller. Under
such circumstances, it would be desirable to readjust depreciation suitably as to bring a more
equitable charge in the profits meant for averaging.
Another important factor comes up for consideration in averaging past profits and that is the
trend of profits earned. It is imperative that estimation of maintainable profits be based on the only
available record, i.e., the record of past earnings, but indiscrete use of past results may lead to an
entirely fallacious and unrealistic result.
Where the profits of a company are widely fluctuating from year to year, an average fails to aid
future projection. In such cases, a study of the whole history of the company and of earnings of a fairly
long period may be necessary. If the profits of a company do not show a regular trend upward or
downward, an average of the cycle can usefully be employed for projection of future earnings.
In some companies, profits may record a distinct rising or falling trend from year; in these
circumstances, a simple average falls to consider a significant factor, namely, trend in earnings.
The shares of a company which record a clear upward trend of past profits would certainly be
more valuable than those of a company whose trend of past earnings indicates a downtrend. In such
cases, a weighted average giving more weight to the recent years than to the past is appropriate.
A simple way of weighing is to multiply the profits by the respective number of the years arranged
chronologically so that the largest weight is associated with the most recent past year and the least for
the remotest.
Future Profitability Projections: Project is more a matter of intelligent guesswork since it is
essentially an estimation of what will happen in the risky and uncertain future. The average profit
earned by a company in the past could be normally taken as the average profit that would be
maintainable by it in the future, if the future is considered basically as a continuation of the past. If
future performance is viewed as departing significantly from the past, then appropriate adjustments will
be called for before accepting the past average profit as the future maintainable profit of the company.
Valuation of Goodwill and Shares 3

There are three methods of calculating goodwill based on super profit. The methods and formulae
are as follows:
Purchase of Super Profit Method: Goodwill, as per this method, is Super Profit multiplied by a
certain number of years. Under this method, an important point to note is that the number of years of
purchase as goodwill will differ from industry to industry and from firm to firm. Theoretically, the
number of years is to be determined with reference to the probability of a new business catching up with
an old business. Suppose it is estimated that in two years’ time a business, if started now will be earning
about the same profits as an old business is earning now, goodwill will be equivalent to two times the
super profits. In the example given above, goodwill will be ₹ 12.12 lakhs, i.e., ₹ 6.06 lakhs × 2 years.
Annuity Method of Super Profit: Goodwill, in this case, is the discounted value of the total
amount calculated as per purchase method. The idea behind super profits methods is that the amount
paid for goodwill will be recouped during the coming few years. But, in this case, there is a heavy loss
of interest. Hence, properly speaking what should be paid now is only the present value of super
profits paid annually at the proper rate of interest. Tables show that the present value 18% of Re. 1
received annually two years is 1.566. In the above example, the value of goodwill under this method
will be 1.3 × ₹ 6.06 lakhs or ₹ 9.49 lakhs.
Capitalisation of Super Profit Method: This method tries to find out the amount of capital
needed for earning the super profit.
The formula is:
= Super Profit  100
NRR
In above example, Goodwill will be:
= 6.06 lakhs  100
18
= ₹ 33.67 lakhs
Given in the Problems:
(a) Information of old firms assets and liabilities.
(b) Information regarding past or profit.
(c) Adjustment valuation of goodwill.
Required to Prepare:
Valuation of goodwill by different methods.
Steps, Method and Formula for Calculation of Goodwill:
I. Goodwill by purchase of average profit method:
Steps:
(a) Find out average trading profit.
(b) Find out the number of years purchase (it will always be given in problem).
(c) Goodwill = Number of year of purchase × Average trading profit.
II. Goodwill by purchase of future maintainable profit method:
Steps:
(a) Find out future maintainable profit.
(b) Number of year purchase (given in problem).
(c) Goodwill = Number of years of purchase × Future maintainable profit.
10 Financial Accounting – II

III. Goodwill by capitalisation of future maintainable profit method:

(a) Find out future maintainable profit.
(b) Find out capitalised value of future maintainable profit
FMP  100
Capitalisation Value of Future Maintainable Profit = NRR

(c) Calculate Capital Employed.

(d) Goodwill = Capitalised Value of FMP – Capital Employed
IV. Goodwill by purchase of super profit method:
(a) Find out average trading profit.
(b) Find out future maintainable profit.
(c) Find out capital employed.
(d) Find out Normal Rate Return (always given in the problem in terms of %).
(e) Find out number of year of purchase (given in the problem).
(f) Find out normal profit:
Capital Employed  NRR
Normal Profit =
100
(g) Find out super profit:
Super profit = Future maintainable profit – Normal profit
(h) Goodwill = Number of year purchase × Super profit
V. Goodwill by capitalisation of super profit method:
(a) Calculate super profit as discussed above.
Super Profit 100
(b) Goodwill =
NRR
VI. Goodwill by present value of super profit method:
(a) Calculate super profit as discussed above.
(b) Goodwill = Annuity Rate × Super Profit
Note: Annuity Rate will always be given in the problem.
Illustration 3: X agreed to purchase the business of Y on 30th June, 2016. Profits earned by Y
for the three preceding years were as below:
Year ending ₹
31/12/2013 82,000
31/12/2014 80,000
31/12/2015 84,000
The profit for the year 2014 includes an abnormal income of ₹ 3,000. The profit for the year 2015
is after writing off a loss due to theft of ₹ 4,000. At present, the assets of the business are not insured.
X wants to take a comprehensive policy and has ascertained that an annual premium of ₹ 400 would
have to be paid. X would like to manage the business whole time and this would involve giving up the
present job in which he is drawing ₹ 2,000 per month. If X manages the business, the employment of
the manager who is looking after the business for a salary of ₹ 1,500 per month can be terminated and
X will draw a salary of ₹ 2,000 per month from the business. Calculate the goodwill if both the parties
have agreed to value it at 2 year’s purchase of average profits.
Valuation of Goodwill and Shares 11

Solution:
Particulars ₹ ₹
Profit for the year 2013 82,000
Profit for the year 2014 80,000
Less: Abnormal Income 3,000 77,000
Profit for the year 2015 84,000
Add: Loss due to theft 4,000 88,000
2,47,000
Average Profits (2,47,000/3) 82,333.33
Less: Expenses to be paid-up future Insurance Premium 400
X’s salary (2,000 × 12) 24,000 (24,400)
57,933.33
Add: Manager’s salary (1,500 × 12) 18,000.00
Expected average annual profits 75,933.33
Goodwill = Expected average annual profits × Number of years of purchase
= ₹ (75,933.33 × 2) = ₹ 1,51,866.66
Illustration 4: P is negotiating with M for the purchase of the latter’s business. It was decided to
value goodwill according to the super profit method. M has been running the business only for the
three years and hence P would like to attach weights for the profits of the three years in such a way
that the most recent profits would be assigned a higher weight than the other year’s profits. The profits
of the past three years are as follows:
Year ₹
2013 36,000
2014 40,000
2015 38,000
Calculate the annual average profits.
Solution: Since P would like to attach a higher weightage to the profits of 2001, one method of
weighting would be:
Year Weight
2013 1
2014 2
2015 3
The weighted average annual profits of the business may be calculated as follows:
Year Profits (₹) Weights Product (₹)
2013 36,000 1 36,000
2014 40,000 2 80,000
2015 38,000 3 1,14,000
6 2,30,000

Total Pr oduct
 Weighted Average Annual Profits = Total Weight

2,30,000
6=
Average annual profit = ₹ 38,333
10 Financial Accounting – II

Illustration 5: The following particulars are available in the books of Bharti Telecom.
(a) Capital employed ₹ 1,50,000
(b) Trading profit after tax
2012 ₹ 1,12,200
2013 ₹ 1,15,000
2014 ₹ 1,02,000 (loss)
2015 ₹ 1,21,000
(c) Market rate of interest on investment 8%.
(d) Rate of risk return on capital invested in business 2%.
(e) Remuneration from alternative employment of the proprietor (if not engaged in business
₹ 13,600 p.a.).
You are required to compute the value of goodwill on the basis of 3 years’ purchase of super
profits of the business calculated on the average profit of the last four years.
Solution:
(a) Calculation of Average Profits:
Year ₹
2012 1,12,200
2013 1,15,000
2014 (1,02,000)
2015 1,21,000
2,46,200

2,46,200 = 61,550
Average Profit =
4

(b) Calculation of Super Profits:

Particulars ₹
Average Profits 61,550
Less: Remuneration 13,600
47,950
Less: Normal Profit @ 10%
Capital employed × NRR (8% + 2%) on ₹ 1,50,000 (1,50,000 × 10%) 15,000
32,950
Goodwill = 3 years’ purchase of super profits
= 3 × 32,950
= 98,850
Illustration 6: From the following information given by Tata Telecom, calculate the value of goodwill:
(a) Average capital employed ₹ 12,00,000.
(b) Company declares 15% dividend on the shares of ₹ 20 each fully paid which is quoted in the
market at ₹ 25.
(c) Net trading profit of the firm (after tax) for the past 3 years ₹ 2,15,200, ₹ 1,81,400 and ₹ 2,25,000.
You are required to compute the value of goodwill on the basis of 5 years’ purchase of super
profits of the business calculated on the average profit of the last three years.
Valuation of Goodwill and Shares 11

Solution:
Particulars ₹
1st Year 2,15,200
2nd Year 1,81,400
3rdYear 2,25,000
6,21,600

6,21,600 = ₹ 2,07,200
Average Profit = 3

Calculation of super profit:

Particulars ₹
Average Trading Profit 2,07,200
Less: Normal profit @ 12% on ₹ 12,00,000 1,44,000
Super Profit 63,200
Goodwill = 5 years’ purchase of super profits
= 5 × 63,200
= ₹ 3,16,000
Working Notes:
(1) Dividend per share = 15% of ₹ 20 = ₹ 3
Dividend per share (DPS) 100  3 100 12%
(2) Rate of return on capital = 25
Market price per share (MPS)

Illustration 7: From the following information, ascertain the value of goodwill of Micro
Computers Ltd. under super profit method.
Balance Sheet as on 31st March, 2014
Liabilities ₹ Assets ₹
Paid-up Capital (5,000 share of 100 each fully 5,00,000 Goodwill at Cost 50,000
paid)
Bank Overdraft 1,16,700 Land and Building at cost 2,20,000
Sundry Creditors 1,81,000 Plant and Machinery at cost 2,00,000
Provision for Taxation 39,000 Stock in Trade 3,00,000
Profit and Loss Appropriation A/c 1,13,300 Bad Debts 1,80,000
9,50,000 9,50,000
The company commenced operations in 1995 with a paid-up capital of ₹ 5,00,000. Profits for
recent years (after taxation) have been as follows:
Year ended 31st March ₹
2010 40,000 (loss)
2011 88,000
2012 1,03,300
2013 1,16,000
2014 1,30,000
The loss in 2010 occurred due to a prolonged strike.
The income tax paid so far has been at the average rate of 40%. Dividends were distributed at the
rate of 10% on the paid-up capital in 2011 and 2012 and at the rate of 15% in 2013 and 2014. The
market price of share is ruling at ₹ 125 at the end of the year ended 31st March, 2009.
10 Financial Accounting – II

Solution: Valuation of Goodwill of Micro Computers Ltd.

Particulars ₹ ₹
Capital Employed:
Land and Building at Cost Plant 2,20,000
and Machinery at Cost Stock in 2,00,000
Trade 3,00,000
Sundry Debtors 1,80,000
9,00,000
Less: Sundry Liabilities
Bank Overdraft 1,16,700
Sundry Creditors Provision 1,81,000
for Taxation 39,000 3,36,700
Capital employed at the end of the year Add 5,63,300
back
75,000
Dividend paid for the year Less:
65,000 10,000
Half of the profits Average
5,73,300
capital employed Rate of
Return
Average Dividends for the last 4 years at 12½% 10  15  10  15 
 4 
Market price of shares on 31st March = ₹ 125

Normal Rate of Return = 12.5  100  10%

125
It may be more appropriate to relate the normal rate of return to the dividend paid in the last two
years since price is related to dividend expected in future and for that, the most recent experience is
relevant.
In that case, the normal rate of return will be:
 Dividend per share (DPS)  15 100
125
 Market price per share(MPS)  100 =  12%

 
Normal Profit on Average Capital employed:
at 10% on ₹ 5,73,300 57,330
at 12% on ₹ 5,73,300 68,796
Future Maintainable Profits – Weighted Average
Year Profits Weights Product
₹ ₹
2011 88,000 1 88,000
2012 1,03,000 2 2,06,000
2013 1,16,000 3 3,48,000
2014 1,30,000 4 5,20,000
10 11,62,000
Average annual profit (after tax) = ₹ 1,16,200 FMP
Valuation of Goodwill and Shares 13

Super Profits
Particulars Normal Rate 12% (₹) Normal Rate 10% (₹)
Average maintainable profits 1,16,200 1,16,200
Normal profit on capital employed 68,796 57,330
Super Profit 47,404 58,870
Goodwill at 5 years’ purchase of Super Profits 2,37,020 2,94,350
Goodwill at 3 years’ purchase 1,42,212 1,76,610
Three to five years’ purchase of super profits can be taken as fair value of goodwill. Thus,
depending on the assumptions regarding the normal rate of return and the number of years’ purchase,
goodwill may range between ₹ 1,42,212 and ₹ 2,94,350.
Illustration 8: The following is the balance sheet of HCL Ltd. as on March 31, 2015.
Liabilities ₹ Assets ₹
40,000 Equity Shares of ₹ 10 each 4,00,000 Goodwill 40,000
10% Debenture 1,20,000 Land and Banking 2,00,000
Profit & Loss Balance a on 01/04/14 40,000 Plant and Machinery 2,90,000
Add: Profit for the year before Investment 1,00,000
providing for taxes 1,60,000 2,00,000 Stock 80,000
Sundry Creditors 80,000 Debtors 90,000
Provision for Taxation 40,000 Cash and Bank 40,000
8,40,000 8,40,000
Profit includes ₹ 10,000 which is the income from investments. The present market value of the
assets are:
Particulars ₹
Land and Building 2,50,000
Plant and Machinery 3,50,000
Investment 1,50,000
Current assets (book value).
Normal return on capital employed in this type of business is 10%.
Adjustment of depreciation is not required for valuation of goodwill.
Calculate the value of goodwill on the basis of 3 years’ purchase of super profit of the company.
Solution: Average Trading Capital Employed
Particulars ₹
Land and Building 2,50,000
Plant and Machinery 3,50,000
Stock 80,000
Debtors 90,000
Cash and Bank 40,000
Less: Current Liabilities 8,10,000
Sundry Creditors ₹ 80,000
Provision for Taxation ₹ 40,000 (1,20,000)
Capital Employed 6,90,000
Less: Half of current year’s profit (37,500)
Average Capital Employed 6,52,500
14 Financial Accounting

Working Notes:
The half of current year’s profit is calculated as below:
Particulars ₹
Profit for the year 1,60,000
Less: Non-trading income 10,000
1,50,000
Less: Income tax (assume 50%) Current 75,000
year’s profit 75,000

75,000  37,500
2

 Normal Profit = Average Capital Employed × NRR

100

= 6,52,000  10
100

= 65,200
Super Profit = Average Profit – Normal Profit
= 75,000 – 65,200
= 9,800
 Goodwill = Super Profit × No. of years’ purchase
= 9,800 × 3
= 29,400
Illustration 9: From the following information, calculate value of the goodwill for Reliance Ltd.
by:
(i) Super profit method.
(ii) Capitalisation method.
(a) Average capital employed in the business ₹ 6,00,000.
(b) Net trading profit of the firm for the past three years were ₹ 1,07,600, ₹ 90,700 and
₹ 1,12,500.
(c) Rate of interest expected from capital having regard to the risk involved 12%.
(d) Fair Remuneration to the firm for their services ₹ 12,000 per annum.
(e) Sundry assets of the firm ₹ 7,54,762.
(f) Sundry liabilities ₹ 31,329.
Note: Take 8 years’ purchase of super profit as value of good will.
Solution:
1. Calculation of profit:
Simple Average = 1,07,600  90,700  1,12,500
3 years
= ₹ 1,03,600
Valuation of Goodwill and Shares 13

2. Calculation of future maintainable profit:

Simple average profit 1,03,600
Less: Fair Remunerations to partner (12,000)
Future maintainable profit 91,600
3. Calculation of Capital Employed:
Given = ₹ 6,00,000
4. NRR = 12% (given)
5. Number of years purchase: 8 years (given)
6. Calculation of Normal Profit:
NRR
Normal Profit = Capital Employed × 100

= 6,00,000 ×

= ₹ 72,000
 14
12 Financial Accounting
100
Super Profit = FMP – Normal Profit
= 91,600 – 72,000
= 19,600
Calculation of Goodwill by purchase super profit method:
Goodwill = Number of years purchase × super profit
= 8 × 19,600
= ₹ 1,56,800
7. Calculation of Goodwill by capitalised value of super profit method:
Super Pr ofit  100
Goodwill =
NRR
19,600  100
= 12

= ₹ 1,63,333
OR
Calculation of capitalised value of super profit method:
Goodwill = Capitalised Value of FMP – Capital Employed
= 7,63,333 – 6,00,000
= ₹ 1,63,333
Illustration 10: A company desirous of selling its business to another company has earned an
average profit in past ₹ 1,50,000 per annum. It is considered that such average profit fairly represents
the profit likely to be earned in the future except that:
(a) Director’s fees ₹ 10,000 charged against such profit will not be payable by the purchasing
company whose existing board can cope up with additional work without additional fees.
(b) Rent at ₹ 20,000 p.a. which has been paid by the existing company will not be charged in the
future.
Valuation of Goodwill and Shares 13

The value of the tangible assets of the existing company at the proposed date of sale was
₹ 19,00,000 and was considered that reasonable return on capital invested, for the type of company
was 8%.
Calculate the value of Goodwill at 3 years’ purchase of super profits.
Solution:
1. Calculation of Average Profit: ₹ 1,50,000 (Given)
2. Calculation of future maintainable profit:
Average profit 1,50,000
Add: Director’s fees not required in future 10,000
Add: Rent not payable in future 20,000
Future maintainable profit 91,600
3. Calculation of capital employed: ₹ 19,00,000 (Given)
4. Calculation of NRR: 8% (Given)
5. Calculation of number of years’ purchase: 3 years (Given)
6. Calculation of Normal Profit:

Normal Profit = Capital Employed  NRR

100

= 19,00,000  8
100
= 1,52,000
(i) Calculation of Super Profit:
Super Profit = FMP – Normal Profit
= 1,80,000 – 1,52,000
= ₹ 28,000
(ii) Calculation of Goodwill by purchase of super profit method:
Goodwill = Super profit × Number of years’ purchase
= 28,000 × 3
= ₹ 84,000
Illustration 11: The average net profit was (before adjustment) ₹ 2,07,000. It included
investment income ₹ 2,000. The cost (also present value) of investment was ₹ 50,000. Expenses
amounting to ₹ 3,000 p.a. are likely to be discontinued in future. 50 paise in rupee may be taken as
average annual taxation. 6% represented a fair commercial return. The average capital employed was
₹ 13,50,000 but upon valuation obtained, the actual was valued ₹ 14,50,000.
(a) Assuming seven years’ purchase of super profit, what is the value of goodwill?
(b) What will be the value of goodwill under capitalisation method?
Solution:
1. Calculation of Average Profit:
Average profit (before adjustment) 2,07,000
Less: Investment income (2,000)
Average profit (after adjustment) 2,05,000
14 Financial Accounting

2. Calculation of Future Maintainable Profit:

Average profit (before adjustment) 2,05,000
Add: Expenses likely to be discontinued in future 3,000
Future maintainable profit before tax 2,08,000
Less: Tax @ 50% (1,04,000)
Future maintainable profit after tax 1,04,000
3. Calculation for Capital Employed:
As given 14,50,000
Less: Investment (50,000)
Actual Capital Employed 14,00,000
4. NRR = 6% (Given)
5. Normal of years’ purchase = 7 years (Given)
6. Calculation of Normal Profit:
Normal Profit = Capital  NRR
100
6
= 14,00,000 
100
= ₹ 84,000
7. Calculation of Super Profit:
Super profit = 1,04,000 – 84,000
= ₹ 20,000
8. Calculation of Goodwill by purchase of super profit method:
Goodwill = No. of years × Super Profit
= 7 × 20,000
= ₹ 1,40,000
9. Goodwill by capitalisation of super profit:
Super Pr ofit.  100
Goodwill = NRR
20,000  100
6
=
= ₹ 3,33,333
Illustration 12: L, M and N are partners sharing profit and losses in the ratio of 4:3:3
respectively. The firm closes its account on 31st December, every year. On 31st March, 2015, N
died and it was decided to calculate the amount of the goodwill to be paid to the heirs of Mr. N.
According to the partnership agreement, Goodwill was to be valued at the three year purchase of
average super profits of the three years upto the death after deducting 17.5% interest on capital
employed and paying a reasonable remuneration of ₹ 30,000 per annum to each partner. Average
capital employed in the business was ₹ 2,00,000.
Valuation of Goodwill and Shares 13

The profits of the earlier years before charging interest on capital employed were as follows:
Year ₹
2012 1,47,000
2013 1,59,000
2014 2,23,000
The profits for the year ending 31st December, 2015 were ₹ 1,31,000. Profits may be considered
to have been earned uniformly for all the years including 2015. Calculate the amount of goodwill to be
paid to the heirs of Mr. N.
Solution:
1. Year Profit Weight Total Product
2012 1,47,000 1 1,47,000
2013 1,59,000 2 3,18,000
2014 2,23,000 3 6,69,000
6 11,34,000
2. Calculation for Average Profit:
= ₹ 1,89,000
 Weighted Average Profit = 11,34,000
6
3. Calculation for FMP:
 Weighted Average present 1,89,000
Less: Managerial Remuneration (30,000 × 3) (90,000)
FMP 99,000
4. Calculation for Capital Employed = ₹ 2,00,000
5. Calculation of NRR = ₹ 17.5%
NRR
Calculation for Normal Profit = Capital Employed ×
100

= 2,00,000 × 17.5
100
= ₹ 35,000
6. Calculation for super profit:
Super Profit = FMP – Normal Profit
= 99,000 – 35,000
= 64,000
7. Calculation of Goodwill by purchase of super profit.
Goodwill = Number of years purchase × super profit
= 3 × 64,000
= ₹ 1,92,000
3 = 57,600
 Goodwill to be paid to legal heirs of N = 1,92,000 × 10
14 Financial Accounting

Illustration 13: Following is the Balance sheet of A Limited as on 31st March, 2014:
Liabilities ₹ Assets ₹ ₹
Share Capital Goodwill 1,25,000
5,000 share of ₹ 100 each 5,00,000 Land and Building (at cost) 1,80,000
Reserve Fund 1,50,000 Less: Depreciation 36,000 1,44,000
Workmen Compensation Fund 25,000 Plant and machinery (at cost) 2,40,000
Workmen Profit Sharing Fund 45,000 Less: Depreciation 40,000 2,00,000
Profit and Loss Account 1,50,000 Investment for replacement of plant 1,00,000
Creditors 2,30,000 & machinery
Other Liabilities 1,00,000 Books Debts 3,60,000
Less: R.D.D. 30,000 3,30,000
Stock 2,00,000
Cash at Bank 75,000
Preliminary expense 26,000
12,00,000 12,00,000
Further Information:
(i) A Ltd. had been carrying on business for the past several years. The company is to be
taken over by another company and for this purpose, you are required to value Goodwill
by “Capitalisation of maintainable profits method”. For this purpose, following
additional information is available.
(a) The profit earned by the company for the past three years were as
under: Year ended 31st March, 2012 ₹ 3,10,000
Year ended 31st March, 2013 ₹ 2,73,000
Year ended 31st March, 2014 ₹ 2,90,000
The profits given are profits before tax, which was 50% throughout.
(b) The new company expects to carry on business with its own board of directors,
without any addition.
The directors’ fees paid by A Ltd. to its directors amounted to ₹ 9,000 per year, no
more payable in future.
(c) The new company expects a large increase in volume of business and therefore, will
have to pay extra rent of ₹ 12,000 per year.
(d) As on 31st March, 2015, land and buildings were worth ₹ 3,00,000, whereas plant
and machinery were worth only ₹ 1,80,000. There is sufficient provision for doubtful
debts. There is no fluctuation in the value of investment and stock.
(e) Liability under workmen compensation fund was only ₹ 5,000.
(f) The expected rate of return on similar business may be taken at 12%.
You are required to value Goodwill according to above instructions. All your workings should
form part of your answer. (Take average capital employed, the same as closing employed for your
calculations.)
Solution: Calculation of Average Profit
Total profit (past year)
Simple Average = Total Number of years

3,10,000  2,73,000  2,90,000

= 3
= ₹ 2,91,000
Valuation of Goodwill and Shares 13

1. Calculation of future maintainable profit.

Particulars ₹
Simple Average Profit 2,91,000
Add: Directors’ fees not required in future 9,000
Less: Extra rent payable in future (12,000)
FMP before tax 2,88,000
Less: Tax @ 50% (1,44,000)
FMP after tax 1,44,000
2. Calculation of Capital Employed:
Particulars ₹ ₹
Tangible Trading Asset (at Average Value): Land
and Building 3,00,000
Plant and Machinery Investment 1,80,000
Debtors 1,00,000
Stock 3,30,000
Cash at Bank 2,00,000
Less: External Liabilities: Workmen 75,000 11,85,000
Compensation Fund Workmen
Profit Sharing Fund Creditors 5,000
Other Liability 45,000
2,30,000
Capital Employed
1,00,000 (3,80,000)
8,05,000
3. NRR = 12% (Given)
4. Number of years’ purchase = 3 years (Given)
5. Calculation for capitalised value of FMP:
FMP 100
Capitalised Value of FMP = NRR
1,44,000 100
12
=
= ₹ 12,00,000
6. Calculation of Goodwill by capitalised of FMP Method:
Goodwill = Capitalised value of FMP – Capital Employed
= 12,00,000 – 8,05,000
= ₹ 3,95,000
Illustration 14: From the following Balance sheet of Prosperous Ltd. as at 31st Dec. 2015 and
further information, value goodwill at five year purchase of super profit based on average profit of last
three years.
Liabilities ₹ ₹ Assets ₹ ₹
Share Capital: Fixed Assets:
Equity Capital 1,50,000 Goodwill 20,000
Preference Capital 50,000 2,00,000 Machinery 2,10,000
Reserves and Surplus: Land and Building 1,20,000
General Reserves 2,60,000 Furniture 60,000
14 Financial Accounting

Profit and Loss Account 15,000 2,75,000 Vehicles 90,000 5,00,000

Secured Loan 1,25,000 Stocks 55,000
Current Liabilities: Debtors 1,00,000
Sundry Creditors 60,000 Cash and Bank Balance 25,000 1,80,000
Bills Payable 30,000 Misc. Expenditure 20,000
Outstanding Expenses 10,000 1,00,000
7,00,000 7,00,000
(a) Profit (before tax)
For 2015 ₹ 1,11,000
For 2014 ₹ 1,05,000
For 2013 ₹ 99,000
(b) Machinery costing ₹ 10,000 purchased on 31st December, 2015 was wrongly charged to
revenue.
(c) Normal return in similar business is 10% of the average net tangible capital employed.
(d) Machinery, land and buildings have appreciated by 10% and 20% respectively. Furniture and
vehicles have depreciated by 5% and 10% respectively. Outstanding expenses were up by
₹ 3,750.
(e) Provision for tax – 50%.
(f) Ignore additional depreciation effect on revalued figures of Assets.
Solution: Calculation of Average Profit
Year Profit Weight Product
2013 99,000 1 99,000
2014 1,05,000 2 2,10,000
2015 1,11,000 + 10,000 3 3,63,000
6 6,72,000

Total of product
1. Weighted Average Profit =
Total of weight
6,72,000
=
6
= 1,12,000
2. Calculation of FMP:
Average profit before.tax 1,12,000
Less: Tax @ 50% (5,60,000)
FMP after tax 56,000
3. Calculation of Capital Employed:
Particulars ₹ ₹
Tangible Trading Assets (at value):
Machinery [2,10,000 + 10,000 + 22,000] 2,42,000
Land and Building 1,44,000
Furniture 57,000
Vehicles 81,000
Stock 55,000
Debtors 1,00,000
Valuation of Goodwill and Shares 13

Cash and Bank 25,000 7,04,000

Less: Sundry Creditors 60,000
Bills Payable 30,000
O/s Expenses 13,750
Secured Loan (1,25,000) (2,28,750)
Capital Employed 4,75,250
4. NRR = 10% (Given)
5. Normal years’ purchase = 5 years (Given)
6. Calculation of Normal Profits:
NRR
Normal Profit = Capital Employed ×
100

= 4,75,250 ×

= ₹ 47,525
7. Calculation of super profits:
 14
10 Financial Accounting

100
Super Profit = FMP – Normal Profit
= 56,000 – 47,525
= ₹ 8,475
8. Calculation for Goodwill by purchased super profit method:
Goodwill = Number of years’ purchase × Super Profit
= 5 × 8,475
= ₹ 42,375
Illustration 15: ALTO agreed to purchase business of A. For that purpose, goodwill is to
be valued at three years’ purchase of the weighted average of previous 4 years adjusted profits.
The profits for the year ending 31/12/2012 to 31/12/2015 were as
under: Year ending 2012 ₹ 20,200
Year ending 2013 ₹ 24,800
Year ending 2014 ₹ 25,000
Year ending 2015 ₹ 30,000
Following additional information is available:
(a) On 01/09/2014, major repair expenditure to plant and machinery for 6,000 was charged to
revenue. That was agreed to be capitalized for goodwill, subject to 10% p.a. depreciation on
diminishing balance method to be calculated.
(b) The closing stock for the year ending 31/12/2013 was overvalued by ₹ 2,400.
(c) In order to cover cost of management, an annual charge of ₹ 4,800 should be made for
valuation of Goodwill.
Compute value of goodwill.
Solution:
Calculation of Trading profit:
Particulars 2012 (₹) 2013 (₹) 2014 (₹) 2015 (₹)
Profit before adjustment 20,200 24,800 25,000 30,000
Add: P/M [capital Expenses charged – – 6,000 –
Valuation of Goodwill and Shares 13

as Revenue Express]
Less: Depreciation 10% on above P/M For W.D.V. method
(4 & 12 month) – – (200) (580)
(6,000 – 200 × 10%)
Less: Closing Stock overvalued (2,400)
Add: Opening Stock overvalued 2,400 –
Less: Cost of Management (4,800) (4,800) (4,800) (4,800)
Adjusted Profit 15,400 17,600 28,400 24,620

Year Profit Weights Product

2012 15,400 1 15,400
2013 17,600 2 35,200
2014 28,400 3 85,200
2015 24,620 4 98,480
10 2,34,280

2,34,280 = ₹ 23,428
Weighted Average Profit = 10

Calculation for Goodwill by purchase of Weighted Average method:

Goodwill = Number of years’ purchase × Weighted Average Profit
= 3 × 23,428
= ₹ 70,284
Illustration 16: The balance sheet of a partnership was as follows:
Particulars ₹ ₹ Particulars ₹
Capital Accounts: Goodwill 1,000
A 50,000 Plant 70,000
B 30,000 Furniture 3,000
C 20,000 1,00,000 Stock in trade 45,000
Current Accounts: Sundry debtors 28,000
A 8,000 Prepayments 10,000
B 7,000 Bank balance 19,000
C 10,000 25,000
Sundry Creditors 51,000
1,76,000 1,76,000
It was proposed to form a company to acquire the business for the purpose of the acquisitions.
The assets revalued as follows:
Plant of ₹ 60,000; Furniture ₹ 4,000; Stock ₹ 25,000; Pre-payment Nil. It was ascertained that the
profits before charging anything in respect of the partners, for the past five years been as follow
₹ 25,000, ₹ 29,000, ₹ 33,000, ₹ 35,000 and ₹ 33,000. Included in these profits were non-recurring items,
averaging ₹ 1,500. But from the nature of the business, casual non-recurring items were found to arise
every year and promoters agreed that a figure of ₹ 1,200 should be allowed as profit from this source.
Similar business paid a dividend of 8% p.a. on their ordinary share and partners who would be
directors of the company were worth remuneration of: A – ₹ 4,000; B – ₹ 5,000 and C – ₹ 6,000 p.a.
14 Financial Accounting

Five years’ purchase of the adjusted super profits on annuity basis was the agreed price for
goodwill; the super profit being taken on the value of the goodwill. Ignore taxation. Annuity rate
for Re. 1 @ 8% is 3.75.
Solution:
1. Calculation of average profit:
25,000  29,000  33,000  35,000  33,000
Simple Average =
5
= 31,000
Less: Non-recurring items [1,500 – 1,200] 300
Average Profit 30,700
2. Calculation of FMP:
Average profit before tax 30,700
Less: Managerial Remuneration (4,000 + 5,000 + 6,000) (15,000)
FMP 15,700
3. Calculation of capital Employed:
Particulars ₹ ₹
Tangible Trading Assets: Plant
Furniture 60,000
Stock 4,000
Debtors 42,000
Pre-payments Bank 25,000
Less: External Liabilities: Nil
Sundry Creditors 19,000 1,50,000
Capital Employed
(51,000)
99,000

4. Calculation of NRR = 8%
5. Number of years’ purchase = 5 years
6. Calculation of Normal Profit: NRR
Normal Profit = Capital Employed × 100
= 99,000 ×

= ₹ 7,920
7. Calculation of Super Profit:
Valuation
8 of Goodwill and Shares 13

100
Super Profit = FMP – Normal Profit
= 15,700 – 7,920
= ₹ 7,780
8. Calculation of Goodwill by purchase of super profit method:
Goodwill = Normal of years’ purchase × Super Profit
= 5 × 7,780
= ₹ 38,900
14 Financial Accounting

9. Calculation of Goodwill by Annuity method of Super Profit:

Goodwill = Annuity Rate × Super Profit
= 3.75 × 7,780
Goodwill = ₹ 29,175
Illustration 17: From the following information supplied to you, ascertain the value of Goodwill
of Anamika Ltd. which is carrying business as retail trader under the capitalisation of profit method.
Balance sheet as on March 31, 2015
Particulars ₹ Particulars ₹
Paid-up Capital Goodwill at cost 50,000
5,000 Equity Shares of ₹ 100 each fully paid 5,00,000 Land and Buildings at cost 2,20,000
Profit and Loss Appropriation A/c 1,13,300 Plant and Machinery cost 2,00,000
Bank Overdraft 1,16,700 Stock in Trade 3,00,000
Provision for Taxation 39,000 Book Debt (–) Provisions for bad debts 1,80,000
Sundry Creditors 1,81,000
9,50,000 9,50,000
The company commenced operations in 1985 with a paid-up capital of ₹ 5,00,000. Profit for
recent years (after taxation) have been as follows:
Year ending March, 31 ₹
2011 (Loss) 40,000
2012 88,000
2013 1,03,000
2014 1,16,000
2015 1,30,000
(a) The loss in 2011 occurred due to prolonged strike.
(b) The income tax paid so far has been at the average rate of 40%, but it is likely to be 50% now
onwards.
(c) Dividend were distributed at the rate of 10% at the end of the year ending March 31, 2015.
(d) The market price of shares is ruling at ₹ 125 at the end of the year ending March, 31, 2015.
(e) Profit till 2015 had been ascertained after debiting ₹ 40,000 as remuneration to the managing
director. The Government has approved a remuneration of ₹ 60,000 with effect from April 1, 2015.
(f) The company has been able to secure a contract for supply of materials at advantageous prices.
The advantage has been valued at ₹ 40,000 p.a. for the next five years.
Solution:
1. Calculation for Average Profit:
Note: Loss in the years 2014 is to be ignored because it was due to prolonged strike which is a abnormal event in the normal course of
business. We are excluding profit of the years 2012 also because impact of the strike was there in that year also.
2013 2014 2015
Profit before tax = 1,03,000 = 1,71,667 1,16,000 = 1,93,333 1,30,000 = 2,16,667
60% 60% 60%

2. Calculation for Weighted Average Profit:

Year Profit Weights Product
2013 1,71,667 1 1,71,667
2014 1,93,333 2 3,86,666
2015 2,16,667 3 6,50,001
6 12,08,334
Valuation of Goodwill and Shares 13
= ₹ 2,01,389
Weighted Average Profit = 12,08,334
6
3. Calculation for FMP:
Weighted Average Profit 2,01,389
Less: Extra director’s fees in future (20,000)
Add: Profit likely to be earned in future 40,000
FMP before tax 2,21,389
Less: Tax at 50% 1,10,694
FMP after tax 1,10,695
4. Calculation for Capital Employed:
Particulars ₹ ₹
Tangible Trading Assets:
Land & Building 2,20,000
Plant & Machinery 2,00,000
Stock 3,00,000
Debtors 1,80,000 9,00,000
Less: External Liabilities: Bank
Provision for Tax 1,16,700
Creditors 39,000
Capital Employed 1,81,000 (3,36,700)
5,63,300
5. Calculation for NRR:
Dividend Per Share  100
NRR =
Market Price Per Share

= 10 100
125

= 8%
6. Calculation of Normal Profit: NRR
Normal Profit = Capital Employed × 100
= 5,63,300 ×

= ₹ 45,064
7. Calculation of Super Profit:
14
8 Financial Accounting

100
Super Profit = FMP – Normal Profit
= 1,10,695 – 45,064
= ₹ 65,631
8. Calculation of Goodwill by capitalisation of super profit method:
Super Pr ofit  100
Goodwill = NRR
Valuation of Goodwill and Shares 13

= 65,631
8%
= ₹ 8,20,387
Valuation of Shares
In the case of shares quoted in the recognised Stock Exchanges, the prices quoted in the Stock
Exchanges are generally taken as the basis of valuation of those shares. However, the Stock Exchange
prices are determined generally on the demand supply position of the shares and on business cycle.
The London Stock Exchange opines that the Stock Exchange may be linked to a scientific recording
instrument which registers not its own actions and options but the actions and options of private
institutional investors all over the country/world. These actions and options are the result of fear, guess
work, intelligent or otherwise, good or bad investment policy and many other consideration. The
quotations what result definitely do not represent valuation of a company by reference to its assets and
its earning potential. Therefore, the accountants are called upon to value the shares by following the
other methods.
The value of share of a company depends on so many factors such as:
1. Nature of business.
2. Economic policies of the government.
3. Demand and supply of shares.
4. Rate of dividend paid.
5. Yield of other related shares in the stock exchange, etc.
6. Net worth of the company.
7. Earning capacity.
8. Quoted price of the shares in the stock market.
9. Profits made over a number of years.
10. Dividend paid on the shares over a number of years.
11. Prospects of growth, enhanced earning per share, etc.
Need and Purpose of Valuation of Shares
The need for valuation of shares may be felt by any company in the following circumstances:
1. For assessment of Wealth Tax, Estate Duty, Gift Tax, etc.
2. Amalgamations, Absorptions etc.
3. For converting one class of shares to another class.
4. Advancing loans on the security of shares.
5. Compensating the shareholders on acquisition of shares by the Government under a scheme
of nationalisation.
6. Acquisition of interest of dissenting shareholder under the reconstruction scheme, etc.
Factors Influencing Valuation
The valuation of shares of a company is based, inter alia, on the following factors:
1. Current stock market price of the shares.
2. Profits earned and dividend paid over the years.
3. Availability of reserves and future prospects of the company.
14 Financial Accounting

4. Realizable value of the net assets of the company.

5. Current and deferred liabilities for the company.
6. Age and status of plant and machinery of the company.
7. Net worth.of the company.
8. Record of efficiency, integrity and honesty of Board of Directors and other managerial
personnel of the company.
9. Quality of top and middle management of the company and their professional competence.
10. Record of performance of the company in financial terms.
Methods of Valuation of Shares
Certain methods have come to be recognised for valuation of shares of a company, viz., (1) Open
market price; (2) Stock exchange quotation; (3) Net assets basis; (4) Earning per share method;
(5) Yield or return method; (6) Net worth method; (7) Break-up value etc.
IDEAL VALUATION METHOD
The various methods of valuation of shares of a company as mentioned above have their
individual merits and demerits. Therefore, it has been universally recognised that while valuing the
shares of a company, it is advisable not to depend upon any single method but to resort to a
combination of three well recognized methods, viz., market value method, yield or return on
investment method and net assets value method for arriving at a fair and reasonable shares exchange
ratio. While doing this, due weightage should be given to each method based on the company’s
performance and future prospects.
INTRINSIC VALUE METHOD
This method is also called as Assets backing method, Real value method, Balance Sheet method
or Break-up value methods. Under this method, the net assets of the company including goodwill and
non-trading assets are divided by the number of shares issued to arrive at the value of each share.
If the market value of the assets is available, the same is to be considered and in the absence of
such information, the book values of the assets shall be taken as the market value. While arriving at
the net assets, the fictitious assets such as preliminary expenses, the debit balance in the Profit and
Loss A/c should not be considered. The liabilities payable to the third parties and to the preference
shareholders is to be deducted from the total asset to arrive at the net assets. The funds relating to
equity shareholders such as General Reserve, Profit and Loss Account, Balance of Debenture
Redemption Fund, Dividend Equalisation Reserve, Contingency Reserve, etc. should not be deducted.
Illustration 18: From the information given below and the balance sheet of Cipla Limited on
31st December, 2015, find the value of share by Intrinsic value method.
Balance Sheet
Particulars ₹ Particulars ₹
1000, 8% Preferential Shares of 1,00,000 Buildings 70,000
100 each fully paid
4,000 Equity shares of ₹ 100 4,00,000 Furniture 3,000
fully paid
Reserves 1,50,000 Stock (Market value) 4,50,000
Profit and Loss Account 5,10,000 Investment at cost 3,35,000
(Face value ₹ 4,00,000)
Creditors 48,000 Debtors 2,80,000
Valuation of Goodwill and Shares 13

Bank 60,000
Preliminary Expenditure 10,000
12,08,000 12,08,000
Building is now worth of ₹ 3,50,000 and the Preferential shareholders are having preference as to
capital.
Solution: Valuation of Equity Share (Intrinsic Value Method)
Particulars ₹
Building 3,50,000
Furniture 3,000
Stock 4,50,000
Investment 3,35,000
Debtors 2,80,000
Bank 60,000
Total Assets 14,78,000
Less: Creditors (48,000)
Net Assets 14,30,000
Less: Preference Share Capital (1,00,000)
Assets Available for equity shareholders 13,30,000

Net Assets Available to Equity Shareholders

Value of Equity Share = No. of Equity Shares
= 13,30,000
4,000
= ₹ 332.5
 Intrinsic value of each equity shares = ₹ 332.50
Yield Method
The valuation of shares under the Yield method may be done under two categories:
(a) Return on Capital Employed Method: This methods is applied for the purpose of valuation
of the shares of majority shareholding. A big investor is more interested in what the company
earns and not simply in what the company distributes. Even if the company does not distribute
100% of its earning among its shareholders, it, as a matter of fact, strengthens the financial
position of the company. The value of the share under this method is calculated by the
formula.
Return of Capital Employed  Paid - up value of shares
Normal Rate of Return
(b) Valuation on the Basis of Dividend: This method is more suitable for valuation of small
block of shares. The method of calculation is:
Expected Rate of Dividend  Paid - up value of shares
Normal Rate of Dividend
NORMAL RATE OF DIVIDEND
Illustration 19: The following particulars are available in respect of Goodluck Limited.
(a) Capital 450, 6% preference shares of ₹ 100 each fully paid and 4,500 equity shares ₹ 10 each
fully paid.
14 Financial Accounting

(b) External liabilities: ₹ 7,500.

(c) Reserves and Surplus: ₹ 35,000.
(d) The average expected profit (after taxation) earned by the company ₹ 8,500.
(e) The normal profit earned on the market value of equity shares (full paid) of the same type of
companies is 9%.
(f) 10% of the profit after tax is transferred to reserves.
Calculate the intrinsic value per equity share and value per equity share according to dividend
yield basis.
Assume that out of total assets, assets worth of ₹ 350 are fictitious.
Solution:
Intrinsic Value of Shares
Particulars ₹
6% Preference Share Capital (450 × 10) 45,000
Equity Shares (4,500 × 10) 45,000
Reserves and Surplus 3,500
External Liabilities 7,500
Total Liabilities 1,01,000
As Total Liabilities = Tota1 Assets,
Tota1 Assets 1,01,000
Less: Fictitious Assets (350)
External Liabilities (7,500)
Preference Shares (45,000) 52,850
Net Assets Available for Equity Shareholders 48,150

Net Assets Availablefor Equity Shareholders

 Intrinsic Value of Share =
Number of Equity Shares
= 48,150
4,500
Yield Basic = 10.70
Profit Available to Equity Shareholders
Particulars ₹
Average Profit after Taxation 8,500
Transfer to General Reserves (10%) (850)
7,650
Less: Preference Dividend (60% of 45,000) 2,700
Profit Available to Equity Shareholders (4,950)

4,950  10
Rate of dividend = 45,000

= 11%

 Value of Equity Share =

=
Valuation of Goodwill and Shares
Rate 13
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= ₹ 12.22
14 Financial Accounting

Illustration 20: The capital structure of company as on 31st March, 2015 was as under:
Equity Share Capital 5,00,000
11% Preference Share Capital 3,00,000
12% Secured Debentures 4,00,000
Reserves 3,00,000
The company on an average earns a profit of ₹ 4,00,000 annually before deduction of interest on
Debentures and Income Tax, which works out to 45%. The normal return on equity shares on
companies similarly placed is 15% provided.
(a) The profit after tax covered the fixed interest and fixed dividends at least four times.
(b) Equity capital and reserves are 150% of debentures and preference capital.
(c) Yield on shares is calculated at 60% of profits distributed and 5% on undistributed profits.
The company is regularly paying an equity dividend of 18%. Ascertain the value of equity share
of the company.
Solution:
Particulars ₹
Average Profit of the companies before Interest and Tax 4,00,000
Less: Debenture interest (12% of 4,00,000) 48,000
Profit after interest but before tax 3,52,000
Less: Tax @ 45% 1,58,400
Profit after Interest and Tax 1,93,600
Evaluation of Conditions given in the question:
(a) Profit after tax whether covers fixed interest and fixed dividend at least four times. Profit after
tax.
= 4,00,000 – 1,58,400 = 2,41,600 Fixed interest and fixed dividend interest.
Interest 48,000
Fixed dividend 11% of 3,00,000 33,000
81,000
= 2,41,600
81,000
= 2.9827 times
 Fixed interest and dividend coverage is 2.98 times only and is less than the prescribed
4 times.
(b) Whether equity capital and reserves are of 150% of preference share capital and debentures.
Particulars ₹ Particulars ₹
Equity share Reserves 5,00,000 Preference share 3,00,000
3,00,000 Debentures 4,00,000
8,00,000 7,00,000

 Ratio = 8,00,000 100  114.28%

7,00,000

 Ratio is less than the Prescribed Ratio of 150%.

Valuation20.
of Goodwill andstructure
The capital Shares of company as on 31st March, 2015 was as under: 13

Equity Share Capital 5,00,000

11%Preference Share Capital 3,00,000
12%Secured Debentures 4,00,000
Reserves 3,00,000
The company on an average earns a profit of ` 4,00,000 annually before deduction of interest on
Debentures and Income Tax, which works out to 45%. The normal return on equity shares on
companies similarly placed is 15% provided.
(a) The profit after tax covered the fixed interest and fixed dividends at least four times.
(b) Equity capital and reserves are 150% of debentures and preference capital.
(c) Yield on shares is calculated at 60% of profits distributed and 5% on undistributed profits.
The company is regularly paying an equity dividend of 18%. Ascertain the value of equity share
of the company.
19. The following particulars are available in respect of Goodluck Limited.
(a) Capital 450, 6% preference shares of ₹ 100 each fully paid and 4,500 equity shares ₹ 10
each fully paid.
(b) External liabilities: ₹ 7,500.
(c) Reserves and Surplus: ₹ 35,000.
(d) The average expected profit (after taxation) earned by the company ₹ 8,500.
(e) The normal profit earned on the market value of equity shares (full paid) of the same
type of companies is 9%.
(f) 10% of the profit after tax is transferred to reserves.
Calculate the intrinsic value per equity share and value per equity share according to dividend
yield basis.
Assume that out of total assets, assets worth of ₹ 350 are fictitious

Maruti agreed to purchase business of Toyota. For that purpose, goodwill is to be valued at three
years’ purchase of the weighted average of previous 4 years adjusted profits.
The profits for the year ending 31/12/2020 to 31/12/2023 were as under:

Year ending 2020 ₹ 20,200

Year ending 2021 ₹ 24,800
Year ending 2022 ₹ 25,000
Year ending 2023 ₹ 30,000
Following additional information is available:
(a) On 01/09/2023, major repair expenditure to plant and machinery for 6,000 was charged to
revenue. That was agreed to be capitalized for goodwill, subject to 10% p.a. depreciation on
diminishing balance method to be calculated.
(b) The closing stock for the year ending 31/12/2021 was overvalued by ₹ 2,400.
(c) In order to cover cost of management, an annual charge of ₹ 4,800 should be made for
valuation of Goodwill.
Compute value of goodwill.

Q 1 Analyze the differences between the yield method and the net asset method of share
valuation. In what situations would one method be preferable over the other, and why?
14 Q.2 Describe the super-profits method for valuing goodwill. How is thisFinancial
methodAccounting
applied in
practice, and what information is needed to calculate the value of goodwill using this approach?
Q.3 Explain the process of valuing shares using the net asset method. What are the key steps
involved, and how do the company’s assets and liabilities impact the value of its shares?
Q.4 Explain the process of valuing shares using the net asset method. What are the key steps
involved, and how do the company’s assets and liabilities impact the value of its shares?
5. Analyze the differences between the yield method and the net asset method of share
valuation. In what situations would one method be preferable over the other, and why?
6. Explain the purpose and significance of the IASB Conceptual Framework in the preparation
and presentation of financial statements. How does it assist in ensuring consistency in financial
reporting?
(This question tests the student's understanding of the role and importance of the IASB
Conceptual Framework.)
7. Discuss the key principles of IAS 2: Inventories and explain how a company should apply
these principles when valuing its inventory at the end of a financial year.
(This question focuses on applying the principles of IAS 2 to inventory valuation in real-life
situations.)
8. A company is preparing its financial statements under IAS 16: Property, Plant, and
Equipment. Describe how it should account for depreciation and revaluation of its property and
equipment, according to the standard.
(This question asks the student to apply the requirements of IAS 16 in accounting for assets.)
9. Analyze the differences between Green Accounting and Carbon Accounting. How do these
approaches contribute to sustainability reporting, and what challenges might organizations face
when applying these accounting methods?
(This question requires students to analyze and compare Green Accounting and Carbon
Accounting, focusing on their impact and challenges.)