COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMBAD, SAHIWAL CAMPUS

SUMITTED BY:
ABDUL REHMAN
FA21-CVE-018

SUMITTED TO:
ENGR. ALI RAZA

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERIG

 TITLE ADDITIVES TESTING FINDING
1-Feasibility Blast Furnace Slag (BFS): Chemical Chemical
Study on Used as a partial Properties Tests: Suitability: The
Application of replacement for cement or Analyzed the chemical
Blast Furnace fine aggregates. chemical composition of BFS
Slag in Superplasticizers: To composition of BFS was found to be
Pavement enhance workability and to determine its within the
Concrete reduce water content. suitability as a fine acceptable range for
Air-Entraining Agents: aggregate, focusing use as a fine
To improve freeze-thaw on properties such as aggregate in
resistance. silica, alumina, pavement concrete.
calcium oxide, etc. Physical
Physical Properties Properties: The
Tests: fineness modulus,
specific gravity, and
 Fineness water absorption
Modulus: To values of BFS
evaluate the indicated that it
gradation of could be a viable
BFS particles alternative to natural
and their sand in pavement
suitability as concrete mixes.
a fine Compressive
aggregate. Strength: The BFS
 Specific concrete achieved
Gravity: satisfactory
Measured to compressive
compare BFS strength, comparable
with to or even higher
conventional than conventional
fine concrete mixes
aggregates. using natural sand.
 Water Workability: The
Absorption: workability of the
Assessed to concrete mixes with
determine the BFS was found to be
water demand adequate for
of BFS in pavement
concrete applications, making
mixes. it feasible for use in
 Bulk road construction.
Density: Environmental
Evaluated to Impact: The use of
understand BFS in concrete
the packing reduces reliance on
characteristics natural sand and
 of BFS in the helps in waste
concrete mix. management,
addressing the issue
Compressive of slag disposal
Strength Tests: from steel
Conducted on industries.
pavement concrete
samples containing
BFS to measure
strength properties
over curing periods
Workability Tests:
Measured the
workability of
pavement concrete
containing BFS using
the slump test to
assess the mix’s
consistency.
Reuse of Various industrial wastes Compressive GGBS and other
Hazardous like treatment sludge, fly Strength Tests on industrial by-
Wastes in ash, rice husk ash, and concrete samples to products
Construction ground granulated blast assess the load- significantly
Materials furnace slag (GGBS) were bearing capacity. improved the
(IRJASH, Vol. tested as additives. Leaching Tests to strength and
5, Issue 05) In the case of cementitious measure the release durability of
materials, up to 45% of of hazardous concrete.
electrolyte magnetic substances post- Sludge-based
residue (EMR) was used. treatment. samples showed
Pulverized sludge ash was Geochemical promising results in
used to replace 5-20% of Modeling for the terms of strength,
cement in mortar. characterization of particularly after
treated materials longer curing times
(90 days).
The addition of
GGBS and sludge
reduced the
environmental
impact by lowering
the CO₂ footprint.
A Study of Blast Furnace Slag Life Cycle The use of
Modern Eco- (GGBS) was used as a Assessment (LCA) GGBS in geo
Friendly primary additive, replacing to compare the polymer
Composite (Geo Portland cement in a geo environmental concrete
polymer) Based polymer concrete impacts of traditional reduced
on Blast mixture. greenhouse
Furnace Slag Sodium Silicate and concrete versus geo gas
(Infrastructures, Sodium Hydroxide were polymer concrete. emissions
2023) used to activate the geo Compressive significantly.
polymerization process. Strength Tests to
assess mechanical  Geo polymer
strength. concrete is
Impact Assessment more durable
using software tools and
to measure global sustainable,
warming potential, with better
acidification, and mechanical
resource depletion. properties
compared to
conventional
concrete.

Experimental Ground Granulated Blast Compressive Optimum

Study on Partial Furnace Slag (GGBS) Strength Test: Replacement
Replacement of was used to replace Conducted on cubes Percentage: The
M-Sand with manufactured sand (M- at 7, 14, and 28 days. study found that the
Ground sand) in 30%, 35%, 40%, Split Tensile optimum
Granulated Blast and 45% proportions. Strength Test: percentage of
Slag (IRJASH, Performed on GGBS replacement
Vol. 2, Issue 7) cylinders to evaluate for M-sand is 30%,
tensile strength. at which the
Flexural Strength compressive
Test: Carried out on strength is
prisms for flexural maximized. For
strength evaluation. tensile and flexural
**Durability Tests strength, 40%
replacement was
ideal.

Compressive
Strength:

 30% GGBS
replacement
gave the
highest
compressive
strength (32
MPa) after
28 days of
curing.
  Beyond
30%, there
was a slight
decrease in
compressive
strength,
though it
remained
higher than
conventional
concrete.

Tensile Strength:

 40% GGBS
showed the
highest split
tensile
strength.
 Further
increase in
GGBS
percentage
resulted in a
gradual
decrease in
tensile
strength.

Flexural Strength:

 The flexural
strength of
concrete
increased
with
increasing
GGBS, with
the
maximum
value
recorded at
40% GGBS.

Durability:
  GGBS-
enhanced
concrete
demonstrated
improved
resistance to
acid attacks,
particularly
against HCl
and H₂SO₄.
The effect of
HCl on
concrete was
less severe
than H₂SO₄.
 As the
percentage
of GGBS
increased,
the concrete
became more
resistant to
the effects of
acids, with
40% GGBS
showing the
best
performance.

Workability:

 The
workability
of the
concrete mix
improved
with the
increase in
GGBS
content,
making it
easier to
handle and
pour.
Critical Methods  Industrial Compressive Mechanical
of Geo polymer Residues: Various Strength Tests: Activation: Geo
Feed stocks industrial by- Conducted to polymers activated
Activation for products such as evaluate the through mechanical
Suitable slag, fly ash, and mechanical methods showed the
Industrial clay were used as properties of geo highest
Applications feed stocks for polymer products compressive
producing geo produced through strength,
polymers. different activation particularly when
 Activating Agents: methods. hybridized with
o Mechanical Energy other methods.
activation Consumption Mechano-Chemical
o Chemical Analysis: Measured Activation: Slag-
activation to compare the based geo polymers
o Microwave- energy requirements achieved the highest
assisted for various activation strength using this
activation methods, particularly method,
o Ultrasonic focusing on curing demonstrating its
activation energy demand for suitability for heavy-
microwave-assisted duty industrial
and ultrasonic applications.
activation techniques. Energy Efficiency:
Environmental Microwave-assisted
Impact Assessment: activation of clay
Evaluated the CO₂ and ultrasonic
reduction potential of activation of fly ash
geo polymers and slag were found
compared to to be the most
traditional Ordinary energy-efficient
Portland Cement methods, requiring
(OPC), considering lower curing
the impact of energy compared to
activation methods other activation
on overall emissions. methods.
Hybrid Activation:
The study
emphasized that
hybrid techniques
(especially
combining
mechanical
activation with other
methods) present the
future of geo
polymer activation
due to their ability to
produce high-
strength geo
polymers while
optimizing energy
consumption.