lHt
AMN\TRA
A(.AD[M,
EXPERIMENT - 20
Organic Analysis
:To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.
terials Required:
·ous reagents such as Tollen's, Fehling's, Schiffs, Benedicts etc., Sodium metal, ccl4, carboxylic acid,
0 4 , NaHC03, FeCl3, NaN02, NaOH, litmus paper, 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine, KOH, sodium
prusside
eriment Observation Inference
.Unsaturation:
Organic compound was
dissolved in an organic solvent Presence of unsaturation was
like CC14 and Br2 water was Brown colour gets discharged detected
added to it.
2.Alcohols: Brisk effervescence was
a) Sodium metal test: observed. Presence of an alcohol was
A small piece of metal was confirmed.
added to the organic
compound.
b) &terification:
In the test tube containing
sample, a carboxylic acid and Fruity odour was observed when Presence of an alcohol was
cone. H2S04 was added and the solution was poured into confirmed.
heated in water bath. cold water
3.Carboxylic acid
a) NaHC03 test: Brisk effervescence was noted.
Small amount of NaHC03 was Presence of carboxylic acid was
added to the sample. confirmed.
b) &terification:
To the sample, few drops of
Fruity odour was observed when
cone. H2S04 and alcohol was the solution was poured into Presence of carboxylic acid was
added and heated in water cold water confirmed.
bath.
4. Phenols
a) To neutral FeC13 solution,
small amount of the given Violet colouration was seen.
sample was added.
b) Liebermann's test:
To some sample, some NaN02
crystals were added along with On adding cone. H2S04, a red Presence of phenol was
a few drops of cone. H2S0 4 and colouration was seen. When confirmed.
test tube was warmed. To red excess of NaOH was added,
colour solution, water and bluish-green colour was seen.
NaOH solution was added.
c) Litmus test:
A drop of given smaple was
placed on moist blue litmus Litmus turned red in colour Phenol may be present.
33
~
PES
-WMnv
-
5.Carbonylcomp ounds Presence of carbonyl co
a) 2,4-DNP test: After allowing it to stand for was confirmed. ••
To a small amount of given some time yellow-orange crystals
sample, 2,4-dinitrophenyl were formed.
hydrozine was added.
i)Test for Aldehyde: Presence of aldehyde w
a) Schiffs test: An immediate pink colour was confirmed.
To the given sample, Schiffs seen. Presence of aldehyde w
reagent was added.
b) Benedict's test: confirmed.
A red precipitate was seen.
To the sample, Benedict's
solution was added and Presence of aldehyde w
warmed in a water bath. confirmed.
c) Tollen's Test: A silver mirror was formed.
To the sample, Tollen's reagent
was added and heated in a Presence of aldehyde w
water bath. confirmed.
d) Fehling's test: Red precipitate was seen.
To the sample, equal amounts
of Fehling's A and B solution
were added and heated in a Presence of ketone was
water bath.
No immediate result was seen. confirmed.
ii) Test for Ketone Pink colour appeared after some
a) Schiff's test: time. Presence of ketone was
To the sample, Schiffs reagent confirmed.
was added. A red colouration was seen.
b) Sodium nitroprusside
test:
To the sample, NaOH and Na
nitro russide was added
.,' 6.Primary amines
•. ·· a) Libnus test:
Drop of the . compound was Lltmus turned blue in colour. Amine may be present.
placed on moist red litmus
paper.
b) Carbylamine test:
To the sample, ale. KOH and An offensive smell is evolved. Primary amine was co
chloroform was added.
Result: _
Presence of functional groups in the given sample of organic compounds was added.
/,'IE
/\J\\MTRA
ACADEMY 1
'
1. Bromine Test:
Br Br
-C=C- I I
+- 1:lr2 -C-C-
1 I
• Orange-red ,•
I. l
Colourless
Br Br·
-CsC-
1 • ,~
. I I
+ .~Br2 , ' - ~ . -C-C-
1 I
• Br Br
Colourless
Sodium Metal Test:
2R-OH+2Na
Alcohol
>2R-0-Na+ +H2
Sodiumalkoxide
t
2CH30H+2Na-~>2CH3 -0-Na+H
2
t
Methanol Sodiummethoxide
3. Ester test
0 . 0
II ,
. R-OH + R'-C-OH R'-lo-R + H,O
Alcohol Carboxylic acid Ester
0 0
CH30H + CH -LoH· ••
1
H+ II
CH3-C-0-CHa + H20
Methyl alcohol Acetic acid Methyl acetate
4. Sodium Hydrogencarbonate Test
RCOOH + NaHC03 >RCOONa +CO2 t +H20
Carboxylic acid (E.ffervescmce)
5. Ferric Chloride Test
_FeC13 + •. 6C6H 5OH [Fe(OC6H 6)J3- + 3HC1+3H+
Ferric . Phenol Violet complex
' , '
chloride
6. Carbylamine
RNH3 +CHC~+3KOH--> RNC +3KCl+3H20
Carby/amine
(Jsocyanld•
(Offensive smelling)
35
7. Liebermann's Test:
2NaN02 + 1{ S0
1 4
--+ 2IIN02 . + Na2SO◄
Sodium nitrite Nitrous acid
<Q)--ou ~ oN--Q-°8
• p-Nitrosophenol
• Phonol .
ON-{}oll + g-ou. _ , ou-0}-N Q 0
.. Jndophenol (red)
Oii-{}Noo ~ NN{}N0°
• red . Indophenol anion (blue)
S. 1, 2 , 4-Dinitrophenyl Hydrazine Test (2, 4 - DNP Test)
~ H
ff
~ '•
'CH3-C=O +
H,N-NHV/W, ._, CH,---6 = N-NH~NO,
Ace~ldehyde
NO2 NO, ,
2, 4-Dinitrophenyl ' Acetaldehyde 2, 4-dinitrophenyl
hydrazine hyclrazone
CH
CH3
3
•
>· C=O .+ ~-:NHj}-N02
• .
~-•
•
·
CH3
CHs
)c==~NH
~
O NOs
.
• ·· • • •• ' • ' NO •
N02 s
Acetaldehyde 2, 4-Dinitrophenyl Acetone-2, 4-dinitrophenyl
, ·. . hydrazine ; • hydrazone
9· Tollen's Test (Silver Mirror test)
2Ag(NH3>2•. + :RCHO'._ ·..: aoii.:.~Rcqo-:-1: 2Ag! + 4Nlia ~ ~o
~ > t +· CH3~HO + aoii--~ ~H3Cg~ 2Ag! + ~ t 2Hi0 i
. ~yde . _ ' Acetate ion , _Silver
•' '
10. Fehling's Test _
RCHO :•+. 2Cu + 50H- ~ -_._. 29~s) J,_ "!" RCOO- + 3H20
2.~ Cu
Aldehyde I I (Red)
•. Fehling1s so~ution • ,
11. Sodium Nitroprussid~ test . .
CH3COCH3 + OH----+ CH3COCH2- + H20
. [Fe(CN)6N0]2- + CHaCOC1¼-~ [Fe(CN)5NO. CH3COC1¾}3-
Nit.roprusside ion. .. Red colouration
12. Iodoform Test:
o •••• ·-· . - ;. i.• • ., , ••
•ca,J!-ea,·+ SJ,~- 4Na0H---+. ~•-''+ CH8CO~Na ·+ SNaI +8~0
•.
•--•
~NV •
, •... • ..~. ... .
•~•·,.-'··
Iodoform • ••••
...., •
• .• , ..... , :... •
(i)
PES
--"
A~II[
/\J\IMTRA
ACADIMY
'
EXPERIMENT - 21
Distinguish Tests Between Organic Compounds
: To distinguish between the following:
a) Methanol and ethanol
b) Benzaldehyde and acetone
c) Phenol and benzoic acid
d) Propan-2-ol and phenol
e) Aniline and phenol
Exueriment Observation Inference
A B A B
Methanol and Ethanol
Iodoform test: Yellow SampleB
To sample A and B, 10% NaOH crystals of Sample A
a) No change was found
solution and excess of h solution iodoform was found to
was seen. tobe
were added and warmed in water were seen. be ethanol methanol.
bath
SampleA
could be SampleB
A red
Benzaldehydeandacetone benzaldhyde
colouration could be
i) Sodium nitroprusside test: Showed no was seen acetone
To both samples A and B, NaOH change SampleA
and sodium nitroprusside was was
Slow pink Sample B
added. benzaldehyde
Instant pink colour was was acetone
b) ii)Schiff's reagent: colour seen
To both samples, Schiffs reagent SampleB
was added. Silver No change SampleA
was acetone
iii) Tollen's test: mirror or
was
was seen
To both samples, Tollen's blackppt benzaldehyde
reagent was added wand heated obtained
in a water bath.
Phenol and Benzoic acid
i) NaHC03 test: No change
was seen Sample B
To the samples, small amount of Brisk SampleA could be
NaHC03 was added. effervescence could be benzoic acid
ii) Neutral FeCl3 test: seen phenol
Neutral FeC13 solution added to
samples A and B Violet
c) iii) Liebermann's test: colour was SampleB
No change Sample A wasbenzoic
seen
To same phenol, some NaN02 was seen was phenol acid
crystals were added along with
Red colour
few drops of cone. H2S04 and No change SampleA SampleB
turned blue
test tube was heated. To the red on adding was seen was phenol wasbenzoic
colour solution, some NaOH and NaOH. acid
H20 was added.
37
Experiment A B A
Propan-2-ol and phenol
i) Neutral FeC13 test: Violet
Neutral FeCl3 solution was added colouration Sample A
to A and B separately. No change was seen. was an
il) Liebermann's test: was seen. alcohol.
d) Red solution
To phenol, some NaN0 2 crystals
Were added along with few drops which turned
No change blue on SampleB
of cone. H 2S04 and test tube was observed
warmed. To the red solution, adding propan-2-0}
some water and NaOH was NaOH.
added.
No change Violet
Aniline and phenol Sample A
observed. colouration
i) Neutral FeC13 test: was aniline.
Neutral FeCl3 solution was added was seen.
to A and B separately.
ii) Liebermann's test: No change
To phenol, some NaN02crystals Red solution Sample A
observed.
were added along with few drops which turned was aniline.
e)
of cone. H2S04 and test tube blue on
warmed. To red colour solution, adding
NaOH to it.
some NaOH and H20 was added.
iii) Carbalymine test:
To the given samples chloroform
was added followed by alcoholic Offensive
potash. smell was No change Sample A
evolved was seen was aniline
Result:
Thus, gives samples were distir.iguished successfully.
LHS
a) Iodoform Test:
.. ...
l
}. 0 • ~: ,: - i ..
Clls-~-Cffa + 3'2 + 4NaOH---:..+ CIIl3 + CH3 COO.Na t SNal + SH 0
'·
\I
Acetone . ' ,. Iodoform .
2
b) Sodium Nitropnisside test: .
CH3 COCH3 + OH-~ CH8COCH2- + H 0
2
[Fe(CN)5NQJ2- + CH8 COCH2- ~ [Fe(CN)5NO. CH COC1¾]3-
3
Nitroprusside ion Red colouration
c) Tollen's Test (Silver M~or_t~t) .
2As0ffla)s+ +· R9HO. ·_ ~ 80_H-~ RCOO-. "!°. ~,I, + 4NHa ?" ~ 0
2
2Ag(NH,)2+ +_. CffaCH(?, +· SOH- ·--+_CH3(?.0~ t 2AgJ. + ~ .'+ 2~0
8
•.Acetaldehyde ·.- . Acetate ion .- Silver
' d) Fchli ng's TcRt
RCHO + 2Cu2+ + 50H- Cu20(s) .1. + RCOO- + 3~0
Aldehyde (Red}
Fehlin g'a solution'
Ferri c Chlo ride Test
..FeC13 + 6C6H 60H [Fe(OC6Hs)J3- + 3HC1
Ferric Phenol Violet complex •
chloride
Liebe rman n's Test
2NaN01 + l¾SO• ----+ 2HN02 + Na;m4
Sodium nilrite Nitrout acid
~H /~o , ~~ff
Phonol • .: , p-Nitro50phenol
oN-( g--oH ~ Q-o tt. ~ o~- Q-N Oo -
' inciopbenol (red)
oH -{}N Qo ~ Na· o--Q -N0 °
, red · Jnclophenol 11U1111 (blue)
Carby lamin e
RNH3 +CHC/3 +3KOH---► RNC
Carby/amine
(Jsocyanid•
(Offensive sm ellin[D
39
