‘Role of Energy Storage in Smart Grid – BESS a game-changer for DISCOMs’

Er. Alekhya Datta

Fellow & Area Convenor, Electricity & Fuels Division

“A QIP Course on Smart Grid Technology”

PBCEC Seminar Hall, Visitors’ Hostel, IIT Kanpur

10th May, 2019 (Friday) www.teriin.org

 Context – Transition in Indian Electricity Sector
Aggressive National RE Target National Solar Rooftop & EVs Target Draft Amendments in ‘National
2030: 350-400 GW Tariff Policy 2016’ & Deviation
(as per ETC India, TERI) Settlement (DSM) Amendments
 Capacity addition of 40 GW of GC Solar
2027: 275 GW Rooftop by 2022.  National Tariff Policy, (Draft
(as per NEP)
 Target oriented approach to deploy low- Amendments) proposed 24 hours
emission vehicles by 2030 (PMO desired supply of adequate and un-
25% to be converted into Electric & FAME-II) interrupted power to all categories
2022: 175 GW  National EV Charging Infrastructure Policy: of consumers by March, 2019.
De-licensing setting up EV charging Stations,  Also, penalty on the Discoms in-case
Mandatory Provision in City Master Plan of power cuts other than in force
Regulations. majeure conditions or, technical
faults.
 Narrow frequency band. Also,
provision of sign change every six
time blocks

Changing Demand Profile with increasing Peak- Increasing Penetration of Solar & EVs at Distribution Downstream
Demand .

“Adverse technical impacts on DSO, over-loading T&D equipment, T&D system up-gradation & RE integration cost, and low
PLFs of TPPs”

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Critical Issues at Distribution-level & Possible Solutions

Possible Solutions

Problems at Distribution-level

Skewed demand pattern Flexible loads: DSM (DR, TOD and EE)
High AT&C losses Increased regional co-ordination and build
more transmission and distribution
Overloading of distribution infrastructure
capacity
during specific months/ durations
Deviation settlement charges Renewable source diversity

RPO targets and RE integration Flexible generations: Peaking power plants

such as gas power and pumped hydro
Farthest-end voltage drop due to long storage plants
length of feeders
Curtailment of RE
Obligation to deliver reliable power supply
Augmentation of distribution equipment
Right of way issues
Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS)

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 Major Battery Technologies
Advanced Lead Sodium based Li-Ion Battery Flow Battery
Acid/ Ultra Battery Battery – NAS Technology Technology

Performance Cycle Energy Performance Cycle Energy Performance Cycle Energy Performance Cycle Energy
measure Life Efficienc measure Life Efficiency measure Life Efficienc measure Life Efficiency
y (%) (%) y (%) (%)
Market 1,200 80 Market 4,000 70 Market 2,000 90 Market leader 5,000 60
leader leader leader
Best in class 10,00 95 Best in class 10,000+ 70
Best in class 2,000 85 Best in class 6,000 85
0+

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 Technology Selection & Applications Mapping
BESS Technology Selection Metrics No of
Segments / Duration Type of
Sub Segments Power Rating DOD cycles /
 Capital cost ($/kWh) Applications (in Hour) cycles
Year
 Cycle life
 Roundtrip Energy Efficiency Load shifting or energy DTR-Level 10 kW - 150 kW 2-4 h >80% Mix <400
 Space footprint arbitrage Feeder/ Grid-level 500 kW - 5 MW 2-4 h >80% Mix <400
 C-rate (duration)
 Usable SOC range Rural Microgrid
 Balance of plant and power (households) 1 kW - 5 kW 2-8 h >80% Mix <400
electronics cost ($/kW) Off-grid applications
Rural Schools/
 Ambient operating temperature and
auxiliary requirements Hospitals 1 kW - 10 kW 2-8 h >80% Mix <400
Telecom Towers 2 kW - 5 kW 2-4 h >80% Mix <700
Replacement of DG Commercial 10 kW - 2 MW 2-4 h >80% Mix <400
Less response time Industrial 500 kW - 5 MW 2-4 h >80% Mix <400
Transmission or
Utilities
Modularity in size Distribution Deferral 1-20 MW 4-6 h >80% Mix <100

Flexibility in transportation Frequency support Utilities/ IPP 15 min –

1 MW- 20 MW 1h <60% Shallow <18,000
Options of multiple Chemistries
Reactive Power 15 min –
Utility/ C&I 3 kW - 10 MW N.A. N.A. N.A.
Management 1h

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 Global Scenario
Coal & Gas vs.
Falling Battery Prices Solar+BESS

Source: TERI’s Analysis

Energy Storage Global BESS vs. Chinese

Deployments by Segment BESS Installation

Source: CNESA

Source: GTM Research/ ESA U.S.

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Energy Storage Monitor
 Global Case Studies at Distribution-level
Sr. No. Location Problem Statement Solution System Size Applications in General Results
1. Leighton Buzzard Leighton Buzzard primary substation design To avoid distribution Infrastructure upgrade by 6 MW/ 10 MWh with Distribution Upgrade Deferral, BESS provides 7.5 MVA capacity with
Substation, Bedfordshire, includes a 33/11 kV substation and two 33kV building 33 kV circuit and a 38 MVA transformer Lithium ion Manganese Peak Load Management, Reliable an expected life of 10-14 years which
United Kingdom. circuits, each with a rated thermal capacity of 35.4 located near Leighton buzzard substation.Utility Battery cells. Power Supply can cater the Peak Load which is
MVA. Due to Higher Heating load in the winter, opted for installing BESS to defer the costly shorter in duration in the current
Distribution company: UKPN experiences its peak demand in the winter Infrastructure Upgrade of 6.2 Million Pounds. scenario.
UKPN such that the local peak demand surpasses the
rated 35.4 MVA capacity limit of each feeder. The
peak demand at Leighton Buzzard has been
observed to be exceeding rated thermal capacity of
one of the 33 kVA circuit between 9 and 37 days for
the past few years
2. Browns Valley, California, California experiences heat waves over June and A. The utility identified deploying BESS at 500 kW/2 MWh with Peak Load Management, Stable With the help of RTEDCs (Real-Time
United States mid-July which drives peak loading due to cooling substation site as the ideal solution. PG&E Lithium-ion Battery Power Supply, Participation in Distributed Energy Control System),
demand at the Browns Valley substation developed a list of criteria’s to ensure appropriate Technology. CAISO market for Ancillary BESS showed ability to shave the
Distribution Company: transformer above its normal rating threshold of selection of battery size and location. services. estimated peak demand over the
Pacific Gas & Electricity 2.4 MW years BESS being deployed.
(PG&E) B. PG&E accordingly selected Browns valley
substation due to overload projected in the Also with the advanced controls,
upcoming years, PG&E had also its own land Frequency related signals were
availability adjacent to the substation, Residential successfully received to enhance
driven profile of short duration and availability of power supply in the grid.
SCADA already in place to integrate the BESS.

3. Brooklyn Queens Demand The Brooklyn Queens area possess overload ConEd addressed the problem by a 2 way approach. 1 MW / 3.4 MWh with Distribution Upgrade Deferral, Integration of BESS avoided $1
Management Program condition of the electric sub-transmission feeders Lithium ion Battery Frequency Regulation, Spinning billion investment in the distribution
serving the Brownsville No. 1 and 2 sub-stations BESS at utility level: by using Battery Energy Technology. & Non Spinning reserve, upgrade and with combination of
Distribution Company: and had a 17 MW of overload at Utility side and Storage System (BESS) at distribution level. Resource Adequacy. approach like Energy storage,
Consolidated Edison overload due to Energy Inefficient methods at Demand Response and Energy
customer side leading to overload of 52 MW. Demand side management: Through consumer side Efficiency measures.
solutions like Demand Response, Energy Efficiency,
To meet the growing demand, ConEd had to and other Retrofitting Programs targeting demand In upcoming years ConEd estimates
upgrade its Substation in Brooklyn and Queens that reduction. 60% more revenues with
would cost the utility and ratepayers an estimated participation in NYISO day ahead
$1 billion USD. market and ancillary services market.

[1] https://www.eprg.group.cam.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/1710-Text.pdf
[2] https://www.pge.com/pge_global/common/pdfs/about-pge/environment/what-we-are-doing/electric-program-investment-charge/PGE-EPIC-Project-1.02.pdf 7
[3] https://rmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/RMI-TheEconomicsOfBatteryEnergyStorage-FullReport-FINAL.pd
 National- level Development (till date)
Tata Power and AES
BESS grid-scale pilot
in 2019
CERC Deviation
Settlement
Mechanism, 4th
BESS Pilot Project, Amendment in Nov,
Puducherry in 2018
2017-2018
CEA, Technical study
report for optimum BIS Energy Storage
location of Systems Sectional
CERC Staff Paper on balancing energy Committee, ETD-52
ESS in Jan, 2017 sources/energy
storage devices in
Dec, 2017

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 Case Study on PGCIL (BESS at Puducherry)
Size of the Pilot Project Technical Specifications

Sr. No. Technology Capacity Parameters Li-ion Battery Advanced lead Flow Battery
Acid Battery
Advanced Lead
Package I 500 kW-30 Min (250 kWh) Charging rate 3 hrs. from rated DoD 3 hrs. from rated 5 hrs. from rated DoD
Acid to Full Capacity DoD to full capacity to full capacity

DC-DC Round-trip >90% >80% >75%

Package II Lithium ion 500 kW-30 Min (250 kWh) efficiency

Service Life 10 years 10 years 10 years

Life-cycle 4,000 cycles (900 3,000 cycles (675 3,000 cycles (2,700
Package III Flow 250 kW-4 hours (1,000 kWh) MWh) MWh) MWh)

Single Line Diagram Findings

Parameter Advanced Lead Acid Lithium Ion

Delivered Size 250 kWh, 500 kW 250 kWh, 500 kW
Design Sizing 691.2 kWh 398 kWh
Nos. of Cells 600 nos. 1728 nos.
Rated DoD 65% 70%
Battery Footprint One 40 ft. and one 20 ft. Container One 40 ft. Container
Area Foot print: 45 sq. m. Area foot-print: 30 sq. m.

Cost - 1.5 times than Advanced

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Lead Acid
 Case Study on AES – Tata Power DDL Pilot
Size of the Pilot Project Inverter (from Parker) Applications

Technology Capacity Application Revenue Streams Envisaged

UPS
Lithium-Ion Frequency Response Need developed ancillary markets
10 MW (1 hour)
(NMC) Node Controller (from Fluence)
Reducing Deviation Settlement Savings in terms of deviation
Charges settlement charges
Master BMS (from Fluence)
Reliability Improvement Yet to be quantified
Battery Modules & BMS (from LG Flattening the load curve Savings in peak power purchase
Findings Chemical)

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5/12/2019
Applications of BESS at Distribution Downstream

Distribution Augmentation
Improving Localized
deferral of Support EV
Transformer Distribution
PV Hosting
Charging
voltage
Level Capacity control
Transformer

Over-load
Management Up-grade Farthest End
Loss
Feeder Level at DTR/ augmentation Voltage
Reduction
Feeder/ Sub- deferral Improvement
station Level
Reduction in
Peak Power
Purchase
Defer
Sub-Station augmentation Application may vary depending on
Level of Power actual loading situations and pain areas
Transformer in Distribution Network

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 TERI’s Experience in BESS with Discoms*
BRPL (Pvt./ WBSEDCL (State-
CESC (Pvt.)
JV) Owned)
 Cat A- Distribution/ LT feeders having  Cat A- Overloaded Distribution
 Cat A- Overloaded Distribution Transformers (DTRs) in areas with no
substantial penetration of Solar PV systems Transformers (DTRs) in areas with no
 Cat B- Group housing society/ gated res. space to install another DTR
Placement space to install another DTR  Cat B- Lengthy and overloaded 11 kV
community having rooftop Solar PV  Cat B- Substation with solar rooftop PV
systems feeders
system  Cat C- Seasonally overloaded feeders (with
 Cat C- Research Institutions (under HT  Cat C- Consumers with critical loads
category, having existing Solar Rooftop PV agri loads)
 Cat D- Grid-scale battery storage  Cat D- Distributed storage for better
system & EVs)
integration of large-scale distributed solar

 Cat A- DT overload management and  Cat A- DTR overload management,

 Cat A- DTR overload management, augmentation deferral augmentation deferral and localized voltage
augmentation deferral  Cat B- Managing solar intermittency and control
Applications  Cat B- Power back-up for common loads, power back-up  Cat B- Feeder overload management &
energy arbitrage and overload management  Cat C- Power back-up for critical loads augmentation deferral, and energy
 Cat C- Energy arbitrage and solar  Cat D- Savings on peak power purchase and arbitrage
intermittency management reducing UI charges, DSM Rules, Capex  Cat C- Feeder overload management, solar
deferral on PTRs and BESS integrated solutions
 Cat D- Solar Farming, Overall Peak
Reduction

 Cat A- Ashok Nagar - 315 kVA DTR  Cat A- Hatiara Uttarmath 315 kVA DTR &
 Cat A- Taimur Nagar 11 kV feeder having
 Cat B- New Cossipore 33/11 kV Sub-Station others
two 990 kVA DTRs
with 50 kWp of solar rooftop PV system  Cat B- 11 kV Kharibari feeder & others
Shortlisted  Cat B- Yet to be shortlisted
 Cat C- Saroj Gupta Cancer Research Institute.  Cat C- Yet to be shortlisted
Locations  Cat C- TERI School of Advanced Studies
 Cat D- 132/66 kV Sub-station at Taratala,  Cat D- Solar Power projects at Teesta Canal
(SAS) having 50 kWp rooftop solar PV
Majerhat Fall (TCF) Hydel Power Stations
system with ToD pricing applicable

*Work done/ on-going till date 12

R&D in BESS at TERI
Technical Studies
BESS Sizing
 Grid-integration
studies for BESS as Control-logic Algorithm
enabler of rooftop
PV and EVs  Two-stage optimization R&D Lab
 Load Flow Analysis approach for DTR  Dynamic control logic
for BESS voltage- overload management for DTR overload Techno-economic Web
and solar intermittency management Tool
improvement management  Real-time parameter
applications  Based on detailed  Pre-field performance
monitoring validation of
analysis of load-curve
 Harmonics &  Variable C-rate for
 Envisaged change in distribution-level
Power Quality demand pattern BESS BESS
Studies considered  Charging and  Battery simulator to
 VPP studies using  Technical characteristics discharging trigger emulate different
 Application specific
of Batteries considered
distributed storage based on Shaving chemistries BESS sizing
level and parameters  RTDS based testing of  LCOS calculations
 Programmable and BESS control logic
robust control logic  LCOS projections

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Thank You!
alekhya.datta@teri.res.in

Mob: +91 9999466210