ACKNOWLEDMENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Our team warmly acknowledge the continuous
encouragement offered by our dear Principal Mr.
Nagesh Kumar Mishra . We also extend our
hearty thanks and gratitude to the school management
for providing us with enough facilities and tools available
in the campus which greatly aided us in completing this
project on the topic “ Study the effect of
temperature on resistivity of Insulators, Semi-
Conductors and Conductors” .We are highly indebted
to our Physics teacher – Mr. Sumesh Maurya for his
supervision, support and for providing necessary
information and guidelines on this project.
His constructive advice and constant support has been
responsible for the completion of this project report .We
would also like to express our utmost love and gratitude
to our parents for their valuable suggestions and support
to carry out this project.
Last not but not least we thank all those who have
helped to complete this report directly or indirectly
CERTIFICATE
This is to certified that Tarun Patel of class 12th has
completed the project titled “ Study the effect of
temperature on resistivity of Insulators, Semi-
Conductors and Conductors” under the guidance of
Mr. Sumesh Maurya for the academic year 2024-25
The certified student has been dedicated throughout his
research and completed his work before the given
deadline without missing an important details from the
project
It is also certified that This project is the individual work
of the student and can be submitted for evaluation
Student’s sign. Teacher’s sign
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TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF
CONDUCTOR
The temperature coefficient of a conductor refers to the
change in a conductor’s electrical resistance as its
temperature changes. This coefficient is typically
expressed in terms of the resistance change per degree
Celsius (°C) and is denoted as α. It is crucial for
understanding how temperature variations affect the
behavior of electrical circuits.
For most metallic conductors, like copper or aluminum,
the temperature coefficient is positive, meaning that as
the temperature increases, the resistance also increases.
This happens because higher temperatures cause the
metal atoms to vibrate more intensely, creating more
collisions between electrons and atoms, which impedes
the flow of electrical current.
The value of the temperature coefficient varies
depending on the material. For instance, copper has a
temperature coefficient of approximately +0.00393/°C,
indicating that its resistance increases by about 0.393%
for every 1°C rise in temperature.
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This property is significant in electrical and electronic
design, particularly in applications involving power
transmission or precision instrumentation, where
temperature fluctuations can lead to inaccurate
measurements or system inefficiency. Materials with a
low temperature coefficient, like constantan or
manganin, are used in resistors for more stable
performance under varying temperatures.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
TEMPERATURE AND RESISTANCE
The relationship between temperature and resistance
depends on the material. For most conductors, such as
metals, resistance increases with temperature. As
temperature rises, the atoms in the metal vibrate more,
creating more collisions with electrons, which hinders
their flow and increases resistance. This relationship can
be expressed by the equation:
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