Cloud service models are essential for understanding how cloud computing can be utilized in
different ways. The three primary cloud service models are:
1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):
o Description: Provides virtualized computing resources over the internet. It
includes virtual machines, storage, and networks.
o Use Case: Ideal for businesses that need to manage their own applications
and data but want to avoid the cost and complexity of buying and managing
physical servers.
o Examples: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud
Platform (GCP).
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS):
o Description: Offers hardware and software tools over the internet, typically
for application development. It provides a platform allowing customers to
develop, run, and manage applications without dealing with the
infrastructure.
o Use Case: Suitable for developers who want to build applications without
worrying about the underlying infrastructure.
o Examples: Google App Engine, Microsoft Azure App Services, Heroku.
3. Software as a Service (SaaS):
o Description: Delivers software applications over the internet, on a
subscription basis. The service provider manages the infrastructure and
platforms that run the applications.
o Use Case: Perfect for end-users who need access to software applications
without managing the underlying infrastructure.
o Examples: Google Workspace, Microsoft Office 365, Salesforce.
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Cloud deployment models define how cloud services are made available to users. Here are
the primary cloud deployment models:
1. Public Cloud:
o Description: Services are delivered over the public internet and shared across
multiple organizations.
o Use Case: Ideal for businesses looking for cost-effective, scalable solutions
without the need for extensive infrastructure management.
o Examples: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud
Platform (GCP).
2. Private Cloud:
o Description: Services are maintained on a private network, dedicated to a
single organization.
o Use Case: Suitable for organizations requiring high security, control, and
customization, often due to regulatory requirements.
o Examples: VMware, OpenStack, IBM Private Cloud.
3. Hybrid Cloud:
o Description: Combines public and private clouds, allowing data and
applications to be shared between them.
o Use Case: Useful for businesses needing flexibility, scalability, and security,
enabling them to keep sensitive data in a private cloud while leveraging the
public cloud for less critical resources.
o Examples: Microsoft Azure Stack, AWS Outposts, Google Anthos.
4. Community Cloud:
o Description: Shared infrastructure for a specific community of users with
common concerns (e.g., security, compliance).
o Use Case: Ideal for organizations with shared goals and requirements, such as
government agencies or healthcare institutions.
o Examples: Government Cloud, Healthcare Cloud.
5. Multi-Cloud:
o Description: Utilizes multiple cloud services from different providers to avoid
dependency on a single vendor.
o Use Case: Beneficial for organizations seeking to optimize performance, cost,
and redundancy by leveraging the strengths of various cloud providers.
o Examples: Using AWS for compute services, Azure for machine learning, and
GCP for data analytics.
Each model offers unique advantages and can be chosen based on specific business needs
and goals. Do you have a particular project or requirement in mind that you’re considering
for cloud deployment?
CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUD
On-demand self-services: The Cloud computing services does not require
any human administrators, user themselves are able to provision,
monitor and manage computing resources as needed.
Broad network access: The Computing services are generally provided
over standard networks and heterogeneous devices.
Rapid elasticity: The Computing services should have IT resources that are
able to scale out and in quickly and on a need basis. Whenever the
user require services it is provided to him and it is scale out as soon
as its requirement gets over.
Resource pooling: The IT resource (e.g., networks, servers, storage,
applications, and services) present are shared across multiple
applications and occupant in an uncommitted manner. Multiple
clients are provided service from a same physical resource.
Measured service: The resource utilization is tracked for each application
and occupant, it will provide both the user and the resource provider
with an account of what has been used. This is done for various
reasons like monitoring billing and effective use of resource.
Multi-tenancy: Cloud computing providers can support multiple tenants
(users or organizations) on a single set of shared resources.
Virtualization: Cloud computing providers use virtualization technology to
abstract underlying hardware resources and present them as logical
resources to users.
Resilient computing: Cloud computing services are typically designed with
redundancy and fault tolerance in mind, which ensures high
availability and reliability.
Flexible pricing models: Cloud providers offer a variety of pricing models,
including pay-per-use, subscription-based, and spot pricing, allowing
users to choose the option that best suits their needs.
Security: Cloud providers invest heavily in security measures to protect
their users’ data and ensure the privacy of sensitive information.
Automation: Cloud computing services are often highly automated,
allowing users to deploy and manage resources with minimal manual
intervention.
Sustainability: Cloud providers are increasingly focused on sustainable
practices, such as energy-efficient data center and the use of
renewable energy sources, to reduce their environmental impact.
BENEFITS OF CLOUD
Cost Efficiency: Cloud providers provide a pricing model that permits
customers to pay only for the sources they consume. This gets rid of
the need for advanced infrastructure investments and allows price
efficiency as businesses scale resources based totally on need.
Scalability: Cloud services provide the potential to scale sources up or
down speedily and respond to changing workloads and commercial
organization requirements. This flexibility ensures that agencies can
correctly manipulate fluctuating needs without over-provisioning.
Accessibility and Flexibility: Cloud computing allows one to get access to
applications and facts remotely from everywhere with an internet
connection. This fosters collaboration among geographically
dispersed groups and allows users to work flexibly.
Rapid Deployment: Cloud provider models facilitate rapid deployment of
programs. Users can provision sources and deploy programs quickly,
decreasing time-to-market and allowing faster innovation.
Managed Services: Cloud providers offer more than a few managed
offerings, managing duties together with safety, tracking, and safety.
This helps agencies dump operational obligations, pay attention to
relevant skills, and experience the records of cloud carriers.
Automatic Updates and Patch Management: Cloud providers manipulate
software application updates, patches, and protection functions robotically.
This ensures that clients always have to get proper entry to the required
abilities and protection upgrades without the need for guide intervention.
2.Evolution of Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing has evolved from the Distributed system to the current
technology. Cloud computing has been used by all types of
businesses, of different sizes and fields.
1. Distributed Systems
In the networks, different systems are connected. When they target to
send the message from different independent systems which are
physically located in various places but are connected through the
network. Some examples of distributed systems are Ethernet which
is a LAN technology, Telecommunication network, and parallel
processing. The Basic functions of the distributed systems are −
• Resource Sharing − The Resources like data, hardware, and software
can be shared between them.
• Open-to-all − The software is designed and can be shared.
• Fault Detection − The error or failure in the system is detected and
can be corrected.
Apart from the functions, the main disadvantage is that all the plan has to
be in the same location and this disadvantage is overcome by the
following systems −
• Mainframe Computing
• Cluster Computing
• Grid Computing
2. Mainframe Computing
It was developed in the year 1951 and provides powerful features.
Mainframe Computing is still in existence due to its ability to deal
with a large amount of data. For a company that needs to access and
share a vast amount of data then this computing is preferred. Among
the four types of computers, mainframe computer performs very
fast and lengthy computations easily.
The type of services handled by them is bulk processing of data and
exchanging large-sized hardware. Apart from the performance,
mainframe computing is very expensive.
3. Cluster Computing
In Cluster Computing, the computers are connected to make it a single
computing. The tasks in Cluster computing are performed
concurrently by each computer also known as the nodes which are
connected to the network. So the activities performed by any single
node are known to all the nodes of the computing which may
increase the performance, transparency, and processing speed.
To eliminate the cost, cluster computing has come into existence. We can
also resize the cluster computing by removing or adding the nodes.
4. Grid Computing
It was introduced in the year 1990. As the computing structure includes
different computers or nodes, in this case, the different nodes are
placed in different geographical places but are connected to the
same network using the internet.
The other computing methods seen so far, it has homogeneous nodes
that are located in the same place. But in this grid computing, the
nodes are placed in different organizations. It minimized the
problems of cluster computing but the distance between the nodes
raised a new problem.
5. Web 2.0
This computing lets the users generate their content and collaborate with
other people or share the information using social media, for
example, Facebook, Twitter, and Orkut. Web 2.0 is a combination of
the second-generation technology World Wide Web (WWW) along
with the web services and it is the computing type that is used today.
6. Virtualization
It came into existence 40 years back and it is becoming the current
technique used in IT firms. It employs a software layer over the
hardware and using this it provides the customer with cloud-based
services.
7. Utility Computing
Based on the need of the user, utility computing can be used. It provides
the users, company, clients or based on the business need the data
storage can be taken for rent and used.
8.service orientation:
Service orientation acts as a reference model for cloud computing it
supports low-cost, flexible and evolvable applications
9.cloud computing:
Cloud computing means storing and accessing the data and programs on
remote servers that are hosted on the internet instead of the
computers hard drive or local server it is referred as internet based
computing
4.Levels of Virtualizations Implementations
Virtualization is the capability to run multiple instances of computer
systems on the same hardware. The way hardware is being used can
vary based on the configuration of the virtual machine.
The best example of this is your own desktop PC or laptop. You might be
running Windows on your system, but with virtualization, now you
can also run Macintosh or Linux Ubuntu on it.
The Five Levels of Implementing Virtualization
1. Instruction Set Architecture Level (ISA)
2. Hardware Abstraction Level (HAL)
3. Operating System Level
4. Library Level
5. Application Level
1. Instruction Set Architecture Level (ISA)
• In ISA, virtualization works through an ISA emulation.
This is helpful to run loads of inherited code which was originally written
for different hardware configurations.
• These codes can be run on the virtual machine through an ISA.
The basic emulation, through, requires an interpreter. This interpreter
interprets the source code and converts it to a hardware readable
format for processing.
2. Hardware Abstraction Level (HAL)
As the name suggests, this level helps perform virtualization at the
hardware level. It uses a bare hypervisor for its functioning.
This level helps form the virtual machine and manages the hardware
through virtualization
It enables virtualization of each hardware component such asI/O devices,
processors, memory, etc.
This way multiple users can use the same hardwarewith numerous
instances of virtualization at the same time.
3. Operating System Level
At the operating system level, the virtualization model creates an abstract
layer between the applications and the OS.
It is like an isolated container on the physical server and operating system
that utilizes hardware and software. Each of these containers'
functions like servers.
When the number of users is high, and no one is willing to share
hardware, this level of virtualization comes in handy.
4. Library Level
OS system calls are lengthy and bulky. Which is why applicationsopt for
APIs from user-level libraries.
Library interfacing virtualization is made possible by API hooks. These API
hooks control the communication link from the system to the
applications.
5. Application Level
Application-level virtualization comes handy when you wish to virtualize
only an application. It does not virtualize an entire platform or
environment.
On an operating system, applications work as one process. Hence it is also
known as process-level virtualization. (Wizard)
It is generally useful when running virtual machines with high-level
languages. Here, the application sits on top of the virtualization
layer, which is above the application program.
