PROGRAMME STRUCTURE AND SYLLABUS

M.Sc. Zoology

School of Science

Department of ZOOLOGY

Uttarakhand Open University

Teenpani Bypass Road, Haldwani - 263139, Nainital
Uttrakhand

Uttarakhnad Open University, Haldwani

Syllabus for M.Sc. Zoology: Semester Mode
(Based on Model Curriculum of UGC)

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 Preamble: Uttarakhand Open University (UOU) started B.Sc. and M.Sc. programmes in
different subjects from year 2013. Zoology Department of School of Sciences participates in the
undergraduate core program (B.Sc.) and runs M. Sc. program in Zoology. At present, the study
material for M.Sc. is borrowed from Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University, Hyderabad. Now the
department is in the process of the development of its own study material.
It is mentioned that:

1. The structure, courses and syllabus are designed after the detail study of syllabus and course
structure of different universities (Including K.U., H.N.B.G.U., G.B.P.U.A. &T., B.H.U. and
B.R.A.O.U.), UGC SCIR NET syllabus.
2. These courses will be helpful for further research of students in the area of his/her choice. This
pattern fulfills the requirement of Open and Distant Learning system.
3. A well equipped laboratory will be established in UOU campus, Haldwani. The university
organizes 10 day workshops in its own campus in future for practical support. However, before
the establishment of own laboratories, the workshops is being organized in different main study
centers like M.B.P.G. College Haldwani, BGR Campus Pauri, S.G.R.R. College Dehradun,
G.P.G.C. Pithoragarh and R.C.U. G.P.G.C. Uttarkashi etc.
4. The syllabus is designed on the bases on CBCS as per UGC recommendation.

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PROGRAMME STRUCTURE: MASTER OF ZOOLOGY
Name of Programme MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ZOOLOGY
Programme Code MSCZO
Programme Mode Semester Wise

Eligibility: Bachelor Science with biology or Zoology as a subject combination in graduate level from any
recognized University
Duration Min: 2 Years; Max: 4 Years
Self Learning Material (SLM): English (Hindi SLM will be developed by translating the English SLM by
maintain technical terminology of English only)
Total Credit: 72
Objectives: To provide an opportunity for science education to the door steps of aspirants and for skill
development to enhance employability or entrepreneurship.

M.Sc. Zoology
(Two years Degree Programme)
First Semester
Course Course Name Marks Credit Minimum
code Theory Assign Total counseling
ment hours
MSCZO- Invertebrates 80 20 100 3 9
501
MSCZO - Taxonomy & Evolution 80 20 100 3 9
502
MSCZO - Animal Physiology & Endocrinology 80 20 100 3 9
503
MSCZO - Bio-Chemistry 80 20 100 3 9
504
MSCZO - Practical Zoology I (Practical Related to the syllabus 200 6 18
505(L) of Ist sem.)
Total Credit 18

Second Semester

Course Course Name Marks Credit Minimum

code Theory Assign Total counseling
ment hours
MSCZO - Concepts of Cell Biology and Genetics 80 20 100 3 9
506
MSCZO- Molecular Biology & Biotechnology 80 20 100 3 9
507
MSCZO - Environmental Biology 80 20 100 3 9
508
MSCZO Animal Behavior 80 20 100 3 9
509
MSCZO - Practical Zoology II (Practical Related to the syllabus 200 6 18
510(L) of IIndsem.)
Total Credit 18

3
Third Semester

MSCZO - Vertebrates 80 20 100 3 9

601
MSCZO - Developmental Biology & Immunology 80 20 100 3 9
602
MSCZO - Bioinformatics, Biostatistics & Computer Application 80 20 100 3 9
603
MSCZO - Microbiology 80 20 100 3 9
604
MSCZO - Practical Zoology III (Practicals Related to the 200 6 18
605(L) syllabus of IIIrd sem.)
Total Credit 18

FOURTH SEMESTER

SPECIAL PAPER: SPECIAL PAPER EITHER FISH AND FISHERIES OR ENTOMOLOGY

FISH AND FISHERIES

Course Course Name Marks Credit Minimum

code Theory Assign Total counseling
ment hours
MSCZO - Fish and Fisheries (Structure and Functions) 80 20 100 3 9
606
MSCZO - Fish and Fisheries (Applied Ichthyology) 80 20 100 3 9
607 (Fisheries Culture, Nutrition and Pathology)
MSCZO - Laboratory Course: Fishery (Practical Related to the - - 100 3 9
608 syllabus of IVth sem.)
MSCZO - Dissertation (Seminar &Viva-Voice) - - Grade 9 27
609
Total Credit 18

OR

ENTOMOLOGY

Course Course Name Marks Credit Minimum

code Theory Assign Total counselin
ment g hours
MSCZO - Entomology (Systematic and Applied Entomology) 80 20 100 3 9
610
MSCZO Entomology (Morphology, Physiology & 80 20 100 3 9
611 Development Biology)
MSCZO - Laboratory Course: Entomology (Practical Related - - 100 3 9
612 to the syllabus of IVth sem.)
MSCZO Dissertation (Seminar &Viva-Voice) - - Grade 9 27
613
Total Credit 18
Note: 1-*Students have to opt “One Special Paper either fish and fisheries or Entomology” from the
two given Specialization Courses (MSCZO606-609 or MSCZO-610-613) in the fourth semester. Student
will have to do a Dissertation. Marks shall not be awarded to the student on the Dissertation, instead of
marks Grade A, B, C or D shall be given after assessment of the Dissertation.

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The syllabus is divided into three parts:
1. Core courses 15 courses Total Credits = 54
2. Specialization courses 2 courses (2 theory 1 practical) Total Credits = 9
3. Dissertation Total Credits = 9

Total Credits for M.Sc. Degree = 72

Dissertation:

Compulsory research dissertation (master thesis) would be introduced in M.Sc. Zoology

program. The research/project topic would be allotted to student as per the
recommendation of guide/Advisory Committee. Advisory committee would be
constituted with at least 2 members, one chairman of advisory committee
(Advisor/Guide) and another member of the committee. The Advisory committee should
be approved by the university. The dissertation would be evaluated by external
examiner nominated by the university which should not be from same study center. The
name of external examiner for the evaluation of dissertation/thesis must be approved
from the university. Grade will be awarded to the students and result would be
submitted to university. One copy of the dissertation would also be submitted to the
university after incorporated all the correction made by the external examiner and
successful completion.

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 SOS/MSCZO/501 Invertebrates M.Sc. Zoology 1st Sem.

SYLLABUS

Credits: 3

Course: I. Invertebrates (MSCZO- 501)

Course objectives:
1. To comprehend the systematic position, functional morphology, mode of life, and biodiversity of
invertebrates
2. To study their economic importance, affinities and adaptations.
3. To study the parasitic forms of various invertebrate groups and their effect on human and animals.
4. Understand the general features of animal life cycles and forms of reproduction.
5. Describe the general features used to classify animal groups such as type of symmetry, number of
tissue layers, body cavities, segmentation and cephalization and distinctive larval forms
6. Describe the structure and function of animals in general at the cellular, tissue and organ level of
structural organization.
7. To understand the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Its operative principals,
Zoological nomenclature and formation of scientific names of various taxa.
8. To understand the Causes, Processes, and Consequences of Evolution.
9. To understand the Principal Mechanisms of Evolution through the process of macro, micro and
mega evolutionary process

Syllabus
Organisation of Coelom: Acoelomates, Pseudocoelomates, Coelomates: Protostomes and Deuterostome.
Locomotion (Flagella and ciliary movement in Protozoa, Hydrostatic movement in coelenterata, Annelida
and Echinodermata); Nutirition and digestion (Patterns of feeding and digestion in lower metazoa, Filter
feeding in polychaeta, Mollusca and Echinodermata). Respiration (Organs of respiration Gills, lungs and
trachea, Respiratory pigments, Mechanism of respiration. Excretion (Organs of excretion Coelom,
Coelomoducts, Nephridia and Malpighian tubules, Excretion and Osmoregulation, Mechanisms of
Excretion); Nervous System (Primitive nervous system: Coelenterata and Echinodermata; Advanced
Nervous system: Annelida, Arthropoda and Mollusca. Invertebrate larvae (Larval forms of free-living
invertebrates, larval forms of parasites, strategies and evolutionary significance of larval forms. Minor
Phyla: Organization and general characters.

UNIT SCHEDULE
Invertebrates
Block I:
Unit 1: Organization of coelom
Unit 2: Locomotion
Unit 3: Nutrition and Digestion
Unit 4: Respiration
Block II:
Unit 5: Excretion
Unit 6: Nervous System
Unit 7: Invertebrate larvae
Unit 8: Minor Phyla

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SOS/MSCZO/501 Invertebrates M.Sc. Zoology 1st Sem.

Course I: Invertebrates (MSCZO- 501)

UNIT WISE CONTENTS (MSCZO- 501)

Unit 1: Organization of Coelom
1.1 Objectives
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Acoelomates
1.4 Pseudocoelomates
1.5 Coelomates
1.6 Protostomia
1.7 Deuterostomia
1.8 Summary
1.9 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 2: Locomotion
2.1 Objectives
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Flagella and Ciliary movement in Protozoa
2.4 Hydrostatic movement
2.4.1 Coelentrata
2.4.2 Annelida
2.4.3 Echinodermata
2.5 Summary
2.6 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 3: Nutrition and Digestion
3.1 Objectives
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Patterns of Feeding and Digestion in Lower Metazoa
3.4 Filter feeding
3.4.1 Polychaeta
3.4.2 Mollusca
3.4.3 Echinodermata
3.5 Summary
3.6 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 4: Respiration
4.1 Objectives
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Organs of respiration
4.3.1 Gills
4.3.2 Lungs
4.3.2 Trachea
4.4 Respiratory Pigments
4.5 Mechanism of Respiration
4.6 Summary
4.7 Terminal Questions and Answers

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 Unit 5: Excretion
5.1 Objectives
5.2 Introduction
5.3 Organs of Excretion
5.3.1 Coelom
5.3.2 Coelomoducts
5.3.3 Nephridia
5.3.4 Malpighian tubules
5.4 Mechanisms of Excretion
5.4.1 Osmoregulation
5.5 Summary
5.6 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 6: Nervous System
6.1 Objectives
6.2 Introduction
6.3 Primitive Nervous system
6.3.1 Coelenterata
6.3.2 Echinodermata
6.4 Advanced Nervous system
6.4.1 Annelida
6.4.2 Arthropoda (Crustacea and Insecta)
6.4.3 Mollusca (Cephalopoda)
6.5 Trends in Neural Evolution
6.6 Summary
6.7 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 7: Invertebrate larvae
7.1 Objectives
7.2 Introduction
7.3 Larval Forms of Free-Living Invertebrates
7.4 Larval forms of Parasites (Helminths)
7.5 Strategies and Evolutionary Significance of Larval Forms
7.6 Summary
7.7 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 8: Minor Phyla
8.1 Objectives
8.2 Introduction
8.3 Organization and General Characters
8.4 Significance of Minor Phyla
8.4.1 Mesozoa
8.4.2 Gastrotricha
8.4.3 Ctenophora
8.4.4 Rhyncoela
8.4.5 Rotifera
8.4.6 Spincula
8.4.7 Protostomes
8.4.8 Entoprocta
8.4.9 Deuterostomes
8.5 Summary

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SOS/MSCZO/502 Taxonomy & Evolution M.Sc. Zoology 1st Sem.

Credits: 3
Course II. Taxonomy & Evolution (MSCZO - 502)

Syllabus:
Significance and applications of Taxonomy in Zoology. Modern approaches in taxonomy:
Chemotaxonomy, Cytotaxonomy, Neotaxonomy and Molecular taxonomy. Dimension of speciation and
taxonomic characters. Species concept. Procedures in Taxonomy: Taxonomic procedure, application and
rules of International code of zoological nomenclature. Lamarck & Darwinism: Concept, Hardy-Weinberg
law of genetic equilibrium and destabilizing forces. Quantifying Genetic Variability: Genetic and
Phenotypic variations in populations. Molecular population genetics: Patterns of change in genetic
material, significance of molecular variation and Neo Darwinism. Genetics of speciation: Phylogenetic,
biological, Isolation, allopatric, sympatric & parapatric speciation. Origin of higher evolution: Gradualism
and equilibrium, major trends in higher categories and Micro, Macro and Mega evolution.

UNIT SCHEDULE
Block I: Taxonomy
Unit 1: Concept of Taxonomy
Unit 2: Modern approaches in Taxonomy
Unit 3: Dimension of Speciation and Taxonomic Characters
Unit4: Procedures in Taxonomy

Block II: Evolution

Unit 5: Neo- Darwinism

Unit6: Quantifying Genetic Variability
Unit7: Genetic Speciation
Unit 8: Origin of Higher Evolution

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SOS/ MSCZO502/ Taxonomy & Evolution M.Sc. Zoology 1st Sem.

Course II: Taxonomy & Evolution (MSCZO-502)

Block I: Taxonomy
Unit 1: Concept of taxonomy
1.1 Objectives
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Significance of Taxonomy
1.4 Applications of Taxonomy
1.5 Summary
1.6 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 2: Modern Approaches in Taxonomy
2.1 Objectives
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Chemotaxonomy
2.4 Cytotaxonomy
2.5 Neotaxonomy and Molecular Taxonomy
2.6 Summary
2.7 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 3: Dimension of Speciation and Taxonomic Characters
3.1 Objectives
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Dimension of Speciation
3.4 Mechanism of Speciation
3.5 Species Concept
3.5.1 Species
3.5.2 Category
3.5.3 Concept
3.5.4 Sub-species
3.5.5 Infra species
3.6 Theories of Biological Classification
3.6.1 Hierarchy of Categories
3.7 Taxonomic Characters
3.8 Summary
3.9 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit4: Procedures in Taxonomy
4.1 Objectives
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Taxonomic procedure
4.3.1 Taxonomic collection
4.3.2 Preservation
4.3.3 Identification
4.4 International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)
4.4.1 Principals, Application and Rules
4.4.2 Zoological Nomenclature and Formation of Scientific Names of Various Taxa
4.5 Summary
4.6 Terminal Questions and Answers

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Block II: Evolution
Unit 5: Lamarck & Darwinism
5.1 Objectives
5.2 Introduction
5.3 Concept & theories of Evolution
5.4 Hardy-Weinberg law of Genetic Equilibrium
5.5 Detailed account of Destabilizing Forces
5.5.1 Natural Selection
5.5.2 Mutation
5.5.3 Genetic Drift
5.5.4 Migration
5.6 Summary
5.7 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 6: Quantifying Genetic Variability
6.1 Objectives
6.2 Introduction
6.3 Genetic structure of Natural Populations
6.4 Phenotypic Variations
6.5 Model Changes in Genetic Variation
6.6 Summary
6.7 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 7: Genetics of Speciation
7.1 Objectives
7.2 Introduction
7.3 Phylogenetic, Biological and other Concepts of Species
7.4 Isolation
7.5 Patterns and Mechanisms of Reproductive Isolation
7.6 Models of Speciation
7.6.1 Allopatric
7.6.2 Sympatric
7.6.3 Parapatric
7.7 Co-evolution and Sexual Selection, Altruism
7.8 Summary
7.9 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 8: Origin of Higher Evolution
8.1 Objectives
8.2 Introduction
8.3 Phylogenetic Gradualism and Punctured equilibrium
8.4 Major Trends in the Origin of Higher Categories
8.5 Micro, Macro and Mega Evolution
8.6 Evolution of Man
8.7 Summary
8.8 Terminal Questions and Answers

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Suggested Reading:

1. The invertebrates. Vol.1, 2 & 8. Hyman, L.H. McGraw Hill Co., New York.
2. Invertebrate Zoology Barnes, RD. W.B.Saunders Co., Philadelphia
3. A Biology of higher invertebrates, Russel-Hunter, WD. McMillan Co. Ltd., London
4. Student Text Book of Zoology. Vol.I.II and III. Sedgwick.A. Central Book Depot, Allahabad
5. Text book of Zoology. Parker, T.J., Haswell. W.A.Macmillan Co., London.
6. Biodiversity, E.O. Wilson, academic Press; Washington.
7. Principle of Animal Taxonomy; G.G. Simpson. Oxford IBH Publishing Company.
8. Theory and Practice of Animal Taxonomy. V.C. Kapoor. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. LTD.
9. Advancement in Invertebrate Taxonomy and Biodiversity. Rajeev Gupta. Agrobios International.
10. Moody: Introduction to Evolution (1978, Kalyani).
11. Savage: Evolution (1963, Holt, Reinhart and Winston)
12. Rastogi: Organic Evolution (1988, Kedarnath & Ramnath)
13. Strickberger: Evolution (2004, Jones & Bartlett)

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SOS/MSCZO503/ Animal Physiology & Endocrinology M.Sc. Zoology 1st Sem.
Credits: 3
Course III: Animal Physiology & Endocrinology (MSCZO -503)
Course objectives:
The course objectives include (1) to provide an understanding of the fundamental principles of animal
physiology; (2) to understand how these principles are incorporated into the adaptations of different animal
groups; (3) to provide experience in researching, discussing, and answering questions about animal physiology;
(4) to provide practical experience in investigating physiological questions, and collecting, analyzing,
interpreting, and reporting experimental data; and (5) to understand the source, significance and deficiency and
dysfunctions of enzymes, vitamins, protein, carbohydrates and lipids.

Syllabus:
Concept of poikilothermy, homeothermy, cold resistance and cold death, heat resistance and heat death.
Respiration: Respiratory organs in different animals Transport of O2 and CO2, respiratory pigments and control
of respiratory activity. Circulation: Types of heart, Cardiac cycle, haemodynamics and Homeostasis. Nutrition
& Digestion: Patterns of digestion, absorption and role of digestive enzymes in animals. Excretion: Functions of
kidney, types of nitrogenous wastes, Urea production and osmoregulation in reptiles, Aves and mammals.
Nervous system: Structure of a neuron, Generation of nerve impulsion and propagation and Concept of sensory
receptors. Muscle stimulation: Structure, kinds, functions and characteristics of muscles. Brief history and
scope of endocrinology, Characteristic feature, structural organization, hormone secretion and functions of
Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Adrenal gland, Pancreas, mammalian testes and ovary hormones. General
study of pheromones.

Unit Schedule
Block I. Response to Cell & Functional Physiology
Unit 1: Thermoregulation and Respiration
Unit 2: Circulation and Cardiovascular System
Unit 3: Physiology of Digestion and Excretion
Unit 4: Physiology of Nervous system and Muscle stimulation
Block II: Endocrinology
Unit 5: History and Scope of Endocrinology
Unit 6: Pituitary and Thyroid Gland
Unit 7: Pancreas and Adrenal Gland
Unit 8: Vertebrate Reproductive Endocrinology

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SOS/ MSCZO503/ Animal Physiology M.Sc. Zoology 1st Sem.

Course III: Animal Physiology& Endocrinology (MSCZO -503)

UNIT WISE CONTENTS (MSCZO-503)
Block I. Response to Cell & Functional Physiology
Unit 1: Thermoregulation and Respiration
1.1 Objectives
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Concept of Poikilothermy and Homeothermy
1.4 Survival Mechanism in Poikilotherms and Homeotherms
1.5 Cold Resistance and Cold Death, Heat Resistance and Heat Death
1.6 Respiratory Organs in Different Animals
1.7 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon dioxide
1.8 Respiratory Pigments
1.9 Summary
1.10 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit 2: Circulation and Cardiovascular System

2.1 Objectives
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Types of heart
2.3.1 Concepts of Neurogenic and Myogenic Hearts
2.4 Cardiac cycle, ECG patterns in Mammals
2.5 Homeostasis and Blood Clot Formation
2.6 Summary
2.7 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 3: Physiology of Digestion and Excretion
3.1 Objectives
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Patterns of Digestion and Absorption in Animals
3.4 Role of Digestive Enzymes
3.5 Digestion, Absorption and Assimilation of Various Food Stuffs
3.6 Functions of Kidney
3.7 Types of Nitrogenous Wastes in Different Animal Groups and their Excretion
3.8 Urea production – Hans Krebs and Kurt Henseleit cycle, Urine Formation
3.9 Osmoregulation
3.9.1 Reptiles, Aves & Mammals
3.10 Summary
3.11Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 4: Physiology of Nervous system and Muscle stimulation
4.1 Objectives
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Structure of a Neuron
4.4 Generation of Nerve Impulsion and Propagation
4.5 Synaptic Transmission and Neurotransmitters
4.6 Concept of Sensory Receptors (Chemo and Photo)
4.7 Structure, Kinds and Characteristics of Muscles
4.8 Mechanism of Muscle Stimulation and Contraction
4.9 Neuro - Muscular Junction
4.7 Summary
4.8 Terminal Questions and Answers

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Block II: Endocrinology
Unit 5: History and Scope of Endocrinology
5.1 Objectives
5.2 Introduction
5.3 Brief history and Scope of Endocrinology
5.4 Classification and Chemical Nature of Hormones
5.5 Summary
5.6 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit6: Pituitary and Thyroid Glands

6.1 Objectives
6.2 Introduction
6.3 Structural organization
6.4 Hormone secretion and its functions - Hypothalamic control
6.5 Thyroid Gland - Structural Organizations
6.6 Parathyroid its Structure and Functions
6.7 Summary
6.8 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit 7: Pancreas and Adrenal Glands

7.1 Objectives
7.2 Introduction
7.3 Structure of pancreas
7.3.1 Pancreatic hormones and their functions
7.3.2 Dysfunction and disease of pancreatic hormones
7.4 Structural Organizations of Adrenals
7.5 Functions of Cortical and Medullary Hormones
7.6 Summary
7.7 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 8: Vertebrate Reproductive Endocrinology
8.1 Objectives
8.2 Introduction
8.3 Structure of Mammalian Testes and Ovary
8.4 Male and Female Sex Accessory Organs
8.5 Hormones of Testes and Ovary – Estrous and Menstrual Cycle
8.6 Hormones of Pregnancy - Parturition
8.7 Hormonal Control of Lactation
8.8 Pheromones
8.8 Summary
8.9 Terminal Questions and Answers

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Suggested Readings:

Animal Physiology:
1. William S.Hoar- General and Comparative Physiology, prentice hall of India ltd.
2. Wood E.W. Principle of Animal physiology
3. Nagbhushnum R.,Sarojini R., Kodarkar M.S. –Animal Physiology
4. Verma ,Agarwal & Tyagi-animal physiology
5. Moeye K.-Animal Physiology, Cambridge low prize edition.
6. Dantzler, W.H. Comparative Physiology (Handbook of Physiology): Vol. 1, 2, (ed.) Oxford University Press, New
York, USA
7. R. Eckert. Animal Physiology: Mechanisms and Adaptation. W.H.
8. Mohan Arora – animal physiology, Himalaya publication
9. A.K. Berry. –animal physiology .
10. Goel, K.A. and Shastry, K.B. : Animal Physiology, Rastogi Publication, Meerut. Dalela, R.C. : Animal
Physiology, S. Chand & Co. Ltd., New Delhi
11. Agarwal, R.A., Srivastava, Anil Kumar and Kaushal Kumar : Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, S. Chand &
Co. Ltd., New Delhi
12. Kulshrestha, V.V.: Experimental Physiology, Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi
Samasiviah, I. et.al. : Text Book of Animal Physiology and Ecology, S. Chand & Co.Ltd., New Delhi
13. Verma, P.S., Tyagi, B.S. and Agarwal, V.K. : Animal Physiology, S. Chand & Co. Ltd.,New Delhi

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SOS/MSC504/ Biochemistry M.Sc. Zoology 1st Sem.

Course IV: Biochemistry (MSCZO-504)

Syllabus:
Chemical Equilibrium: Concepts of thermodynamics, High energy compounds (ATP), oxidation and reduction
and buffering mechanism of the body. Enzymes: Nomenclature, classification, action mechanism and factors
affecting enzyme activity. Chemical structure and classification, sources and deficiency state of vitamins.
Carbohydrates: Structure, classification sources and metabolism. Proteins: Chemical structure, classification,
sources, metabolism and defects of protein nutrition. Lipids: Structure, classification and sources, Biosynthesis
of fatty acids, Cholesterol, Porphyrins and bile pigments. Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, Glycogenesis,
Glycogenolysis, Electron Transport Chain and Hexose–Monophosphate Shunt.

Biological Chemistry
Block I
Unit 1: Chemical Equilibrium
Unit 2: Enzymes
Unit3: Vitamins
Unit4: Carbohydrates

Block II
Unit 5: Proteins
Unit 6: Lipids
Unit 7: Biochemical Oxidation

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SOS/MSC504/ Biochemistry M.Sc. Zoology 1st Sem.

Course IV: Bio-chemistry (MSCZO -504)

UNIT WISE CONTENTS (MSCZO-504)
Course IV: Biochemistry (MSCZO-504)

Block I
Unit 1: Chemical Equilibrium
1.1 Objectives
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Concepts of Thermodynamics
1.4 High Energy Compounds with Special Reference to ATP
1.5 Concepts of Oxidation and Reduction
1.6 Buffering Mechanism
1.7 Summary
1.8 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit 2: Enzymes
2.1 Objectives
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Nomenclature and Classification
2.4 Enzyme Kinetics
2.5 Mechanism of Enzyme Action
2.6 Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity
2.7 Chemical Structure and Significance of Coenzyme and their Specificity
2.8 Summary
2.9 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit3: Vitamins
3.1 Objectives
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Chemical Structure
3.4 Classification
3.5 Sources and Deficiency State of Fat and Water Soluble Vitamins
3.6 Summary
3.7 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit4: Carbohydrates
4.1 Objectives
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Structure
4.3.1Classification and sources
4.4 Metabolism
4.4.1Glycolysis
4.4.2 Glycogenolysis
4.4.3 Glycogenesis
4.4.4 Gluconeogenesis
4.4.5 Hexose–Monophosphate Shunt and Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
4.5 Summary
4.6 Terminal Questions and Answers

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Block II.
Unit 5: Proteins
5.1 Objectives
5.2 Introduction
5.3 Chemical Structure, Classification and Sources
5.4 Metabolism of Proteins
5.4.1 Decarboxylation
5.4.2 Transamination
5.4.3 Transmethylation
5.5.4 Deamination of Essential and Non-essential Amino Acids
5.5 Summary
5.6 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 6: Lipids
6.1 Objectives
6.2 Introduction
6.3 Structure, Classification and Sources
6.4 Biosynthesis and Utilization of Fatty Acids
6.4.1 Ketone Bodies
6.4.2 Cholesterol
6.5 Porphyrins and Bile Pigments
6.6 Summary
6.7 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 7: Biochemical Oxidation
7.1 Objectives
7.2 Introduction
7.3 Breakdown of Carbohydrates
7.4 β– oxidation of Fluids
7.5 Bioenergetics of High Energy Compounds
7.6 Electron Transport Chain and production of ATP
7.7 Summary
7.8 Terminal Questions and Answers

Suggested Readings:

Biochemistry:

1. J.L. Jain –biochemistry S.Chand Publication, meerut

2. Lehninger- Biochemistry, Kalyani Publications
3. Stryer-Biochemistry, W.H Freeman and Co., New York
4. Granner and Rodwell - Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, Murray, (27th Ed.), McGraw Hill, New York, USA
5. Nelson and Cox - Principles of Biochemistry. Lehninger. 2nd Ed. CBS publishers.
6. J H Wet - General Biochemistry Wiley Eastern Ltd.
7. Rangnatha Rao K-Text Book of Biochemistry, Prentice-Hall of India
8. C.B.Powar- Biochemistry – (Himalaya Pub.)
9. Srivastava, H.S.: Elements of Biochemistry, Rastogi Publications, Meerut

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SOS/MSCZO505(L)/ Practical Zoology M.Sc. Zoology 1st Sem.
Course V: Laboratory Exercise (MSCZO -505 L) Practical Zoology

Candidates must produce at the time of practical examination their preparations, collection and practical
record books containing a complete record of the laboratory work done during the session. The practical
work shall comprise:
Unite Schedule:

Block I
Unit 1: Study of permanent prepared slides of different Phyla.
Unit 2: Study of the museum specimens belonging to the different invertebrate phyla.
Unit 3: Permanent slide preparations of the material available/provided.
Unit 4: Parasitology: Study of life-cycle of some parasites through charts, models or live materials.
Block II
Unit 5: Evolution
Unit 6: Systematics
Unit 7: Physiology Experiments
Unit 8: Bio-chemistry Experiments

20
SOS/MSCZO505(L) Practical Zoology M.Sc. Zoology 1st Sem.

Course V: Laboratory Exercise (MSCZO -505 L) Practical Zoology

Unit Wise Contents

Candidates must produce at the time of practical examination their preparations, collection and practical
record books containing a complete record of the laboratory work done during the session. The practical
work shall comprise:

Unit 1: Study of permanent prepared slides of different Phyla

1.1 Objectives
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Prepared slides study of Invertebrate Phyla
1.4 Summary
1.5 Terminal questions & Answers
Unit 2: Study of the Museum Specimens Belonging to the Following Invertebrate Phyla
2.1 Objectives
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Museum specimens of Invertebrate Phyla
2.3.1 Protozoa
2.3.2 Porifera
2.3.3 Coelentrata
2.3.4 Platyhelmenthis
2.3.5 Nematoda
2.3.6 Annelida
2.3.7 Arthropoda
2.3.8 Mollusca
2.3.9 Echinodermata
2.4 Summary
2.5 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 3: Permanent slide preparations of the material available/provided
3.1 Objectives
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Permanent preparations of the material provided
3.4 Summary
3.5 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 4: Parasitology: Study of life-cycle of some parasites through charts, models or live materials
4.1 Objectives
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Parasitology: Life cycle study of parasites
4.4 Summary
4.5 Terminal Questions and Answers

21
Unit 5: Evolution
5.1 Objectives
5.2 Introduction
5.3 Study of evolution of Horse, Elephant, and Man (through charts/ models.)
5.4 Adaptive modification in feet of Birds/mouthparts of Insects (through charts/ slides).
5.5 Embryological evidences of Evolution (through chart).
5.6 Analogy and Homology (wings of Birds and Insects, forelimbs of Bats and Rabbits through charts.)
5.7 Summary
5.8 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit 6: Systematic
6.1 Objectives
6.2 Introduction
6.3 Identification of local fauna on the basis of their morphological characters (5 each)
6.4 Construction of a dichotomous key
6.5 Zoological names of some local fauna (Mammals and Birds)
6.6 Summary
6.7 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit 7: Physiology Experiments

7.1 Objectives
7.2 Introduction
7.3 Estimation of total Leucocytes number per cubic mm
7.4 Differential count of Leucocytes
7.5 Estimation of total Erythrocyte count per cubic mm of blood
7.6 Summary
7.7 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit 8: Bio-chemistry Experiments

9.1 Objectives
9.2 Introduction
9.3 Chemical test of Urine for the presence of Urea, Sugar, Proteins and Ketone Bodies
9.4 Tests for Carbohydrates, Proteins and Lipids
9.5 Determination of Hemoglobin (%) in human blood; also calculation of color index and the mean
corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
9.6 Summary
9.7 Terminal Questions and Answers

22
SOS/MSCZO506/Cytogenetics M.Sc. Zoology 2nt Sem.

Course I: Concepts of Cell Biology and Genetics (MSCZO -506)

Objective:

1. To understand the fine structure of genetic materials and regulation of their action. To know the
chromosomal basis of genetic disorders, development and differentiation. Also, to know the importance
of population genetics and nuances of genetic engineering and applied genetics
2. The purpose of the course is to provide a working knowledge of cytogenetics, the preparation of
materials for study, and the importance of chromosomal variations in structure and number in such
fields as plant and animal breeding, population genetics, evolutionary genetics, taxonomy and the
medical sciences
3. To develop knowledge on different aspects of chromosomal structure, number, and behavior, and their
effects at the organism, population and species levels
4. To describe the general principles of gene organization and expression in both prokaryotic and
eukaryotic organisms
5. To interpret the outcome of experiments that involves the use of recombinant DNA technology and
other common gene analysis techniques
6. To explain various levels of gene regulation and protein function including signal transduction and
cell cycle control
7. To understand the structure and molecular basis of cellular interactions, energy transformation,
regulation and control of genes, cell cycle and information transfer

Syllabus:
Structure and classes of DNA, Chromosomal proteins, interphase and metaphase stages, organization of
interphase nucleus, Giant chromosomes: polytene and lampbrush chromosome. Sex chromosomes and
mechanism of sex determination in Mammals and Drosophila. Cell division: Mitosis, Meiosis,
Chromosome pairing and recombination and genetic regulation of meiosis. Somatic cell genetics: Cell
fusion and hybrids, heterokaryon and radiation in hybrids. Human cytogenetics: Karyotype and
nomenclature of metaphase chromosome bands, Chromosomes their anomalies and disease, common
syndromes, compound anomalies and human genome. Molecular cytogenetic techniques: FISH, GISH,
DNA Fingerprinting, Karyotyping and Chromosome painting. Genome Analysis: prokaryotic & eukaryotic
genomes, role of Transposable elements in genetic regulation and genome analysis. Gene mapping, gene
mapping in human and bacteria. Cell Cycle: cell division regulation in yeast and eukaryotes and molecular
basis of cellular checkup and neoplasia.

Unit Schedule
Cytogenetics:
Block I
Unit1: Biology of chromosome
Unit 2: Sex chromosome, sex determination and Dosage compensation in Drosophila
Unit 3: Cell division
Unit 4: Somatic cell genetics

Block II
Unit 5: Human Cytogenetics
Unit 6: Microbial Cytogenetics
Unit 7: Molecular Cytogenetic Techniques
Unit 8: Genome Analysis and Genetics of Cell cycle

23
SOS/MSCZO506/Cytogenetics M.Sc. Zoology 2nd Sem.
Concepts of Cell Biology and Genetics (MSCZO-506)

UNIT WISE CONTENTS

Cytogenetics
Block I:
Unit1: Biology of chromosome
1.1 Objectives
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Classes of DNA
1.4 Chromosomal proteins: Histone and their modifications
1.5 -Nucleosome model
1.6 Centromere, Kinetochore and Telomere
1.7 Metaphase chromosome banding
1.8 Chromosome and Chromosomal aberrations
1.9 Giant chromosomes: Polytene and Lampbrush chromosome
1.10 Summary
1.11 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit 2: Sex chromosome, sex determination and Dosage compensation in Drosophila and Humans
2.1 Objectives
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Sex chromosomes
2.4 Sex determination
2.5 Dosage compensation
2.5.1 in Drosophila
2.5.2 in Human beings
2.6 Summary
2.7 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 3: Cell division
3.1 Objectives
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Mitosis
3.3.1 Role of Maturation Promoting Factors
3.3.2 Chromosomal movement
3.3.3 Exit from Mitosis
3.3.4 Cytokinesis
3.4 Meiosis
3.4.1 Chromosome Pairing and Recombination
3.4.2 Genetic regulation of Meiosis
3.5 Summary
3.6 Terminal Question and Answers

24
Unit 4: Somatic Cell Genetics
4.1 Objectives
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Cell fusion and hybrids
4.3.2 Agents and mechanism of fusion
4.4 Heterokaryon – selecting hybrid and chromosome segregation
4.5 Summary
4.6 Terminal Question and Answers
Block II:
Unit 5: Human cytogenetics
5.1 Objectives
5.2 Summary
5.3 Karyotype and Nomenclature of Metaphase Chromosome Bands
5.5 Types of Chromosomes their Anomalies and Disease
5.6 Common Syndromes caused by Aneuploidy, Polyploidy, Mosaicism, Deletion and Duplication
5.7 Chromosomal Anomalies in Malignancy
5.7.1 Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
5.8 Human Genome
5.9 Summary
5.10 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 6: Microbial Cytogenetics
6.1 Objective
6.2 Introduction
6.3 Bacterial chromosome. Bacterial Transformation, Transduction and Conjugation
6.4 Bacteriophages
6.4.1 Types
6.4.2 Structure and morphology of T4 phase
6.4.3 Morphogenesis
6.5 Summary
6.6 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 7: Molecular cytogenetic techniques
7.1 Objectives
7.2 Introduction
7.3 FISH, GISH
7.4 DNA Fingerprinting
7.5 Flow Cytometry
7.6 Summary
7.7 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 8: Genome Analysis and Genetics of Cell cycle
8.1 Objectives
8.2 Introduction
8.3 C- Value paradox
8.3.1 Detailed account of various models of Prokaryotic Genomes
8.3.2 Viral Genome and Eukaryotic Genomes
8.3.3 Organization of Genes in Organelle Genomes
8.4 Molecular analysis of Genomic DNA in Yeast
8.5 Transposable elements in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
8.7 Genome analysis
8.7.1 Humans and Yeast
8.8 Gene Mapping in Human and Bacteria

25
8.9 Genetic regulation of Cell Division in Yeast and Eukaryotes
8.10 Molecular basis of cellular check up
8.11 Molecular basis of Neoplasia
8.12 Summary
8.13 Terminal Questions and Answers

26
SOS/MSCZO507 Molecular Biology and Biotechnology M.Sc. Zoology 2nd Sem.

Course II: Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (MSCZO -507)

DNA replication: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication, replication mechanism and enzymes and
proteins involved in DNA replication. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic Transcription mechanism, regulation
and termination. Post-transcriptional modifications in RNA: 5'- Cap formation, End processing and
polyadenylation, Splicing, editing and nuclear export of mRNA. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic Translation,
its regulation and proteins modifications. Recombinant DNA Technology: Gene cloning, Restriction
enzymes, Hybridization techniques, Molecular markers and Cloning Vectors. Applications of
Biotechnology: Cell, Organ and Whole embryo culture, In vitro fertilization (IVF) technology, Dolly
sheep, Embryo transfer in humans, Transgenic animals Human gene therapy, Cryobiology.

Block I: Molecular Biology

Unit 1: DNA replication
Unit 2: Transcription
Unit 3: Post-transcriptional modifications in RNA
Unit 4: Translation
Block II: Biotechnology
Unit 5: Recombinant DNA Technology
Unit 6: Cloning Vectors
Unit 7: Animal Biotechnology and its application

27
SOS/MSCZO507 Molecular Biology and Biotechnology M.Sc. Zoology 2nd Sem.

Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (MSCZO -507)

UNIT WISE CONTENTS

Block I: Molecular Biology and Biotechnology

Unit 1: DNA replication

1.1 Objectives
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNA Replication
1.4 Enzymes and accessory proteins involved in DNA replication
1.5 Mechanics of DNA replication
1.6 DNA damage and repair mechanism
1.7 Summary
1.8 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 2: Transcription
2.1 Objectives
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic transcription
2.4 Transcriptional activators & repressors
2.5 Regulatory elements and mechanisms of transcription regulation
2.6 Transcriptional polymerase, Capping, Elongation & Termination
2.6.1 Structure and Function of different type of RNA
2.6.2 RNA Transport
2.7 Summary
2.8 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 3: Post-transcriptional modifications in RNA
3.1 Objectives
3.2 Introduction
3.3 5’- Cap formation
3.4 End processing and Polyadenylation
3.5 Splicing and editing
3.6 Nuclear export of mRNA
3.7 Summary
3.8 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 4: Translation
4.1 Objectives
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Genetic code
4.4 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Translation
4.5 Regulation of Translation
4.6 Post-translation modifications of Proteins
4.7 Summary
4.8 Terminal Questions and Answers

Block II: Biotechnology

Unit 5: Recombinant DNA Technology

28
 5.1 Objectives
5.2 Introduction
5.3 Gene cloning - the basic steps
5.4 Restriction enzymes – ligase, linkers and adaptors. cDNA transformation
5.5 Selection of Recombinants
5.6 Hybridization Techniques
5.6.1 Blotting techniques: Southern blotting, Northern blotting and Western blotting
5.7 Gene probe - Molecular finger printing (DNA finger printing)
5.8 Molecular Markers in genome analysis (RFLP, RAPD and AFLP)
5.9 Genomic Library
5.10 Summaries
5.11 Terminal Question and Answers
Unit 6: Cloning Vectors
6.1 Objectives
6.2 Introduction
6.3 Plasmid Biology
6.4 Cloning Vector
6.4.1 Yeast
6.4.2 E. coli
6.4.3 PBR 322
6.5 Summary
6.6 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 7: Animal Biotechnology and its Application
7.1 Objectives
7.2 Introduction
7.3 Cell, Organ and Whole embryo culture
7.4 In-vitro fertilization (IVF) technology
7.4.1 Dolly, Embryo transfer in human
7.5 Transgenic animal
7.6 Human gene therapy, Cryobiology
7.7 Summary
7.8 Terminal Questions and Answers

Suggested Readings:

1. Brooker: Genetics : Analysis and Principles (1999, Addison-Wesley)

2. Gardner et al: Principles of Genetics (1991, John Wiley)
3. Griffith et al: An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (2005, Freeman)
4. Hartl & Jones: Essential Genetics: A Genomic Perspective (2002, Jones & Bartlet)
5. Russell: Genetics (2002, Benjamin Cummings)
6. Snustad & Simmons: Principles of Genetics (2006, John Wiley)
Biotechnology:
1. Purohit, S.S. and S.K.Mathur. 1999. Biotechnology Fundamentals and Application. Agro Botanica, New Delhi.
2. R.C. Dubey 2001 A text book of biotechnology. Rajendra Ravindra Printer. New Delhi.
3. T.A. Brown 2004 Gene cloning and DNA analysis. Blackwell Science, Osney Mead, Oxford.
4. Dawson, M.T., Powell .R, and Gannon, F. 1996. Gene Technology. Bios Scientific Publishers.

29
SOS/MSCZO508/ Environmental biology M.Sc. Zoology 2nd Sem.

Course III: Environmental biology (MSCZO -508)

Course Objectives:

1. To generate up-to-date knowledge on environmental conservation and management through a

comprehensive understanding of the components of ecosystem, biological cycles, habitat ecology,
resource ecology, pollution and its management
2. To develop understanding on the evolutionary approach – how animals behave (i.e., the proximate, or
mechanistic perspective) and why they behave in a certain way (i.e., the ultimate, or evolutionary
perspective)
3. To develop the understanding on the ecological realm of biology that integrates the interactions and
interdependencies between organisms and their environment

Syllabus:
Community Ecology Nature of Community, Community Structure, Level of species diversity,
Edges & Ecotone. Ecology of population: Characteristic of population, Population growth curve,
Population regulation Life history strategies (R & K selection), Population age structure,
Population Growth Curves/forms: Growth of organism with non overlapping generation, model of
population growth, matrix. Models of prey-predation dynamics, optimal foraging theory and role
of predation in nature. Intra-specific and inter-specific competition, niche concepts and Symbiosis.
Succession: Type of Ecological Succession, Concept of Climax. Environmental Pollution, Global
environmental changes, Principle of Conservation. Major drivers of diversity changes.

Block I: Environmental biology

Unit 1: Ecology of population
Unit 2: Population Growth
Unit3: Predation

Block II
Unit4: Competition and niche theory
Unit5: Community Ecology and Ecological Succession
Unit6: Applied Ecology and Conservation Biology

30
SOS/MSCZO508/ Environmental biology M.Sc. Zoology 2nd Sem.
Environmental biology
UNIT WISE CONTENTS (MSCZO-508)

Block I: Environmental biology

Unit 1: Ecology of population
1.1 Objectives
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Characteristic of population
1.4 Population growth curve
1.5 Population regulation
1.6 Life history strategies (R & K selection)
1.7Age structure Population
1.7 Summary
1.8 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 2: Population Growth
2.1 Objectives
2.2 Introduction
2.3. Growth of organism with non overlapping generation
2.4 Stochastic and time lag model of population growth
2.5 Exponential growth, Verhulst–Pearl logistic growth model
2.6 Stable age distribution
2.7 Population growth projection using Leslie Matrix
2.8 Summary
2.9 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 3: Predation
3.1 Objectives
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Patterns of abundance
3.4 Models of Prey-Predation dynamics
3.5 Optimal foraging theory
3.5.1 Patch choice
3.5.2 Diet
3.5.3 Prey
3.5.4 Selectivity
3.5.5 Foraging time
3.6 Role of predation in nature
3.7 Summary
3.8 Terminal Questions and Answers

31
Block II
Unit 4: Competition and Niche theory
4.1 Objectives
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Competition
4.3.1 Intra-specific competition
4.3.2 Inter-specific competition
4.4 History of niche concepts
4.5 Symbiosis
4.6 Summary
4.7 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit 5: Community Ecology and Ecological Succession

5.1 Objectives
5.2 Introduction
5.3 Nature of Community
5.4 Community Structure
5.5 Level of species diversity
5.6 Edges & Ecotones
5.7 Succession & Type of Ecological Succession
5.8 Concept of Climax
5.9 Summary
5.10 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 6: Applied Ecology and Conservation Biology
6.1 Objectives
6.2 Introduction
6.3 Environmental Pollution
6.4 Global environmental changes
6.5 Principle of Conservation
6.6 Major drivers of diversity changes
6.7 Summary
6.8 Terminal Questions and Answers

32
SOS/MSCZO509/ Animal behavior M.Sc. Zoology 2nd Sem.

Course IV: Animal behavior (MSCZO-509)

Syllabus:

Migratory Behavior: Migrations of fishes, turtles and birds. Evolution of mutualism, interaction between
plants and pollinators, basic models of interactions. Genetic and environmental development of behavior.
Neural and hormonal control of behavior. Modes of communication. Ecological aspect of behavior:
Habitat and food selection, aggression, homing, territoriality, dispersal and host parasite relations. Social
behavior: Aggression, group and kin selection/Altruistic Behavior. Reproductive behavior: Sex and
reproductive strategies, selection, mating and courtship. Biological rhythms: Circadian, Circa-annual.
Learning and Memory: Conditioning, habituation, Insight and association learning, reasoning and
cognitive skills.

Block I: Animal behavior

Unit 1: Concept and Classification

Unit 2: Control of behavior
Unit 3: Developmental of behavior
Unit 4: Communication
Unit 5: Ecological aspect of behavior

Block II
Unit6: Social behavior
Unit7: Reproductive behavior
Unit8: Biological rhythms
Unit9: Learning and Memory

33
SOS/MSCZO509/ Animal behavior M.Sc. Zoology 2nd Sem.

Animal behavior
UNIT WISE CONTENTS (MSCZO-509)
Block I: Animal behavior

Unit 1: Concept and classification

1.1 Objectives
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Ethology as a branch of biology
1.4 Animal psychology
1.4.1 Classification of behavioral patterns
1.4.2 Analysis of behavior (Ethogram)
1.5 Innate Behavior
1.6 Summary
1.7 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 2: Control of behavior
2.1 Objectives
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Neural behavior
2.4 Hormonal behavior
2.5 Summary
2.6 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 3: Developmental behavior
3.1 Objectives
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Genetic components
3.4 Environmental components
3.5 Summary
3.6 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 4: Communication
4.1 Objectives
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Chemical
4.4 Visual
4.5 Light
4.6 Audio
4.7 Specific specificity of Songs
4.8 Evolution of Language (primates)
4.9 Summary
4.10 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit 5: Ecological aspects of behavior

5.1 Objectives
5.2 Introduction
5.3 Habitat selection
5.4 Food selection

34
 5.5 Optimal forage theory
5.6 Anti predation defenses
5.7 Aggression
5.8 Homing
5.9 Territoriality
5.10 Dispersal
5.11 Host parasite relations
5.12 Summary
5.13 Terminal Questions and Answers

Block II
Unit 6: Social behavior
6.1 Objectives
6.2 Introduction
6.3 Aggression
6.3.1 Schooling in fishes
6.3.2 Flocking in birds
6.3.3 Herding in mammals
6.4 Group selection
6.4.1 Kin selection
6.5 Social organization in Insects and Primates
6.6 Summary
6.7 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit 7: Reproductive behavior

7.1 Objectives
7.2 Introduction
7.3 Evolution of Sex and Reproductive strategies
7.4 Mating systems
7.5 Courtship
7.6 Sperm competition
7.7 Sexual selection
7.8 Summary
7.9 Terminal Question and Answers
Unit 8: Biological rhythms
8.1 Objectives
8.2 Introduction
8.3 Circadian and Circa-annual rhythms
8.4 Orientations and navigation
8.5 Migration of fishes, turtles and birds
8.6 Summary
8.7 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit 9: Learning and Memory

9.1 Objectives
9.2 Introduction
9.3 Conditioning
9.4 Habituation
9.5 Insight learning
9.6 Association learning

35
 9.7 Reasoning
9.8 Cognitive skills
9.9 Summary
9.10 Terminal Questions and Answers

Suggested Readings:
Animal Behavior
1. Drickamer & Vessey : Animal Behaviour – concepts, processes and methods (2nd ed. 1986, Wadsworth,)
2. Freeland: Problems in Practical Advanced Level Biology (1985, Hodder & Stoughton,)
3. Goodenough et al.: Perspectives on Animal Behaviour (1993, Wiley)
4. Grier: Biology of Animal Behaviour (1984, Mosby)
5. Lorenz: The Foundation of Ethology (1981, Springer)
6. Manning & Dawkins: An Introduction to Animal Behaviour (5th ed. 1998, Cambridge).
7. Mcfarland : Animal Behaviour, Psychology, Ethology and Evolution (1985, Pitman).
8. Slater: An Introduction to Ethology (1985, Cambridge).

Ecology & Environmental Biology

1. Cunningham and Cunningham: Environmental Science (2003, McGraw Hill)
2. Odum: Fundamental of Ecology (1971, Saunders)
3. Raven, Berg and Jhonson: Environment (1993, Saunders)
4. Ricklefs: Ecology (1990, Freeman)
5. Sharma: Ecology and Environment (2003, Rastogi)
6. Turk and Turk: Environmental Science (1998, Saunders)

36
SOS/MSCZO510(L)/ Practical Zoology M.Sc. Zoology 2nd Sem

Course V: Laboratory Exercise (MSCZO-510) Practical Zoology

Unit 01: Cytology Experiment

Unit 02: Experiment on Genetics
Unit 03: Experiment on Ecology
Unit 04: Study of permanent cytological slide

37
SOS/MSCZO510(L)/ Practical Zoology M.Sc. Zoology 2nd Sem.

Course V: Laboratory Exercise (MSCZO-510) Practical Zoology

UNIT WISE CONTENTS (MSCZO-510)

Unit 01: Cytology Experiment

1.1 Objectives
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Study of different stages of Mitosis with the help of Onion Root Tip.
1.4 Study of different stages of Meiosis with the help of Grasshopper testis.
1.5 Laboratory preparation of following models using beads and wire:
1.5.1 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
1.5.2 DNA and RNA bases
1.5.3 Nucleosides
1.5.4 Nucleotides

Unit 02: Experiment on Genetics

2.1 Objectives
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Morphological study of Drosophila for Genetic Traits
2.4 Preparation of chromosomal maps in Drosophila based on percent of crossing over.
2.5 Genetics exercise (data to be provided)
2.6 Summary
2.7 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit 3: Experiments on Ecology: Calculation of the following shall be done on the basis of given data

3.1 Objectives
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Calculation of similarity index between different communities
3.4 Calculation of concentration of dominance for different communities
3.5 Calculation of Shannon Weiner Index of diversity in different communities
3.6 Calculation of similarity index between different communities.
3.7 Calculation of concentration of dominance for different communities.
3.8 Determination of dissolved oxygen.
3.9 Determination of free CO2 in water sample.

Unit: 04 study of permanent cytological slide

4.1 Objectives
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Prepared slide study of Meiosis and Mitosis
4.4 Summary
4.5 Terminal Questions and Answers

38
SOS/MSCZO601/ Chordate Biology M.Sc. Zoology 3rd Sem.
M.Sc. Final
Course I: Vertebrates (MSCZO-601)
Course objectives:

1.To understand the systemic and morphology) of various groups of chordates.

2. To understand the origin and evolutionary patterns of chordate.
2. To study their affinities and adaptations to different modes of life.
3. To Understand the general features of animal life cycles and forms of reproduction
4. To describe the general features used to classify animal groups such as type of symmetry, number of
tissue layers, body cavities, segmentation and cephalization, distinctive larval forms
5. To understand the general features of animal life cycles and forms of reproduction
6. To describe the structure and function of animals in general at the cellular, tissue and organ level of
structural organization.
7. To study the comparative endocrinology, anatomy, morphology and histology of endocrine tissues of
vertebrates organs and their functions.
8. To imbibe the current knowledge pertaining to the development of animal embryos of diverse
taxonomic groups through experimental analyses based on modern biological tool.

Syllabus
Classification of the chordates up to order level and characteristic features. Origin, evolution and adaptive
radiation of chordates. Salient features and affinities of Protochordates. Origin, evolution and general
characters of Agnatha : Ostracoderms and Cyclostomes. The early Gnathostomes (Placoderms). General
account of the Elasmobranchii, Holocephali, Dipnoi and Crossopterygii. Adaptive radiation in bony fishes.
Origin, evolution and adaptive radiation of Amphibia. Origin and evolution of Reptiles: Seymouria and
Cotylosauria. Skull of Reptiles. Venom in Ophidians. Dinosaurs. Living fossil: a brief account of
Rhynchocephalia. Chelonia, Crocodilia and Squamata. Origin and evolution of birds. Origin of flight:
Flight adaptations. Ratitae (Flightless Birds). Modifications of Beak, Feet and Palate in Birds. Migration.
Origins of mammals: Organisation, distribution and affinities of primitive mammals (Prototheria and
Metatheria).

39
SOS/MSCZO601/ Chordate Biology M.Sc. Zoology 3rd Sem.
Course I: Vertebrates (MSCZO-601)

UNIT SCHEDULE:
Block I: Biology of chordates

Unit 1: Taxonomy and Origin of Chordates

Unit 2: Protochordates
Unit 3: Agnatha & Gnathostomes
Unit 4: Pisces

Block II:
Unit 5: Amphibia
Unit 6: Reptilia
Unit 7: Aves
Unit 8: Mammalia

40
SOS/MSCZO601/ Chordate Biology M.Sc. Zoology 3rd Sem.

Vertebrates (MSCZO-601)
UNIT WISE CONTENTS (MSCZO-601)
Block I: Biology of chordates
Unit 1: Taxonomy and Origin of chordates
1.1 Objectives
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Classification of the Chordates up to order level
1.4 Habit & Habitats
1.5 Characteristic features
1.6 Origin, evolution and Adaptive Radiation of Chordates
1.7 Summary
1.8 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 2: Protochordates
2.1 Objectives
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Salient features of Protochordates
2.3.1 Hemichordata
2.3.2 Urochordata
2.3.3 Cephalochordata
2.4 Affinities and Interrelations
2.5 Summary
2.6 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 3: Agnatha & Gnathostomes
3.1 Objectives
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Origin and evolution of Agnatha: Ostracoderms and Cyclostomes
3.3.1 General characters of Agnatha
3.4 The early Gnathostomes (Placoderms)
3.5 Affinities and organization of Agnatha and Gnathostomes
3.6 Summary
3.7 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit 4: Pisces
4.1 Objectives
4.2 Introduction
4.3 A general account of the Elasmobranchii, Holocephali, Dipnoi and Crossoptergii
4.4 Adaptive radiation in bony fishes
4.5 Affinities and phylogenetic significance of fishes
4.6 Summary
4.7 Terminal Questions and Answers

41
Block II
Unit 5: Amphibia:
5.1 Objectives
5.2 Introduction
5.3 Origin, evolution and adaptive radiation of Amphibia
5.4 Axolotl larva and its evolutionary significance
5.5 Affinities of Pisces and Amphibia
5.6 Summary
5.7 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit 6: Reptilia
6.1 Objectives
6.2 Introduction
6.3 Origin, Evolution and Adaptive Radiation of Reptiles: Seymouria and Cotylosauri
6.3.1 General account and affinities
6.4 Skull of Reptiles
6.5 Venom in Ophidians
6.6 Dinosaurs
6.7 Living Reptiles a brief account of
6.7.1 Rhynchocephalia
6.7.2 Chelonia
6.7.3 Crocodilia
6.7.4 Squamata
6.8 Summary
6.9 Terminal Questions and Answer
Unit 7: Aves
7.1 Objectives
7.2 Introduction
7.3 Origin and Evolution of birds
7.4 Origin of flight: Flight adaptations
7.5 Ratitae (Flightless Birds)
7.6 Modifications of Beak, Feet and Palate in Birds
7.7 Affinities of birds
7.8 Birds migration
7.9 Summary
7.10 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 8: Mammalia
8.1 Objectives
8.2 Introduction
8.3 Origin of Mammals
8.4 Organisation, Distribution and Affinities of Primitive Mammals (Prototheria and Metatheria)
8.5 General account on Adaptive Radiations in Mammals
8.6 Dentition in Mammals
8.7 Dentition, Stomach and Uterus modifications in Aquatic Mammals
8.8 Summary
8.9 Terminal Questions and Answers

42
Suggested Readings:

1. E.J.W. Barrington, General and Comparative Endocrinology, Oxford, Clarendon Press.

2. R.H. Williams, Textbook of Endocrinology, W.B. Saunders
3. Mathews, C. K., Van Holde, K. E. & Ahern K. G. (2001). Biochemistry.3 ed. Person
Education.
4. Metzler, D. E. (2003). Biochemistry: The Chemical reactions of living cell.. Vol. 1 & 2.
Academic Press.
5. Murray, R. K., Granner, P., Mayes A. & Rodwell, V. W. (2003). Harper’s Illustrated
Biochemistry. 25 ed. McGraw-Hill.
6. Nelson, D. L. & Cox. M. M. (2004). Lehninger’s Principles of Biochemistry. 2nd ed.,
Macmillan Worth Publishers.
7. Switzer, R. L. & Garrity, L. F. (1999). Experimental Biochemistry. W. H. Freeman &
Company.
8. Voet, D., Voet, J. G. & Pratt C. W. (1999). Fundamentals of Biochemistry. Upgrade
edition. John Wiley & Sons.

9.Parker and Haswell: TextBook of Zoology, Vol. II (1978, ELBS)

10. Kotpal: The Birds (4th ed 1999, Rastogi Publications)

11. Sinha, Adhikari and Ganguli: Biology of Animals, Vol. II (1988, New Central Book Agency)

43
SOS/MSCZO602/ Developmental Biology M.Sc. Zoology 3rd Sem.

Developmental Biology (MSCZO-602)

Syllabus
Structure of gametes, sperms, egg, Mechanism of fertilization, Pre fertilization and Post fertilization,
Mechanism of cleavage, determinate and indeterminate cleavage, influence of yolk on cleavage, metabolic
changes during cleavage, morulation and blastulation in frog , chick and rabbit, types of blastulae. Major
events of gastrulation, cellular machenism, comparative account and significance of gastrulation. Early
vertebrate development: Neurulation and ectoderm origin. Primary Nurulation, Secondary Nurulation,
Mesoderm and Endoderm. Organogenesis. Organizer Concept: Embryonic induction, primary organiser
and its morphological differentiation, origin of primary organiser, inductive interactions, nature of
inductive signal (Possible mechanism of neural induction), competence. Differentiation: Cellular basis,
embryonic induction, primary organiser and its morphological differentiation, origin of primary organiser,
inductive interactions, nature of inductive signal (Possible mechanism of neural induction), competence.
Metamorphosis: Kinds of metamorphosis , metamorphosis in Amphibia, Physiological and biochemical
changes during metamorphosis, hormonal control of metamorphosis. Genetic and environmental
teratogenesis, developmental mechanisms of teratogenesis.

Block I: Developmental Biology

Unit 1: Concept of Developmental Biology
Unit 2: Gamete and Fertilization
Unit 3: Cleavage, Blastulation and Gastrulation
Unit 4: Early Development

Block II:
Unit 5: Organogenesis and Organizer Concept
Unit 6: Regeneration and Metaplasia
Unit 7: Metamorphosis
Unit 8: Teratogenesis

44
 SOS/MSCZO602/ Developmental Biology M.Sc. Zoology 3rd Sem.

Developmental Biology (MSCZO -602)

UNIT WISE CONTENTS (MSCZO-602)

Block I: Developmental Biology

Unit 1: Concept of Developmental Biology
1.1 Objectives
1.2 Introduction
1.3 History of Development
1.3 Principal feature and patterns of development
1.3.1 Coelom
1.3.2 Segmentation
1.3.3 Somites
1.3.4 Diploblast
1.3.5 Protostomes and Deuterostomes
1.3.6 Development in Eukaryotes
1.4 Summary
1.5 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit 2: Gamete and Fertilization

2.1 Objectives
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Ultra structure of Gamete
2.3.1 Sperms
2.3.2 Egg
2.4 Mechanism of Fertilization
2.4.1 Pre Fertilization
2.4.2 Post Fertilization
2.4.3 Biochemistry of Fertilization
2.5 Summary
2.6 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 3: Cleavage, Blastulation and Gastrulation
3.1 Objectives
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Patterns of Cleavage
3.4 Determinate and Indeterminate Cleavage
3.5 Influence of Yolk on Cleavage
3.6 Metabolic Changes during Cleavage
3.7 Morulation and Blastulation in Frog, Chick and Rabbit
3.8 Types of Blastulae
3.9 Major events of Gastrulation and Fate maps
3.10 Morphogenetic movements in Frog, Chick and Rabbit
3.11 Significance of Gastrulation and Exogastrulation
3.12 Summary
3.13 Terminal Questions and Answers

45
 Unit4: Early Development
4.1 Objectives
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Neurulation and Ectoderm origin and fate of Neural Crest cells
4.3.1 Neurulation
4.3.2 Primary Neurulation
4.3.3 Secondary Neurulation
4.4 Development of Mesoderm
4.5 Development of Endoderm
4.6 Summary
4.7 Terminal Questions and Answers

Block II:
Unit 5: Organogenesis and Organizer Concept
5.1 Objectives
5.2 Introduction
5.3 Development of organs in Chick
5.3.1 Brain, Eye and Heart
5.4 Embryonic induction
5.5 Primary organiser and its Morphological Differentiation
5.6 Origin of primary Organiser, Inductive Interactions
5.7 Nature of Inductive Signal (Possible mechanism of neural induction)
5.8 Competences
5.9 Summary
5.10 Terminal Question and Answers
Unit 6: Regeneration and Metaplasia
6.1 Objectives
6.2 Introduction
6.3 Distribution of Regenerative Ability
6.4 Polarity in Regeneration
6.5 Mechanism of regeneration of Amphibian limb and lens
6.6 Metaplasia
6.7 Super-regeneration and heteromorphosis
6.8 Summary
6.9 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 7: Metamorphosis
7.1 Objectives
7.2 Introduction
7.3 Kinds of Metamorphosis
7.4 Metamorphosis in Amphibia
7.5 Physiological and Biochemical changes during Metamorphosis
7.6 Hormonal control of Metamorphosis
7.7 Summary
7.8 Terminal Question and Answers

46
Unit 8: Teratogenesis
8.1 Objectives
8.2 Introduction
8.3 Types of teratogenesis
8.3.1 Mechanisms of genetic and environmental teratogenesis
8.3.2 Phenocopies
8.3.3 Developmental mechanisms of teratogenesis
8.4 Summary
8.5 Terminal Questions and Answers

47
SOS/MSCZO603/ Bioinformatics & Biostatistics M.Sc. Zoology 3rd Sem.

Course III: Bioinformatics & Biostatistics (MSCZO -603)

Course objectives:

1. To study the application of information sciences (mathematics, statistics and computer sciences) in
biology.
2. To study the application of information technology to the management and analysis of biological data.
3. To acquire a basic knowledge of the microbes in general and of the environmental, medical and
industrial important microbes in particular in order to have an integrated approach in biology.
4. To know the basics of sterilization and culture methods.
5. To acquire a basic knowledge of the microbes in general and of the environmental, medical and
industrial important microbes in particular in order to have an integrated approach in biology. Also, to
know the basics of sterilization and culture methods
6. To familiarize the use of the data and techniques of engineering and technology in biology for the study
of living organisms, or derivatives of thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use.
Also, to find solution of problems concerning human activities including agriculture, medical
treatment, industry and environment
Syllabus
Basics of Computer, Applications of bioinformatics, Scope of bioinformatics, Primary, secondary
and composite databases, Nucleotide sequence databases, Protein sequence databases, Gene Expression
Database and Structural databases. Computational tools and biological databases, National centre for
Biotechnology information (NCBI), European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI), EMBL Nucleotide Sequence
Database, DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ), Swiss-Prot. The evolutionary basis of sequence alignment,
Database similarity searching, Sequence Similarity search tools: BLAST and FASTA, Concept of
Alignment, Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA), Percent Accepted Mutation (PAM), Blocks of Amino
Acid and Substitution Matrix (BLOSUM). Database submission, Data retrieval, Relationship between
sequence and biological functions. Importance of statistics in biological research. Calculation of Measures
Central tendency and Variability Concepts of co-efficient of variation, skewness and kurtosis. Simple
correlation and linear regression (scatter diagram, regression coefficients, and regression lines).
Unit Schedule:
Block I: Bioinformatics
Unit1: Biological Databases
Unit2: Database and search tool
Unit3: Sequence alignment and database searching
Unit4: Computational Tools for DNA Sequence Analysis
Block II: Biostatistics
Unit 5: Introduction to Biostatistics
Unit 6: Measures of central tendency and variability
Unit7. Correlation and Regression

48
SOS/MSCZO603/ Bioinformatics & Biostatistics M.Sc. Zoology 3rd Sem.

Course III: Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Computer Application)

(MSCZO-603)

Block I: Bioinformatics
Unit 1: Biological Databases
1.1 Objectives
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Scope and applications of bioinformatics
1.4 Primary, secondary and composite databases
1.4.1 Nucleotide sequence databases
1.4.2 Protein sequence databases
1.4.3 Gene Expression Database and Structural databases
1.5 Summary
1.6 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 2: Database and search tool
2.1 Objectives
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Computational tools and biological databases
2.3.1 National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
2.3.2 European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI)
2.3.3 EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database
2.3.4 DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ)
2.3.5 Swiss-Prot
2.4 Summary
2.5Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 3: Sequence alignment and database searching
3.1 Objectives
3.2 Introduction
3.3 The evolutionary basis of sequence alignment
3.4 Database similarity searching
3.4.1 Sequence Similarity search tools: BLAST and FASTA
3.5 Concept of Alignment
3.5.1 Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA)
3.5.3 Percent Accepted Mutation (PAM)
3.5.4 Blocks of Amino Acid and Substitution Matrix (BLOSUM)
3.6 Summary
3.7 Terminal Questions and Answers

49
Unit 4: Computational Tools for DNA Sequence Analysis
4.1 Objectives
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Database submission
4.4 Data retrieval
4.5 Relationship between sequence and biological functions
4.6 Molecular Phylogeny
4.8 Consistency of Molecular Phylogenetic Prediction
4.9 Application of bioinformatics
4.10 Summary
4.11 Terminal Questions and Answers
Block II: Biostatistics
Unit 5: Introduction to Biostatistics
5.1 Objectives
5.2 Introduction
5.3 Statistical symbols
5.4 Scope & Applications of biostatistics
5.5 Collection, organization and representation of data
5.6 Importance of statistics in biological research
5.7 Summary
5.8 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit 6: Measures of central tendency and variability

6.1 Objectives
6.2 Introduction
6.3 Mean, Mode & Median
6.4 Mean deviation
6.5 Standard deviation & Standard error
6.6 Variance and coefficient of variation
6.7 Chi –Square test
6.8 Student T - test
6.9 Summary
6.10 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit7: Correlation and Regression
7.1 Objectives
7.2 Introduction
7.3 Types of correlation
7.3.1 Simple correlation and linear regression
7.3.2 Methods of studying correlation
7.4 Regression analysis
7.4.1 Uses of regression analysis
7.5 Summary
7.6 Terminal questions and Answers

50
SOS/MSCZO604/Microbiology & Immunology M.Sc. Zoology 3rd Sem.

Microbiology & Immunology (MSCZO-604)

Syllabus:
History and importance of microbiology. Techniques of microbial sterilization and culture. Environmental
Microbiology: effects of microbes on air, water and soil. Role of microorganisms in the productivity of
ecosystems. Interactions between microorganisms, plants and animals. Introduction to immune system:
Resistance and immunity, Active vs. passive immunity. Application of immunological principles.
Characteristic and uses of ideal adjuvants, natural and chemically defined adjuvant and their role on
immunodulation. Antigen and Antibody. In vitro reactions : Phagocytosis, Precipitation and agglutination
and biological activity of complement fixation and cytolysis. In vivo reactions: Hyper sensitivity
classification and mechanism of In vivo reactions and hypersensitivity. Tissue transplantation: Graft vs.
host reactions, Tissue typing, Immunology of rejection, organ transplantation, selective transplantation,
Immuno-suppression and principles of autoimmunity.

Block I: Microbiology

Unit 1: Structure and Classification of Microbiology

Unit 2: Techniques of Sterilization and Culture
Unit 3: Environmental Microbiology
Unit 4: Clinical Microbiology

Block II: Immunology

Unit 5: Introduction to immune system
Unit 6: Application of immunological principles
Unit 7: Adjuvant
Unit 8: Antigen & Antibody
Unit 9: In vitro& In vivo reactions

51
SOS/MSCZO604/Microbiology & Immunology M.Sc. Zoology 3rd Sem.

Microbiology & Immunology (MSCZO-604)

Unit Schedule:
Block I: Microbiology
Unit 1: Structure and Classification of Microbiology

1.1 Objectives
1.2 Introduction
1.3 History and importance of microbiology
1.4 Structures and classification of virus, bacteria and fungi
1.4.1 Morphology and Physiology of Bacteria and Virus
1.5.1Chemical composition of virus & Bacteria
1.5.2 Reproduction of virus & Bacteria
1.6 Summary
1.7 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 2: Techniques of Sterilization and Culture
2.1 Objectives
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Sterilization: Principles - dry heat, moist heat, filtration
2.3.1 Tantalization, pasteurization
2.3.2 Radiation - disinfection
2.4 Culture techniques - media preparation
2.4.1 Aerobic and anaerobic culture techniques
2.5 Different Staining methods
2.6 Summary
2.7 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 3: Environmental Microbiology
3.1 Objectives
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Microbial ecology
3.3.1 Role of microorganisms in the productivity of ecosystems
3.3.2 Interactions between microorganisms and animals
3.4 Microbiology of Soil
3.4.1Types of microorganisms in soil
3.4.2 Factors for microbial growth
3.4.3 Soil enzymes
3.5 Microbiology of Water
3.5.1 Microorganisms of water
3.5.2 Microbiology of potable water
3.5.3 Purification of water
3.5.4 Microbiology of sewage & Bioremediation
3.6. Airborne diseases
3.7 Summary
3.8 Terminal Questions and Answers

52
Unit 4: Clinical Microbiology
4.1 Objectives
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Pathogenic microbes of bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoan diseases
4.4 Preventive measures of cure and control of microbial pathogens
4.5 Classifications, source and mode of action of Antibiotics
4.6 Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus case studies, collection, identification and causative
Agents
4.7 AIDS Virus
4.8 Summary
4.9 Terminal Questions and Answers

Block 1I: Immunology

Unit 5: Introduction to immune system
5.1 Objectives
5.2 Introduction
5.3 Resistance and immunity
5.3.1 Cellular immunity v/s humoral immunity
5.3.2 Active v/s passive immunity
5.4 Summary
5.5 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 6: Application of immunological principles
6.1 Objectives
6.2 Introduction
6.3 Diagnostics
6.3.1 Vidal test
6.3.2 ELISA test
6.4 Vaccines
6.5 Active vs. passive immunity
6.6 Summary
6.7 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 7: Adjuvant
7.1 Objectives
7.2 Introduction
7.3 Characteristic and uses of ideal adjuvant
7.4 Natural and chemically defined adjuvant and their role on immunodulation
7.5 Summary
7.6 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 8: Antigen v/s Antibody
8.1 Objectives
8.2 Introduction
8.3 Antigenic determination
8.4 Haptens and antigenicity
8.5 Theories of antibody formation
8.6 Structure and classification of immunoglobulin’s and their properties
8.7 immunoglobulin’s synthesis at molecular level
8.8 Summary
8.9 Terminal Questions and Answers

53
Unit 9: In vitro & In vivo reactions
9.1 Objectives
9.2 Introduction
9.3 Phagocytosis
9.4 Precipitation and agglutination
9.5 Biological activity of complement fixation and cytolysis
9.6 Mechanism of In vivo reactions and hypersensitivity
9.7 Summary
9.8 Terminal Questions and Answers

Suggested Readings:
Biostatistics & Bioinformatics
1. Statistics – SP Gupta 1996 S. Chand and Co., New Delhi.
2. Jerold H. Zar Bio statistical analysis [2nd Edition] Printice Hall of International edition, 1984
3. Goutham Roy. Introduction to Computing and Computing lab and Cad[2002] Books and allied [pvt] Ltd. Kolkata
4. MS. OFFICE for Win-Microsoft office press.
5. Developing Application with MS. OFFICE – Christine. Solomon- Microsoft Office Press.
6. Developing Bioinformatics Computer Skills Cynthia Gibbs, Sheoff Publishers & Distribtors Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai.
7. Arthur. M. Lesk, Introduction to Bioinformatics, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2003.
8. Arthur. M.Lesk, Introduction to Protein Structures Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2000
9. Baxevanis, A and Outllette. Bioinformatics a practical guide to the analysis of genes and proteins, Wily -
Interscience, Hoboken, NJ. USA 2005.
Microbiology:
1. Tortora, G.J., Funke, R.B. and Case, C.L. 1992. Microbiology - An Introduction. The Benjamin / Cummings
Publishing Co., Inc. Sydney.
2. Black, J.G. 1999. Microbiology - Principles and Explorations. John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York.
3. Atlas, R.M. 1995. Principles of Microbiology. Mosby - Year Book Inc.
4. Pelczer, M.J., Reid, R.D. and Chan, E.C.S. 1996. Microbiology. Tata McGraw Hill Co., Ltd. New Delhi.
5. Prescott L.M. Harley J.O. Klein D.A. 1990. Microbiology. WCB Publishers, Sydney.
6. Ananthanaryanan, T. and Paniker, J.C.K. 2000. Text Book of Microbiology Oriental Longman Ltd., Madras.
7. Ahmed, M. and Basumatary. S.K. 2006. Applied Microbiology. MJP Publishers, Chennai.

54
SOS/MSCZO605(L)/ Practical Zoology M.Sc. Zoology 3rd Sem.

Course V: Laboratory Exercise (MSCZO -605(L)) Practical Zoology

Candidates must produce at the time of practical examination their preparations, collection and practical
record books containing a complete record of the laboratory work done during the session. The practical
work shall comprise:

Unit Schedule:
Block I: Vertebrates
Unit 1: Microtome of vertebrate tissues
Unit 2: Study of the skeleton of Frog
Unit 3: Study of permanent slides of Protochordates and chordates
Unit 4: Study of the museum specimens of Protochordata and of the different classes of vertebrates.

Block II: Biostatistics and Microbiology

Unit 5: Exercices on Developmental Biology of Blastula, Gastrula and different stages of chick embryo
and Endocrine glands
Unit 6: Instrumentation
Unit 7: Biostatistics Exercise
Unit 8: Microbiology Experiments

55
SOS/MSCZO605(L)/ Practical Zoology M.Sc. Zoology 3rd Sem.

Course V: Laboratory Exercise (MSCZO -605 L) Practical Zoology

Block I: Vertebrates, Developmental Biology, Biostatistics and Microbiology

Unit 1: Microtome of vertebrate tissues
1.1 Objectives
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Material and methods
1.4 Observation
1.5 Results/ Exercise
Unit 2: Study of the skeleton
2.1 Objectives
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Skeleton study of Frog, Varanus, Chelonia, crocodile, snake, rabbit
2.4 Vertebrae and skull of poisonous and non-poisonous snake
2.5 Gallos and various types of palate
2.6 Skull of bat, dog, hedgehog, monkey, sheep, rodent and other mammal
2.7 Summary
2.8 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 3: Study of permanent slides of Protochordates and chordates
3.1 Objectives
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Study of permanent slides
3.3.1 Protochordates
3.3.2 Chordates
3.4 Summary
3.5 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 4: Study of the museum specimens of Protochordata and of the different classes of vertebrates
4.1 Objective
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Study of Muséum spécimens
4.3.1 Protochordata
4.3.2 Chordata
4.4 Summary
4.5 Terminal Questions and Answers

56
Block II:
Unit 5: Exercices on Developmental Biology & Endocrinology
5.1 Objectives
5.2 Introduction
5.3 Study of eggs from collected / preserved material
5.4 Study of development of frog, chick through models/charts/slides
5.5 Study of chick embryos from 16-18 hrs, 24-28 hrs 33-36 hrs, 42-72 hrs of development (Whole
mount models, charts)
5.6 Study of development of chick by window preparation
5.7 Endocrine glands of rat, insect (Location through models, Charts)
5.8 Endocrine disorders (Photographs)
5.9 Summary
5.10 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 6: Instrumentation
6.1 Objective
6.2 Introduction
6.3 General principle, functioning and utility of some common instruments
6.3.1 Microscopes, Microtome’s, Colorimeter
6.3.2 Spectrophotometer, Centrifuge, Autoclave and Electrophoresis
6.4 Summary
6.5 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 7: Biostatistics Exercise
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Objectives
7.3 .1 Calculation of mean, median, mode, standard deviation, standard error
7.3.2 Chi- square test and Student- t- test from the data provided
7.4 Results
7.5 Summary
7.6 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 8: Microbiology Experiments
8.1 Objectives
8.2 Introduction
8.3 Preparation of culture media for bacteria
8.4 Staining of microorganisms
8.5 Antibiotic sensitivity test
8.6 Bacteriological testing of milk
8.7 Summary
8.8 Terminal Questions and Answers

57
SOS/MSCZO606/ Fish and Fisheries (Structure and Functions) M.Sc. Zoology 4th Sem.

Special/Optional paper
Course I: Fish and Fisheries (Structure and Functions) (MSCZO -606)

Course VIII: Fish and Fisheries (Structure and Functions): Zoo-606

Course objectives
The aim of the paper is to understand the morphology, classification and identification of fishes and the
fisheries and fishery resources of India. Moreover information about the biology of the fishes goes a long
way in managing the fishery resources and their sustainable utilization. As fishes constitute perishable
commodity, preservation and processing are also quite essential.

Syllabus:
Classification of fishes up to order level, habit and habitats, evolutionary trends, significance and affinities
of Holocephali and Dipnoi. Integument and exoskeleton: Epidermis, Dermis, scales, chromatophores and
significance and role of exoskeleton and integument. Locomotion in fishes. Origin and evolution of fins,
types of fins and functions of swim bladder. Locomotor muscle, modes of swimming and hydromechanics
of propulsion and significance of swim bladder in swimming; non swimming locomotion. Nutrition and
digestive system: Food, feeding habits and feeding adaptations/behavior; structure of the alimentary canal
and physiology of digestion and absorption. Blood vascular system: Structure of the Heart; principal blood
vessels and circulation of Blood (elasmobranches, teleost and Dipnoi). Organization of gills in fishes;
structure of a typical teleostean gill: physiology of gill respiration gill ventilation. Gill surface area. Blood
flow through gills. Water-blood barrier. gas exchange at the gill surface and gas exchange between blood
and tissues. Air-breathing fishes: causative factors and structural adaptations. Structure and functions of
the kidney: nitrogenous end products and pattern of their excretion. Water and electrolyte regulation in
marine, freshwater and euryhaline fishes. Structure and functions of the central, Peripheral and autonomic
nervous systems; anatomy and function of the Mauthner neurons. Sensory system Structure and functions
of the sense organs: Eye; visual pigments and vision, Chemoreceptors: Olfactory and gustatory. Biological
significance of chemoreception. Pituitary, Thyroid, Gonads, Adrenal, Endocrine pancreas,
UItimobranchial, Caudal neurosecretory cells and urophysis, Pineal. Fish immune system. Organs of
reproduction; modes of reproduction, viviparity, hormonal and environmental regulation of reproduction.
Reproductive strategies, environmental and endocrine factors regulating reproduction. Reproductive
behavior: Secondary sexual character. Nest building and parental care. patterns of migration. Adaptations:
Coloration, sound production, electric organs, luminescent organs (location, structure, physiology and
biological significance). Adaptations fishes: deep sea, hill-stream and cave-dwelling.

58
Unit Schedule
Block I (External Morphology)

Unit1: Classification and evolutionary trend

Unit 2: Integument and exoskeleton
Unit 3: Fins and Swim bladder
Unit 4: Locomotion

Block II (Physiology)

Unit 5: Digestive System

Unit 6: Circulatory system
Unit 7: Respiratory system
Unit 8: Excretory System
Unit 9: Nervous and Sensory system:
Unit 10: Endocrine System
Unit 11: Immune System
Unit 12: Reproductory system
Unit 13: Adaptations in fishes

59
SOS/MSCZO606/Fish and Fisheries (Structure and Functions) M.Sc. Zoology 4th Sem.

Course I: Fish and Fisheries (Structure and Functions) (MSCZO -606)

UNIT WISE CONTENTS (MSCZO -606)

Block I (External Morphology)

Unit1: Classification and evolutionary trend
1.1 Objectives
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Classification of fishes up to order level
1.4 Habit and habitat
1.5 Distribution pattern
1.6 Summary
1.7 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit 2: Integument and Exosketeton

2.1Objectives
2.2Introduction
2.3 Dermis and Epidermis
2.4 Different Scales & their Modification
2.5 Uses of Scales
2.6 Chromatophores
2.7 Significance of Chromatophores
2.8 Summary
2.9 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit 3: Fins and Swim bladder

3.1 Objectives
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Origin and evolution of fins
3.3.1Types of fins
3.3.2 Structure
3.3.3 Modifications and functions of fins
3.4 Swim bladder species
3.5 Composition of swim bladder gas, its secretion and maintenance
3.6 Structure and functions of swim bladder
3.7 Summary
3.8 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit 4: Locomotion
4.1 Objectives
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Locomotion by body movements
4.4 Locomotion by fins and Tail
4.5 Forces acting on the body for locomotion
4.6 Types of locomotion
4.7 Summary
4.8 Terminal Questions and Answers

60
Block II (Physiology)
Unit 5: Digestive System
5.1 Objectives
5.2 Introduction
5.3 Food resource
5.3.1 Supplementary food and artificial food
5.4 Feeding habits and nutrient requirement for various stages
5.5 Feeding behavior and adaptations of feeding
5.6 Alimentary canal and its modification in relation of food and feeding habits
5.7 Digestion and absorption
5.8 General characteristics, food and feeding habits of fresh water fishes
5.9 Summary
5.10 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 6: Circulatory system
6.1 Objectives
6.2 Summary
6.3 Blood vascular system: Structure of the heart
6.4 Principal blood vessels and circulation of blood (Elasmobranchs, Teleost and Dipnoi)
6.5 Hemodynamics
6.6 Cardiac output
6.7 Circulation time
6.8 Fish haemoglobin
6.9 Summary
6.10 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 7: Respiratory system
7.1 Objectives
7.2 Introduction
7.3 Gills and aquatic respiration
7.4 Organization of gills
7.5 Mechanisms of respiration
7.6 Structure of a typical Teleostean gill
7.6.1 Physiology of gill respiration
7.6.2 Gill ventilation
7.7 Gill surface area
7.8 Counter current principle
7.9 Water flow across the gills
7.10 Gas exchange
7.11 Air-breathing fishes: causative factors and structural adaptations
7.11.1 Accessory respiratory organs and respiratory epithelium
7.12 Summary
7.13 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 8: Excretory System and Osmoregulation
8.1 Objectives
8.2 Structure and functions of the kidney, nitrogenous waste and excretion
8.3 Glomerular and aglomerular kidneys
8.4 Excretion of nitrogenous wastes, water and ion balance

61
 8.5 Urea cycle
8.6 Osmoregulation in Fish
8.7 Stenohaline teleosts
8.8 Euryhaline teleosts
8.9 Migratory teleosts
8.10 Water and electrolyte regulation in marine, freshwater and euryhaline fishes
8.11 Summary
8.12 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 9: Nervous and Sensory system
9.1 Objectives
9.2 Introduction
9.3 Structure and functions of the brain and cranial nerves
9.4 Receptors
9.5 Anatomy and function of the Mauthner neurons
9.6 Structure and functions of the sense organs: eye, visual pigments and vision
9.7 Chemoreceptors: Olfactory, gustatory and electroreceptors
9.8 Biological significance of chemoreception
9.9 Acoustico-lateralis system
9.9.1 Labyrinth
9.9.2 Lateral line organs
9.10 Summary
9.11 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 10: Endocrine System
10.1 Objectives
10.2 Introduction
10.3 Hypothalamo-hypophyseal system
10.4 Neurosecretory system and neuro-hypophyseal hormones
10.5 Functional morphology of pituitary
10.6 Hypothalamic control of pituitary
10.7 Corpuscles of Stannius
10.8 Urophysis
10.9 Pineal
10.10 Summary
10.11 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 11: Immune System
11.1 Objectives
11.2 Introduction
11.3 Development of Immune System
11.4 Cell and tissues of Immune System
11.5 Fish Immune Response Modulation
11.6 Humoral and Cell mediated immune defence
11.7 Fish Antibody Molecule and their effector function
11.8 Host-parasite interaction
11.9 Summary
11.10 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 12:
12.1 Objectives
12.2 Introduction
12.3 Types and mode of reproduction
12.4 Organs of reproduction

62
 12.5 Gametogenesis modes of reproduction viviparity
12.6 Role of environmental factors (photoperiod, temperature, rainfall, salinity) on gonad
12.7 Gonadal steroidogenesis and its control
12.8 Reproductive strategies, environmental and endocrine factors regulating reproductive system
12.9. Sexuality: intersex, bisexuality, hermaphroditism
12.10 Nest building and parental care
12.11 Behavior and cognition patterns of migration
12.12 Summary
12.13 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 13: Adaptations in fishes
13.1 Objectives
13.2 Introduction
13.3 Coloration
13.4 Sound production, electric organs, and luminescent organs
(Species, location, structure, physiology and biological significance)
13.5 Adaptations in deep sea
13.6 Hill-stream and cave-dwelling fishes
13.7 Summary
13.8 Terminal Questions and Answers

Suggested Readings:
1. Day, F. 1981. Fishes of India, Vol.I and Vol. II. William Sawson & Sons Ltd., London.
2. Jhingran, C.G. 1981. Fish and Fisheries of India. Hindustan Publishing Co., India.
3. Maheswari, K. 1993. Common fish diseases and their control. Institute of Fisheries Education, Powakads, M.P.
4. Santhanam,R. 1980. Fisheries Science. Daya Publishing House, New Delhi.
5. Yadav, B.N. 1997. Fish and Fisheries. Daya Publishing House, New Delhi
6. FAO Volumes for fish identification.
7. Bal D.V. and Rao, K.V. 1990. Marine Fisheries of India. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New York.
8. Biswas, K. P. 1996. A Text Book of Fish, Fisheries and Technology. Narendra Publishing House, Delhi.

63
SOS/MSCZO607/ Fish and Fisheries (Applied Ichthyology) M.Sc. Zoology 4th Sem.

(Fish Culture, Breeding and Pathology)

Course II: Fish and Fisheries (Applied Ichthyology): (MSCZO -607)

Course objective:
1. To study the various fish and fishery resources in India
2. To study the aquaculture practices of cold water, sewage fed, exotic fishes, larvivorous and carp fish
3. To understand the various fishing gear, pond and hatchery management and breeding techniques of
various fish species
4. To understand the water quality, phytoplankton, zooplankton and Benthic community on fish production
and health
5. To study the various modes of fish disease and parasites and their management
6. To understand the fish preservation techniques and by products of fishery

Syllabus: survey of the marine, estuarine and inland capture fisheries of India with particular reference to
fishery resources of Uttarakhand. Fish farm: construction and lay out of different types of ponds.
Formulation and operation of different types of hatcheries. Hatchery management. Physico-chemical
properties of pond water and soil and their maintenance. Manuring (organic and inorganic) and liming.
Composite fish farming and polyculture. Predatory and weed fishes and their eradication. Aquatic
vegetation and its control. Biological means of increasing production. Other systems: cage, raft, pens,
raceways. Induced spawning and hybridization. Cold water fishery and its scope in Uttarakhand Sewage-
fed fisheries. Exotic fishes and their role in fish farming. Larvivorous fishes and their role in biological
control of mosquitoes. Carp Culture : Maturation and fecundity, spawning and seed collection, hatching
techniques and hatcheries, rearing, stocking, transport and mortality of fish, composite fish culture.
Integrated Aquaculture: Fish-cum poultry, Fish-cum duckery, Fish-cum piggery, Paddy-cum fish culture.
Nutrition, feeds and Growth: Food and feeding habits of freshwater fishes, prawn, mussel and oysters
Nutrient requirement (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins) for various growth stages of
freshwater carps and fishes. Supplementary feed, Kind of supplementary feeds. Fish preservation, transport
and marketing. Pond Ecology and fish: Effect of various physicochemical properties of pond water on
fishes. Fish disease: Protozoan diseases, Bacterial diseases, Fungal diseases, Bacterial diseases, Viral
disease and Nutritional disease. Fish Parasite: Helminth parasites and Crustacean parasite. Management of
fish disease and parasite.

Block I: General Fishery Management

Unit 1: General fishery resource in India and Uttarakhand
Unit 2: Fish growth and Age
Unit 3: Fish breeding and Spawning
Unit 4: Fish culture systems & management
Unit 5: Inland fishing gears and fishing methods
Block II: Aquaculture Practices
Unit 6: Cold water aquaculture and its scope in Uttarakhand
Unit 7: Exotic fishes and their role in fish farming
Unit 8: Larvivorous fishes and their culture
Unit 9: Integrated Aquaculture
Unit10: Fish nutrition and pathology

64
 SOS/MSCZO607/ Fish and Fisheries (Applied Ichthyology) M.Sc. Zoology 4th Sem.

(Fish Culture, Breeding and Pathology)

Course II: Fish and Fisheries (Applied Ichthyology): (MSCZO -607)

UNIT WISE CONTENTS

Block I: General Fishery Management

Unit 1: General fishery resource in India and Uttarakhand

1.1 Objectives
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Resources
1.3.1 Riverine fisheries
1.3.2 Regulation and exploitation
1.3.3 Improvement of fish stocks
1.3.4 River pollution
1.3.5 Dams, their effect on fish migration and remedial measures
1.4 Lacustrine fishery: management, development and exploitation
1.5 Cold water fishery: management, development and exploitation
1.6 Estuarine fisheries: management, development and exploitation
1.7 Marine fishery: exploitation of marine fishery resources of India
1.8 Summary
1.9 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit 2: Fish growth and Age

2.1 Objectives
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Factors responsible for growth
2.4 Age and growth relationship
2.5 Natural fish food organism & their role in fish growth: Plankton, Benthos.
2.6 Summary
2.7 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 3: Fish Breeding and Spawning
3.1 Objectives
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Factors responsible for induced breeding
3.3.1 Hypophysation
3.3.2 Use of different synthetic and natural hormones, their formulation and
Mechanism of action
3.4 Bundh breeding
3.5 Hapa breeding
3.6 Hatchery management
3.6.1 Flow through hatchery for Mahseer and Trout
3.6.2 Ploidy induction
3.6.3 Production of monosex population
3.6.4 Hybridization
3.6.5 Cryo-preservation of gametes and embryo
3.6.6 Transgenic fish
3.7 Summary
3.8 Terminal Questions and Answers

65
Unit 4: Fish culture systems and management
3.1 Objectives
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Ponds and pond ecology
3.4 Fish farm: construction and lay out of different types of ponds
3.5 Different types of culture system.
3.6 Cultivable indigenous & exotic fishes.
3.7 Pond management: Water, soil, manuring and liming.
3.8 Manuring (organic and inorganic) and liming
3.9 Concept of Composite fish farming and polyculture
3.10 Summary
3.11 Terminal questions and Answers
Unit 5: Inland fishing gears and fishing methods
4.1 Objectives
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Biological factors in fishing
4.4 Types of fishing gears
4.5 Natural and synthetic fibers
4.6 Preparation and maintenance of fishing nets
4.7 Different fishing method
4.8 Summary
4.9 Terminal Questions and Answers
Block II: Aquaculture Practices
Unit 6: Cold water aquaculture and its scope in Uttarakhand
5.1 Objectives
5.2 Introduction
5.3 Scope of aquaculture for sustainable livelihood
5.4 Aquaculture of cold water fishes
5.5 Polyculture of carps
5.6 Sewage feed fisheries
5.7 Summary
5.8 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 7: Exotic fishes and their role in fish farming
6.1 Objectives
6.2 Introduction
6.3 Exotic fishes for aquaculture
6.4 Trout farming in uplands and culture of common carp
6.5 Summary
6.6 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 8: Larvivorous fishes and their culture
7.1 Objectives
7.2 Introduction
7.3 Larvivorous fishes
7.3.1 Indigenous
7.3.2 Exotic
7.3.3 Culture of larvivorous fishes
7.4 Use of larvivorous fishes for biological control
7.5 Summary
7.6 Terminal Questions and Answers

66
Unit 9: Integrated Aquaculture
9.1 Objectives
9.2 Introduction
9.3 Concept of integrated fish farming
9.4 Different practices of integrated fish farming
9.4.1Fish-cum-poultry
9.4.2 Fish-cum-duckery
9.4.3 Fish-cum-piggery
9.4.4 Fish-cum-Horticulture
9.4.5 Paddy-cum-fish culture
9.4.6 Economic and biological importance of integrated fish culture
9.5 Summary
9.6 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 10: Fish nutrition and pathology
10.1 Objectives
10.2 Introduction
10.2.1 Nutritional requirement of fish
10.2.2 Feed and feed formulation
10.2.3 Different type of feed
10.2.4 Artificial feeding
10.2.5 Feeding devices
10.3 Fish diseases and their control
10.3.1 Different fish pathogens: Viral, Bacterial, Fungal and Parasitic
10.3.2 Different fish diseases: Pathogenic, Nutritional, Parasitic and Environmental.
10.3.3 Prophylactic measures to control fish diseases.
10.3.4 Summary
10.3.5 Terminal Questions and Answers

Suggested Readings:
1. Jhingran: Fish and Fisheries of India (1985, Hindustan Publishing Corporation)
2. Khanna and Singh: Textbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries (2003, Narendra Publishing
3. Singh: Advances in Fish Research, Vol. I and II (1993 and 1997, Narendra Publishing House)
4. Srivastava: A Textbook of Fishery Science and Indian Fisheries (1985, Kitab Mahal)
5. Srivastava, Gopalji: Fishes of U.P. and Bihar (2002, Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan)
6. Gupta and Gupta: General and applied Ichthyology (Fish and Fisheries) (2006, Chand)
7. Santhanam: Fisheries Science (1990, Daya Publishing House
8. Pillay, T. V. R. (1993). Aquaculture. Fishing News Books.
9. Srivastava, C. B. L. (1999). Fish Biology. Narendra Pub. House.
10. Ayappan,S.(2011):Hand book of fisheries & Aquaculture, ICAR Publication.

67
SOS/MSCZO608(L)/ Practical Zoology M.Sc. Zoology 4th Sem.

Course III: Laboratory Exercise (MSCZO -608(L)) Practical Zoology

Block II Laboratory Course: Fish and Fisheries

Unit 1: Fish Eco-biology

Unit 2: Fish habitat ecology exercise
Unit 3: Fish Physiology and biochemistry exercises

68
 SOS/MSCZO608(L)/ Practical Zoology M.Sc. Zoology 4th Sem.

Course III: Laboratory Exercise (MSCZO -608(L)) Practical Zoology

UNIT WISE CONTENTS (MSCZO -608(L))

Candidates must produce at the time of practical examination their preparations, collection and practical
record books containing a complete record of the laboratory work done during the session. The practical
work shall comprise:
Block II Laboratory Course: (Fish and Fisheries): (MSCZO -608)

Unit 01: Fish Eco-biology

1.1 Objectives
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Skeletons of Cyprinoid and Siluroid fish
1.4 Taxonomic studies of fresh water fishes
1.5 Observation of length, weight and Length-weight relationship.
1.6 Determination of age & growth.
1.7 Permanent preparation of scales, sensory, ampullae etc.
1.8 Morphometry & Histology of fish body and organs.
1.9 Microscopic study of fish parasite, pathogens, Fungi and pathogenic bacteria.
1.10 Study of pituitary gland & preparation of PGE.
1.11 Study of respiratory organs of fish.
1.12 Study of reproductive organs of fish.
1.13 Study of nervous & sensory organs of fish.
1.14 Summary
1.15 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 02: Fish habitat ecology exercise
2.1 Objectives
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Determination of CO2
2.4 Determination of DO
2.5 Determination of PH
2.6 Determination of turbidity
2.7 Determination of total alkalinity
2.8 Determination of hardness
2.9 Study of pond ecosystem.
2.9.1 Measurement of primary productivity
2.9.2 Microscopic study of plankton.
2.10 Summary
2.11 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit 03: Fish Physiology and biochemistry exercises

3.1 Objectives
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Material and Methods for estimation/counting
3.3.1 Protein
3.3.2 Lipids
3.3.3 Haematological analysis of fish blood.
3.3.4 Hemoglobin in fish blood

69
3.3.5 WBC/ RBC/DLC in fish blood
3.3.6 Results
3.4 Terminal Questions and Answers

70
SOS/MSCZO609/ Dissertation (Fish & Fisheries Science) M.Sc. Zoology 4th Sem.
Credits: 9

Course IV: Dissertation Work (Fish & Fisheries Science) (MSCZO-609)

 Flow through hatchery for mahseer and trout and its operation.
 Polyculture of carp in mid hills condition.
 Study of fish pathogens.
 Fish feed formulation and feeding.
 Induced breeding of carp in coldwater condition.
 Culture of ornamental fishes.
 Common carp breeding.
 Migratory behavior of Golden mahseer.
 Raceways culture of trout.
 Commercial importance of indigenous coldwater fishes.
 Captive breeding of Snow-trout (Schizothorax richardsonii).
 Captive breeding of coldwater mirror carp.
 Culture of fish food organism.
 Itchyo-faunal study of Lake.

71
SOS/MSCZO606/ Entomology (Systematic and Applied entomology) M.Sc. Zoology 4th Sem.

Insect Systematic, Ecology and Applied entomology

Course I: Entomology (Systematic and Applied entomology) (MSCZO-610)

Course objectives:

1. To study the historical aspect, origin, evolution and classification of insects

2. To understand the importance of fossil records in insect systematic
3. To study the systematic study of family of various insects orders
4. To study the social behavior and importance of applied entomology : Mulberry sericulture, Non
Mulberry Sericulture, Eri Culture, Muga Culture and Apiculture
5. To study the insects pest of agro horticulture, Food grain, House hold pest, and farm animals
6. To study the integrated pest management using biological, chemical and manual practices

Syllabus: Historical review of insect classification. Phylogeny of Arthropoda and Hexapoda. Introduction
to primitive insects. Origin and evolution of insects with special reference to fossil insects. Causes of
success of insects. Detailed classification, habit and habitats of important and selected super families and
families of the following orders- Thysanura, Collombola Orthoptera, Isoptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera,
Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera. Insect pest: Pests of stored grains: Pests of Sugarcane,
Pests of Cotton, Pests of Cereals, Pests of Vegetables and Pests of Fruits, Causes of success of insects
pests, Origin of insect pests, Factors affecting the abundance of insects. Household pests: cockroaches,
ants, wasps, carpet beetles, furniture beetles and booklice. Pest of farm animals and their control: Blood-
sucking flies. Myiasis flies, Lice and Fleas. Medical entomology: Pests of public importance and their
control, Insect borne diseases, Venoms and allergens, Insect venoms and Blister and urtica-inducing
insects. Insect pest control: Natural, Chemical control, Biological. Mulberry sericulture, Non-mulberry
sericulture, Muga sericulture, Eri sericulture and Apiculture.

Unit Schedule:

Block I: Insect origin and Systematics

Unit 1: Historical review of insect classification and Phylogeny of Arthropoda and Hexopoda.
Unit 2: Origin and evolution of insects with special reference to fossil insects.
Detailed classification, habit and habitats of important and selected families of the following orders-
Unit 3: Thysanura, Collembola, Orthoptera and Isoptera
Unit 4: Heteroptera, Homoptera , and Coleoptera
Unit 5: Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera

Block II: Integrated Insect Pest Management

Unit 6: Insect pests (Agro horticultural)
Unit 7: Household pests
Unit 8: Pest of farm animals and their control
Unit 9: Medical entomology
Unit10: Insect pest control: Natural control
Unit 11: Chemical control
Unit 12: Biological control

72
Block III: Applied and Sustainable Entomology

Unit 13: Mulberry sericulture

Unit 14: Non-mulberry sericulture
Unit 15: Muga sericulture
Unit 16: Eri sericulture
Unit 17: Apiculture

73
SOS/MSCZO606/ Entomology (Systematic and Applied entomology M.Sc. Zoology 4th Sem.

Insect Systematic, Ecology and Applied entomology

Course I: Entomology (Systematic and Applied entomology) (MSCZO-610)

UNIT WISE CONTENTS

Block I: Insect origin and Systematics

Unit 1: Origin and evolution of insects

1.1 Objectives
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Origin of insects
1.4 Evolution
1.4.1 Evolutionary history
1.4.1.1 Devonian
1.4.1.2 Carboniferous
1.4.1.3 Permian
1.4.1.4 Triassic
1.4.1.5 Jurassic
1.4.1.6 Cretaceous
1.4.1.7 Paleogene
1.4.1.8 Neogene
1.5 Phylogeny
1.6 Summary
1.7 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit 2: Insect classification

2.1 Objectives
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Historical basis of Insect classification
2.4 Phylogeny of Arthropoda and Hexapoda
2.5 Introduction to Primitive Insects
2.6 Construction of Dichotomous key for identification
2.7 Summary
2.8 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 3: Methods of Collection and Preservation
3.1 Objectives
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Collection of insects
3.3.1 Killing jars
3.3.2 Relaxing jars
3.3.3 Aerial Nets
3.3.4 Sweeping or Beating Nets
3.3.5 The Aspirator
3.3.6 Light traps
3.3.7 Pitfall traps
3.3.8 Pan traps

74
 3.4 Preservation
3.4.1 Soft bodied Insects
3.4.2 Hard bodied Insects
3.5 Pinning, Mounting and Displaying of Insects
3.6 Summary
3.7 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 4: Parental Care
4.1 Objectives
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Care for Eggs
4.4 Brood care
4.5 Brood Parasitism
4.6 Summary
4.7 Terminal Questions and Answers
Insect Systematics
Unit 5: Generalized structure, habit and habitat of the following Orders with Families
5.1 Objectives
5.2 Introduction
5.3Thysanura (Machilidae, Lepismatidae)
5.4 Collembola
5.5 Isoptera
5.6 Phthiraptera (Anoplura and Mallophaga)
5.7 Orthoptera (Acrididae, Tettigonidae, Gryllidae)
5.8 Phase theory of Locust
5.9 Summary
5.10 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 6: Generalized structure habit and habitat of the following Orders with Families:
6.1 Objectives
6.2 Introduction
6.3 Heteroptera (Pentatomidae, Pyrrhocoridae, Coreidae, Reduviidae, Nepidae, and Belostomatidae)
6.4 Homoptera (Fulgoridae, Membracidae, Cicadidae, Aphidae, Coccidae)
6.5 Coleoptera (Hydrophilidae, Meloidae, Coccinellidae, Curculionidae, Scarabaeidae,
Chrysomelidae, Cerambycidae)
6.6 Summary
6.7 Terminal questions and Answers
Unit 7: Generalized structure habit and habitat of the following Orders with Families:
7.1 Objectives
7.2 Introduction
7.3 Lepidoptera (Noctuidae, Sphingidae, Bombycidae, Nymphalidae, Pieridae, Papilionidae,
Pyralididae and Saturniidae)
7.4 Hymenoptera (Ichneumonidae, Chalcididae, Braconidae, Vespidae, Apidae, Formicidae)
7.5 Diptera (Tipulidae, Chironomidae, Culicidae, Muscidae, Tabanidae, Tachinidae, Drosophilidae,
and Bombyliidae)
7.6 Summary
7.7 Terminal Questions and Answers

75
Block II: Pest and their control
Unit 8: Insect pests (Agro Horticultural)
8.1 Objectives
8.2 Introduction
8.3 Origin of insect pests
8.4 Factors affecting the abundance of insect pests
8.5 Types of insect pest
8.6 Pests of stored grains: Sitophilus, Trogoderma, Rhyzopertha, Tribolium, Bruchus.
8.7 Pests of Sugarcane: Pyrilla, Chilo, Emmalocera, Scirpophaga
8.8 Pests of Cotton: Dysdercus, Earias and Pectinophora,Sylepta
8.9 Pests of Cereals: Heliothis, Leptocorisa varicornis, Hieroglyph, Tryporyza
8.10 Pests of Vegetables: Epilachna, Aulacophora foveicollis, Pieris brassicae, Thrips tabaci
8.11 Pests of Fruits: Dacus cucurbitae, Papilio demoleus, Idiocerus atkinsoni, Anomala
8.12 Polyphagous insect pest: locusts, termites, cutworms, gram pod borer, aphids
8.13 Summary
8.14 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit 9: Household Pests: Classification, types, habit and habitat and damage of household items
9.1 Objectives
9.2 Introduction
9.3 Cockroaches
9.4 Ants
9.5 Wasps
9.6 Carpet beetles
9.7 Furniture beetles
9.8 Booklice
9.9 Summary
9.10 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 10: Pest of Farm Animals and their control
10.1 Objectives
10.2 Introduction
10.3 Blood-sucking flies: Systematic position
10.3.1.1 Causes/Mode of parasitism
10.3.2 Disease/Effected host
10.3.3 Control measures
10.4 Myiasis flies: Systematic position
10.4.1 Cause / Mode of parasitism
10.4.2 Disease/ loss
10.4.3 Control measures
10.5 Lice: systematic position
10.5.1 Causes/Mode of parasitism
10.5.2 Disease /Effected host
10.5.3 Control measures
10.6 Fleas: systematic position
10.6.1 Causes/ mode of parasitism
10.6.2 Disease/ Effected host
10.6.3 Control measures
10.7 Ticks: Systematic position
10.7.1 Causes/Mode of parasitism
10.7.2 Disease/ Effected host
10.7.3 Control measures

76
 10.8 Mites: Systematic position
10.8.1 Causes/Mode of parasitism
10.8.2 Disease/ Effected host
10.8.3 Control measures
10.9 Summary
10.10 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 11: Medical entomology
11.1 Objectives
11.2 Introduction
11.3 Pests of public importance and their control:
11.3.1 Mosquitoes
11.3.2 House flies
11.3.3 Bedbugs
11.4 Insect borne diseases
11.4.1 Typhus
11.4.2 Yellow fever
11.4.3 Dengue fever
11.4.4 Sleeping sickness
11.4.5 Encephalitis
11.4.6 Leishmaniasis
11.5 Venoms and allergens
11.6 Blister and urtica-inducing insects
11.7 Arthropods of forensic importance
11.8 Insects succession on corpse and its relationship in determining time of death
11.9 Summary
11.10 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit 12: Insect Pest Control: Natural Control

12.1 Objectives
12.2 Introduction
12.3 Applied control
12.4 Cultural control: Agronomic practices
12.4.1 Crop rotation
12.4.2 Tillage practice
12.4.3 Planting/harvesting date manipulation
12.4.4 Sowing/plant density
12.4.5 Inter cropping
12.4.6 Trap cropping and irrigation
12.5 Summary
12.6 Terminal Question and Answers

Unit 13: Chemical control

13.1 Objectives
13.2 Introduction
13.3 Formulations and Insecticide Toxicity
13.4 Botanical Pesticide
13.4.1Pyrethrins
13.4.2 Rotenone
13.4.3 Sabadilla
13.4.4 Nicotine
13.4.5 Neem
13.5 Synthetic Organic Insecticides and their Mode of Action

77
 13.5.1 Organochlorines
13.5.2 Organophosphates
13.5.3 Carbonates
13.5.4 Pyrethroids
13.5.5 Neonicotinoids
13.6 Insect Growth Regulators (IGR)
13.6.1 Juvenoids
13.6.2 Ecdysoids
13.6.3 Anti hormones
13.6.4 Chitin inhibitors
13.7 Summary
13.8 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 14: Biological control
14.1 Objectives
14.2 Introduction
14.3 Parasites
14.4 Parasitoids
14.5 Predators
14.6 Methods for using biocontrol agents
14.6.1 Classical biological control
14.6.2 Augmentation and inoculation techniques
14.6.3 Conservation biological control
14.6.4 Microbial control (virus, bacteria and fungi)
14.7 Behavioral control
14.7.1 Types of pheromones
14.7.2 Uses of pheromones in pest management (monitoring, mass trapping and matting disruption)
14.8 Genetic and biotechnological control
14.9 Insect attractants, repellents and antifeedants
14.10 Summary
14.11 Terminal Question and Answers

Block III: Applied & Sustainable Entomology

Unit 15: Mulberry and non mulberry sericulture

15.1 Objectives
15.2 Introduction
15.3 Cultivation of Food Plants
15.4 Rearing of Silkworms
15.5 Harvesting and Processing of Cocoons
15.6 Genetic improvement of Silkworms
15.7 Diseases of Silkworm
15.8 Economic importance and Sustainable livelihood through Sericulture
15.9 Summary
15.10 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 16: Apiculture
16.1 Objectives
16.2 Introduction
16.3 Conservation of important Bee Flora for Forage
16.4 Types of honeybees
16.5 Organization of bee Colony
16.6 Life history and behavior of Bees

78
 16.7 Diseases of Honeybees
16.8 Beekeeping Methods
16.8.1 Equipment and tools
16.8.2 Apiary Management
16.8.3 Controlling Swarming
16.8.4 Handling of Bees
16.8.5 Extraction of Honey and Wax and other Bee Products
16.9 Role of honey Bee in Crop Pollination
16.10 Summary
16.11 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 17: Lac culture
17.1 Objectives
17.2 Introduction
17.3 Lac Insect and its Life History
17.4 Host Plant Management
17.5 Strains of Lac Insects
17.6 Propagation of Lac Insects
17.7 Lac Crop Management
17.8 Natural Enemies of Lac Insects and their Management
17.9 Lac extraction
17.10 Summary
17.11 Terminal Questions and Answers

Suggested Readings:

1. Ananthakrishnan, T.N. 2002. Insect Plant Interactions. Oxford and I.B.H, New Delhi.
2. P.G.Fenemore, Alkaprakash. 1992. Applied Entomology, Wiley Eastern Ltd., Delhi.
3. Nayar, K.K., Ananthakrishnan, T.N. and B.V.David. 1989. General and Applied Entomology. Tata McGraw Hill
Publications, New Delhi.
4. Larry P.Pedigo. 1989. Entomology and Pest Mangement. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
5. Metcalf, C.V. and Flint, W.P. 1979. Destructive and useful insects, their habitats and control. Tata McGraw Hill
Publications, New Delhi.
6. Chapman, R.F.1988. The insect structure and Function. Cambridge University Press, U.K.
7. Richards, O.W. and Davies, R.G. 1997. Imm’s General Text Book of Entomology Tenth Edition. Vol I and II. R.I
Publications, New Delhi.
8. Rajeev K.Upadhyay, Mukerjii K.G. Chanda, B.P. and Dubey, O.P. 1998. Integrated Pest and Disease Management.
APH Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.
9. David B.V., Muralirangan M.C. and Meera Murali Rangan. 1992. Harmful and Beneficial Insects. Popular Book
Depot, Chennai.
10. Ramakrishna Ayyar T.V. 1989. Handbook of Economic Entomology for South India. Books and Periodicals
Supply Service, New Delhi.
11. Frost S.W.1994. General Entomology. Narendra Publishing House, Delhi.
12. Dennis S.Hill. 1993. Agricultural Insect Pests of the Tropics and their Control. Second Edition, Cambridge
University Press, U.K.
13. Saxena. A.B. 1996. Harmful Insects. Anmol Publications, New Delhi.

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14. Patton. W.S. and Cragg F.W.1981. A Text Book of Medical Entomology. International Books and Periodicals
Supply Service, New Delhi.
15. Rathinaswamy, T.K.1986. Medical Entomology. S.Viswanathan and Co., Madras.
16. Sundari, M.S.N. and Santhi, R. 2006. Entomology. MJP Publishers, Chennai.

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SOS/MSCZO611/ Entomology (Morphology & Physiology): M.Sc. Zoology 4th Sem.

Course II: Entomology (Morphology Physiology & Development Biology) (MSCZO-

611)

Course objectives:
1. To understand the morphological features of insects (head, body, thorax and wings and legs)
2. To learn and discuss basic principles used in the study of insect morphology and physiology through a
systems approach illustrated by both generalized and specialized taxa
2. To understand the physiological mechanism of various insect systems, their modification and
adaptations for survival in different climatic and habitat conditions
3. To understand the neuro-hormone and hormonal importance in the activity of insects
4. To understand the function and significance of auditory, receptor, light and sound producing organs in
the insects
5. To learn the developmental mechanism of insect through various life stages.

Syllabus:
Structure of typical eye, modification of eye, structure of ommatidium, mechanism of image formation in
diurnal and nocturnal insects. Structure and modification of antennae, mouth parts of typical insects and
modifications of mouth parts in different insects. Structure of typical leg, modification of different Legs,
structure of a typical wing, types of wings, hypothetical wing venation, wing coupling mechanisms and
flight mechanism. Thorax , Abdomen: Male and female genitalia. Digestive System (Nutrition, nutritional
requirement, Ectosymbiotic fungi, Endosymbionts, modification of alimentary canal in insets; food and
feeding mechanism in different types of insects. Fat body: physiology and biochemistry. Circulatory
System Structure and functions of blood and mode of circulation in insects, Haemocytes, Type, Origin
and longevity & Haemopoietic organs. Excretory System (organs of excretion of insects found in
different habitats, Nitrogenous excretion, Excretory products, Storage excretion, Production of urine and
its hormonal regulation, Terrestrial and Water insect, Control of diaeresis. Water regulation,
Detoxification) Physiology of excretion with special reference to osmoregulation in insects. Respiratory
System (Modification and functioning of various types of respiratory organs, Ultrastructure of malpighian
tubule, modes of respiration and physiology of respiration in terrestrial, aquatic and endoparasitic insects.
Reproductive system (Anatomy of reproductive organs, Spermatogenesis and oogenesis, modification of
reproductive organ, mating, insemination, oviposition and Special modes of reproduction). Nervous
System and its modifications. Neuroendocrine System (Endocrine organs, mode of action of hormones,
chemical nature and functions, Exocrine glands, pheromones, semiochemicals and defensive secretions
and importance for metamorphosis and development of insects). Sensory Organs (Mechanoreceptors,
Chemoreceptor). Auditory organs, light producing organ, sound producing organ, visual organ
(Compound eye and ocelli). Embryology: Structure of egg, embryonic and post embryonic development.
Types of larvae, pupae and metamorphosis

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Unit Schedule:
Block I: General organization of insect body
Unit 1: Head
Unit 2: Thorax
Unit 3: Abdomen
Block II: Insect Physiology

Unit 4: Digestive System

Unit 5: Circulatory System
Unit 6: Excretory System
Unit 7: Respiratory System
Unit 8: Reproductive System
Unit 9: Nervous System
Unit 10: Neuro-endocrine System
Unit 11: Sensory, Vocal, Auditory and Visual organs
Unit 12: Endocrine system
Unit 13: Embryology

82
SOS/MSCZO611 Entomology (Morphology & Physiology): M.Sc. Zoology 4th Sem.

Course I: Entomology (Morphology Physiology & Development Biology)

(MSCZO611)

UNIT WISE CONTENTS

Block I: General organization of insect body

Unit 1: Head
1.1 Objectives
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Structure of typical eye
1.3.1 Modification of eye
1.3.2 Structure of ommatidium
1.3.3 Mechanism of image formation
1.3.3.1 Diurnal insects
1.3.3.2 Nocturnal insects
1.4 Structure and modification of antennae
1.5 Mouth parts of typical insects
1.6 Modifications of mouth parts in different insects
1.7 Summary
1.8 Terminal questions and Answers

Unit 2: Thorax
2.1 Objectives
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Structure of typical Leg
2.3.1 Modification of different Legs
2.4 Structure of a typical Wing
2.4.1 Types of Wings
2.4.2 Hypothetical Wing Venation
2.4.3 Wing Coupling Mechanisms
2.4.4 Flight Mechanism
2.5 Summary
2.6 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 3: Abdomen
3.1 Objectives
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Structure of Genitalia
3.3.1 Male Genitalia
3.3.2 Female Genitalia
3.4 Summary
3.5 Terminal Questions and Answers

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Block II: Insect Physiology

Unit 4: Digestive System

4.1 Objectives
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Structure and Modification of Alimentary Canal in Insects
4.4 Food and Feeding Mechanism
4.5 Digestion in different Insect
4.6 Absorption
4.7 Nutrition
4.8 Nutritional Requirements
4.9 Ectosymbiotic Fungi
4.10 Endosymbionts
4.11 Summary
4.12 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit 5: Circulatory System

5.1 Objectives
5.2 Introduction
5.3 Circulation
5.4 Types of Haemocytes
5.5 Haemopoietic Organs
5.6 Changes in Haemocyte Number
5.7 Haemolymph Proteins
5.8 Summary
5.9 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit 6: Excretory System

6.1 Objectives
6.2 Introduction
6.3 Organs of Excretion
6.4 Nitrogenous Excretion
6.5 Excretory Products
6.6 Storage Excretion
6.7 Production of Urine and its Hormonal Regulation
6.8 Terrestrial and Salt Water Insects
6.9 Control of Diuresis
6.10 Water Regulation
6.11 Detoxification
6.12 Summary
6.13 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit 7: Respiratory System

7.1 Objectives
7.2 Introduction
7.3 Types of respiratory Organs
7.4 Structure and functions of Various Respiratory Organs
7.5 Respiratory system and its Modifications
7.6 Respiration in Terrestrial, Aquatic and Endoparasitic Insects.
7.7 Aquatic Respiratory Adaptations

84
 7.8 Summary
7.9 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 8: Nervous System
8.1 Objectives
8.2 Introduction
8.3 Generalized plan of Nervous System in Insects
8.4 Modifications of Nervous System in Terrestrial and Aquatic Insects
8.5 Summary
8.6 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit 9: Sensory, Vocal and Auditory and Visual organs

9.1 Objectives
9.2 Introduction
9.3 Structure and functions of different types of Sensory Organs
9.4 Structure and functions of Visual Organs
9.5 Sound producing Organs
9.6 Light Producing Organs: Mechanism, Control and Significance
9.7 Chemoreceptor and Mechanoreceptor: Functions and physiology
9.8 Summary
9.9 Terminal Questions and Answers
Unit 10: Reproductive System
10.1 Objectives
10.2 Introduction
10.3 Structure and Modification of Male and Female Reproductive Organs
10.4 Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
10.5 Mating
10.6 Inseminations
10.7 Oviposition
10.8 Special Modes of Reproduction
10.9 Summary
10.10 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit 11: Neuroendocrine System

11.1 Objectives
11.2 Introduction
11.3 Neuroendocrine System in Insects
11.4 Role of Neurosecretion in Various Metabolic Activities
11.5 Metamorphosis and Development of Insects
11.6 Summary
11.7 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit 12: Pheromones

12.1 Objectives
12.2 Introduction
12.3 Structure of Pheromone Producing Glands
12.4 Different types of Pheromones
12.5 Chemical Natures of Pheromones
12.6 Importance of Pheromones in Insect Activity
12.7 Summary
12.8 Terminal Questions and Answers

85
Unit 13: Embryology
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Objectives
13.3 Early Embryonic Development
13.4 Structure of Egg
13.5 Maturation
13.6 Cleavage
13.7 Blastokinesis
13.8 Formation of Germ Layers and Segmentation
13.9 Different types of Larvae and Pupae
13.10 Polyembryony and Parthenogenesis in Insects
13.12 Summary
13.14 Terminal Questions and Answers

Suggested Readings:

1. The Insect: Structure and function by R.F. Chapman

2. Comparative Insect physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology .Vol :1-13.
Edited by G.A. Kerkut and L.I. Gilbert.
3. Entomophagous Insect by Clausen
4. Entomology bu Gilbert
5. Principles of Insect Physiology by Wigglesworth.
6. Fundamentals of Entomology by Elzinga
7. Insect Physiology by Wigglesworth.
8. Insect morphology by Mat Calf and Flint
9.Applied Agricultural Entomology by Dr. Lalit Kumar Jha

86
SOS/MSCZO612(L)/ Practical Zoology M.Sc. Zoology 4th Sem.
ENTOMOLOGY
Course III: Laboratory Exercise (MSCZO612) Practical Zoology

Candidates must produce at the time of practical examination their preparations, collection and practical
record books containing a complete record of the laboratory work done during the session. The practical
work shall comprise of following units:

Block I Laboratory Course: (Entomology): Zoo- 605

Unit 01: Insect Anatomy and Physiology Exercise
Unit 02: Taxonomy and Biosystematics
Unit 03: Applied Entomology Exercise
Unit 04: Insect Ecology Exercise

87
 SOS/MSCZO612/ Practical Zoology M.Sc. Zoology 4th Sem.
ENTOMOLOGY
Course III: Laboratory Exercise (MSCZO612) Practical Zoology

UNIT WISE CONTENTS

Candidates must produce at the time of practical examination their preparations, collection and practical
record books containing a complete record of the laboratory work done during the session. The practical
work shall comprise of following units:

Block I: Laboratory Course, Entomology

Unit 01: Insect Anatomy and Physiology Exercise
9.1 Objectives
9.2 Introduction
9.3 Study of models of Nervous System of Insects
9.4 Counting of Haemocytes in Insects
9.5 Estimation of Proteins, Sugars & Lipids in Insect Haemolymph by Colorimetric Methods.
9.6 Permanent preparation of sting apparatus of honey bee/wasp, tympanum of locust, salivary glands
of Cockroach, mouth parts, legs and wings of different insects.
9.7 Microtomy of Insect Tissues
9.8 Determination of pH of the gut contents of any Insect
9.9 Summary
9.10 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit 02: Taxonomy and Biosystematics of Insects

10.1 Objectives
10.2 Introduction
10.3 Use of dichotomous key in the Identification of Insects
10.4 Identification of insects up to Family of the Orders
10.4.1Thysanura (Machilidae, Lepismatidae)
10.4.2 Collembola
10.4.3 Isoptera
10.4.4 Phithioptera (Phithiraptera) (Anoplura and Mallophaga)
10.4.5 Orthoptera (Acrididae, Tettigoniidae and Gryllidae)
10.4.6 Heteroptera (Pentatomidae, Pyrrhocoridae, Coreidae, Reduviidae, Nepidae, and
Belostomatidae)
10.4.7 Homoptera (Fulgoridae, Membracidae, Cicadidae, Aphidae, Coccidae)
10.4.8 Coleoptera (Hydrophilidae, Meloidae, Coccinellidae, Curculionidae, Scarabaeidae,
Chrysomelidae, Cerambycidae)
10.4.9 Lepidoptera (Noctuidae, Sphingidae, Bombycidae, Nymphalidae, Pieridae, Papilionidae,
Pyralididae and Saturniidae)
10.4.10 Hymenoptera (Ichneumonidae, Chalcididae, Braconidae, Vespidae, Apidae, Formicidae)
10.4.11 Diptera (Tipulidae, Chironomidae, Culicidae, Muscidae, Tabanidae, Tachinidae,
Drosophilidae, and Bombyliidae)
10.5 Study of the different types of adaptation found in insects
10.6 Summary
10.7 Terminal Questions and Answers

88
Unit 03: Applied entomology exercise
11.1 Objectives
11.2 Introduction
11.3 Pests of fruits, Vegetables & Stored grains
11.4 Study of the structure of Beehive
11.5 Bioassay studies on Insects using some Contact Poisons
11.6 Study of the Life Cycles of some important Insect Pests
11.7 Study of Pollinators Insect Species and their Host Plant
11.8 Identification and study of Taxonomic Status of Insect and their Host Plant used in various
economic practices: Apiculture, Sericulture and Lac culture
11.9 Summary
11.10 Terminal Questions and Answers

Unit 04: Insect Ecology Exercise

12.1 Objectives
12.2 Introduction
12.3 Exercises on Insect Behaviors
12.4 Insect Plant Interactions and Bee Plant of Local Area
12.5 Study of habitat quality effect on Insect Assemblage

89
SOS/MSCZO613/ Dissertation (Entomology) M.Sc. Zoology 4th Sem.
9 Credits

Course IV: Project Work (Entomology) (MSCZO613)

1. Ancestry and Evolution.

2. Collection mounting and Presentation of Insect.

3. Classification of Insect up-to Order.

4. Insect pest of cereals (Wheat, Maize, Rice etc.)

5. Pest of Stored Grains.

6. Pest of Vegetables.

7. Pest of Fruits.

8. Apiculture, Sericulture, Lac Culture etc.

9. Economic Importance of Insect.

10. Integrated Pest Management.

90