A

Mini Project Report

On

“ECOMMERCE Clothing Web App”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
Information Technology

Submitted By: Under The Guidance Of

Name:-Ujjwal Maurya Dr. C.L.P. Gupta
Roll No:-2104220130061 (Professor)
Branch:- I.T. Department of IT

Department of Information Technology

BANSAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

LUCKNOW

SESSION: 2024-25
 BANSAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY, LUCKNOW

CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION / CERTIFICATE

This is certified that the work which is being presented in the mini project entitled
“Ecommerce clothing web app” in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
Bachelor of Technology and submitted in the department of Information Technology of
Bansal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow is an authentic record of my
own work carried out during the semester under the supervision of Dr. C.L.P. Gupta.
The matter presented in this mini project has not been submitted by me for the award
of any other degree of this or any other institute/university.

Student’s Name with signature

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my
knowledge.

Date:

Candidate Signature

Supervisor Name:

Signature:
 ABSTRACT

The project is a web-based Product delivery application developed as a mini project using
the MERN (MongoDB, Express.js, React.js, Node.js) stack. This project aims to create an
intuitive platform where users can browse various Product items from multiple stores,
place orders, and have them delivered to their doorstep. The platform focuses on providing
a seamless and efficient user experience, ensuring quick access to store menus, secure
transactions, and real-time order tracking.

The frontend is built using React.js to deliver a dynamic, responsive user interface that
adapts to various devices, ensuring a smooth user experience. On the backend, Node.js and
Express.js are used to handle API requests and manage server-side logic, while MongoDB
is leveraged to store and retrieve data efficiently. The platform incorporates user
authentication and authorization features, ensuring that users can securely log in and
manage their orders.

This report details the complete development process, including the design of the system
architecture, database schema, API implementation, and frontend interface. Furthermore,
challenges encountered during development, such as handling complex data relationships
and ensuring scalability, are discussed, alongside the solutions employed to overcome
these obstacles. The application is fully tested to ensure reliability and is deployed on a
cloud-based platform to allow easy access to users.

Through this project, key skills in full-stack web development, database management, and
API integration have been applied, offering a comprehensive look into modern web
application development practices.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Whenever a module of work is completed, there is always a source of inspiration. I

always find my parents as my torch bearers. While completing this task, I realized from my
inner core that Rome was not built in day. I found a stack of mini project reports in the library
of ITM Gorakhpur library. Those reports are the landmarks for me on the way of this task.
The presented report is an effort of day and night works. Selection is always tough;
undoubtedly I am accepting this fact.

I am sincerely thankful to Abhishek Kumar Saxena (HOD) & Dr. C.L.P Gupta
(Mini Project Coordinator) for his support. I express my gratitude and thanks to all the
faculties and staff members of Information Technology department for their sincere
cooperation in furnishing relevant information to complete this mini project report well in
time successfully.

Finally, my greatest debt is to my parents, my family for their enduring love, support
and forbearance during my project work.

NAME: Ujjwal Maurya

ROLL NO:2104220130061

SEMESTER: 7
 List of the Table

Title Page
No.
Certificate I
Abstracts ii
Acknowledgements iii
List of the Table iv

Chapter-1: Introduction to Project 1-5

1.1 Project Overview 1
1.2 Objective of the Project 4
1.3 Scope of the Project

Chapter-2: Technology Stack 6-11

2.1 Architecture of Android 6
2.2 Architectural Design of Android Application 7-9
2.3 Advantage of Android 10
2.4 Disadvantages of Android 11

Chapter 3 : Project Requirements 12-15

3.1 Libraries 12
3.2 Linux Kernel 13-14
3.3 Lifecycle of Android Application 15

Chapter 4: FrontEnd Development 16-30

4.1 Introduction to Safety Management 16-18
4.2 Aim of the Project 19-20
4.3 Existing Problem 21-23
4.4 Purposed System 24-30
Chapter-5: BackEnd Development 31-35
5.1 Source Code and Output 31
5.2 Conclusion 35
Conclusion
 List of the Figures

S no. of Figure Title of Figure

1 DFD level 0
2 DFD level 1
3 DFD level 2
4 ER diagram
5 Flow Chart
6 Modelling and Analysis
Chapter 1: Introduction to Project

1.1 Project Overview:

The project is a web-based Product delivery application designed to enhance the

convenience of ordering Product online. With the growing demand for Product delivery
services, particularly in urban areas, aims to provide an efficient and user-friendly
platform that connects customers with a variety of local stores. The application allows
users to browse store menus, place orders, in real time, all from the comfort of their homes
or workplaces.

Built using the MERN stack, which comprises MongoDB, Express.js, React.js, and
Node.js, the Ecommerce Clothing web application leverages the strengths of each
technology to create a robust and scalable solution. The frontend is developed with
React.js, ensuring a dynamic and responsive user interface that improves user engagement.
Users can easily navigate through different Product categories, view detailed descriptions
of menu items, and customize their orders as needed.

On the backend, Node.js and Express.js facilitate seamless handling of API requests,
allowing for efficient data processing and communication between the client and server.
MongoDB serves as the database management system, providing a flexible and scalable
solution for storing user data, store information, and order history.

The project also emphasizes security and user privacy, implementing user authentication
and authorization to safeguard personal information and ensure that only registered users
can place orders.

Overall, the project not only addresses the immediate needs of Cloth delivery but also
provides a platform for local stores to reach a broader audience, thereby supporting local
businesses and enhancing community engagement.

1.2 Objective of the Project :

The primary objective of the project is to develop a comprehensive and user-friendly web
application for Product delivery, connecting customers with local stores. The platform is
designed to simplify the Product ordering process by allowing users to easily browse store
menus, place orders, and track the delivery status in real time.

Key objectives of the project include:

 Enhancing User Convenience: Provide users with a seamless experience to order

Product online from a wide range of stores with minimal effort.
 Real-time Order Tracking: Enable users to track the status of their orders from
the moment they are placed until delivery, ensuring transparency and reliability.
  Responsive and Interactive UI: Build a responsive and dynamic user interface
using React.js, allowing the platform to be easily accessible across devices such as
desktops, tablets, and smartphones.
 Secure Transactions: Implement secure authentication and authorization
mechanisms to protect user data and ensure that only authenticated users can place
orders.
 Scalable Backend System: Use Node.js and MongoDB to develop a backend
system capable of handling multiple store listings, orders, and user data efficiently,
while ensuring scalability as the platform grows.
 Support for Local Businesses: Create an online presence for local stores, helping
them reach a larger customer base and providing them with a digital platform to
manage online orders.

Through these objectives, the project aims to create a reliable, scalable, and secure
solution that benefits both users and store owners, while showcasing modern web
development techniques using the MERN stack.

1.3 Scope of the Project :

The scope of the project is to create a full-stack web application that streamlines the
process of Cloth delivery by connecting customers with locals. The project involves the
development of both the frontend and backend systems, ensuring a responsive, efficient,
and secure platform that can handle multiple users and orders simultaneously. Key aspects
of the project’s scope include:

 User Features:
o Account registration and login for customers, with secure password
management and user authentication.
o Browse and search functionalities to explore various stores and menu items
based on location or preferences.
o Ability to add menu items to a cart, customize orders, and place them
through an intuitive checkout process.
o Real-time order tracking to provide customers with updates on the status of
their orders, from preparation to delivery.
o A user profile page where customers can view order history and update
account details.
 Store Features:
o A dashboard for Clothing store to manage menu items, update availability,
and handle orders.
o Order notifications to ensure store receive and process orders in real time.
o Features for store to manage delivery times, Cloth categories, and pricing
updates.
 Admin Features:
o An admin panel to oversee user accounts, manage Store listings, and
monitor overall system performance.
o Tools to handle disputes, process refunds, and resolve customer issues.
 Technology Scope:
o Frontend developed with React.js to provide a dynamic, fast, and responsive
user interface.
 o Backend powered by Node.js and Express.js to manage API requests, data
handling, and server-side logic.
o MongoDB used as the database for storing user information, store data, and
order details.
o Implementation of RESTful APIs to ensure smooth communication between
the frontend and backend.
o Deployment of the application on cloud platforms (e.g., Heroku, AWS) to
ensure accessibility and scalability.
 Future Enhancements:
o Integration of payment gateways to allow for secure online transactions.
o Expansion of features such as promotional offers, discounts, and loyalty
programs for customers.

Overall, the project is designed to provide a scalable and secure solution for online
Product delivery, with potential for future enhancements as the platform grows. The scope
encompasses end-to-end development, from user registration and order management to
real-time tracking and customer support.
Chapter 2: Technology Stack
2.1 MERN Overview (MongoDB, Express.js, React.js, Node.js)

The project is built using the MERN stack, a popular full-stack JavaScript framework that
consists of four key technologies: MongoDB, Express.js, React.js, and Node.js. Each of
these components plays a critical role in the development and operation of the application,
contributing to its scalability, efficiency, and user-friendliness.

1. MongoDB

MongoDB is a NoSQL database used in the project to store and manage data. It is a
document-oriented database that stores data in flexible, JSON-like documents. This
flexibility is particularly useful for applications that require dynamic and unstructured data,
such as user profiles, store menus, and order histories. MongoDB allows for the easy
scalability of the database, enabling the platform to handle large amounts of data as more
users and stores join the system.

Key features of MongoDB in this project include:

 Document-based storage: Data is stored as JSON-like objects, making it easy to

model complex relationships.
 Scalability: MongoDB supports horizontal scaling, ensuring the application can
grow to meet increased user demand.
 Flexible schema: MongoDB’s flexible schema structure allows the addition of new
fields or modifications without requiring major changes to the existing data model.

2. Express.js

Express.js is a minimal and flexible Node.js web application framework that provides a set
of features for building web and mobile applications. In the project, Express.js is used to
build the backend, handling HTTP requests and managing the API routes. It is responsible
for connecting the frontend to the MongoDB database, processing user requests, and
ensuring data is securely transferred between the client and server.

Key features of Express.js in this project include:

 Middleware support: Express.js allows the use of middleware functions to handle

requests, responses, and routing logic efficiently.
 Routing: Provides a robust routing mechanism to manage the flow of data between
the server and frontend.
 RESTful APIs: Express.js enables the creation of RESTful APIs, allowing the
frontend to interact with the backend for tasks such as fetching menus, processing
orders, and managing user accounts.

3. React.js

React.js is a JavaScript library used for building user interfaces, specifically single-page
applications (SPAs). In the project, React.js is used to create the frontend, providing users
with a dynamic and interactive experience. It allows the development of reusable
components, which helps in maintaining and scaling the application easily. The React
architecture also ensures that updates to the user interface occur efficiently without needing
to reload the entire page.

Key features of React.js in this project include:

 Component-based architecture: React allows for the creation of reusable UI

components, which improves maintainability and scalability.
 Virtual DOM: React’s Virtual DOM enhances the performance of the application
by minimizing direct manipulation of the real DOM, resulting in faster UI updates.
 Single-page application (SPA): React enables the creation of a fast, interactive
user experience without requiring page reloads.

4. Node.js

Node.js is a JavaScript runtime that allows developers to use JavaScript on the server side.
In the project, Node.js is used to power the backend of the application. Its non-blocking,
event-driven architecture makes it an excellent choice for handling real-time operations
such as processing multiple user requests, managing store orders, and updating the status
of deliveries.

Key features of Node.js in this project include:

 Asynchronous I/O: Node.js handles multiple client requests without blocking the
server, which is crucial for a real-time application like Project
 Scalability: Node.js is lightweight and can handle large amounts of traffic, making
it suitable for applications that are expected to scale.
 Cross-platform: Node.js can be used on various platforms, making it easy to
deploy the application across different environments.

2.2 Justification of Technology Choice

The selection of the MERN stack (MongoDB, Express.js, React.js, Node.js) for the project
was driven by several key factors that align with the requirements of modern web
application development. Each technology in the stack was chosen for its specific
strengths, scalability, and compatibility, allowing the development of a seamless, full-stack
JavaScript application. The following points justify the choice of each technology:

1. MongoDB (NoSQL Database)

MongoDB was chosen as the database solution for its flexibility in handling unstructured
and semi-structured data. Given the dynamic nature of the Product delivery application,
where the structure of data (such as store menus, user profiles, and orders) can vary, a
NoSQL database like MongoDB offers several advantages:

 Scalability: MongoDB can scale horizontally, allowing the database to grow as the number
of users, orders, and stores increases.
 Document-based storage: Storing data in JSON-like documents provides a natural and
efficient way to represent objects, making it easier to work with complex data structures.
  Flexibility: The ability to modify the database schema without downtime or complex
migrations makes MongoDB ideal for fast-evolving projects like Project

2. Express.js (Backend Framework)

Express.js was chosen as the backend framework for its simplicity and efficiency in
handling HTTP requests and routing. It is lightweight, flexible, and well-suited for
building RESTful APIs, making it a natural fit for the following reasons:

 Ease of integration: Express.js works seamlessly with Node.js, which allows for a unified
JavaScript codebase across both the frontend and backend.
 Middleware support: Express.js supports middleware, which is essential for handling
tasks such as user authentication, request logging, error handling, and routing.
 Rapid development: The minimalistic structure of Express.js accelerates the development
process, allowing for quick implementation of routes and server-side logic.

3. React.js (Frontend Library)

React.js was selected for the frontend because of its ability to create dynamic and
responsive user interfaces. It is highly efficient in managing the UI of single-page
applications (SPAs), making it ideal for the project, where users need an interactive and
fast experience. The key reasons for choosing React.js are:

 Component-based architecture: React’s component-driven design allows the

development of reusable UI elements, simplifying code maintenance and promoting
scalability.
 Virtual DOM: React’s use of the Virtual DOM ensures high performance, as it reduces the
need to re-render the entire UI when changes occur, making the application more efficient.
 Popularity and community support: React has a large ecosystem of libraries and tools,
which provides access to a wide range of features and resources, ensuring faster
development and troubleshooting.

4. Node.js (Runtime Environment)

Node.js was chosen as the server-side runtime environment for its ability to handle high
concurrency with low resource consumption. Since the project involves handling multiple
user requests, real-time order updates, and data processing, Node.js offers several
advantages:

 Asynchronous, event-driven architecture: Node.js uses non-blocking I/O, which is

crucial for handling multiple requests at once without causing delays in performance.
 Full-stack JavaScript: Using Node.js ensures that both the frontend and backend are
written in JavaScript, which simplifies development by allowing code reuse and consistent
syntax across the entire stack.
 Scalability: Node.js is well-suited for building scalable network applications, which is
essential as the platform grows and handles increasing traffic and data.
Overall Justification for the MERN Stack

The MERN stack was chosen because it enables full-stack JavaScript development, which
offers several key benefits:

 Single Language: By using JavaScript for both the client-side and server-side code, the
development process becomes more streamlined, reducing complexity and the need for
context switching between languages.
 Community Support: Each technology in the MERN stack is highly popular, with
extensive community support and documentation, ensuring access to numerous resources,
tools, and libraries for efficient development.
 Scalability: The combination of Node.js for handling real-time, asynchronous operations
and MongoDB for managing large, dynamic datasets makes the MERN stack ideal for
applications like that require high scalability and performance.
 Code reuse: The MERN stack allows developers to reuse code across multiple
projects, saving time and effort.
 Middleware: The MERN stack includes middleware modules and components that
developers can use to perform additional activities in response to a request.

Data Flow Diagram (DFD)-

A data flow diagram is graphical tool used to describe and analyze movement of
data through a system. These are the central tool and the basis from which the
other components are developed. The transformation of data from input to output,
through processed, may be described logically and independently of physical
components associated with the system. These are known as the logical data flow
diagrams. The physical data flow diagrams show the actual implements and
movement of data between people, departments and workstations.

Zero Level DFD –

Represents the overall system as a single process where users interact with the platform, search for
products, and make purchases.

Figure 1 DFD level 0

First Level DFD –
Breaks down into key processes such as browsing products, placing orders, and handling payments.

Figure 2 DFD Level 1

Second Level DFD -

Provides a detailed view of how each process, like user registration or payment handling, operates
within the system.

Figure 3 DFD Level 2

WEB DATABASE APPLICATION

A web database application stores data for dynamic retrieval and updating. In this e-commerce
platform, data such as product details, user accounts, and transaction records are stored in a
database. Users interact with this data via a web interface, while the backend system processes their
requests, ensuring that the necessary data is retrieved or updated accordingly.

ER-Diagram –

An ER diagram outlines the relationships between entities such as customers, products, orders, and
payments. It highlights how data is structured within the database to ensure smooth functionality of
the e-commerce platform.

Figure 4 ER diagram
FLOW CHART

Figure 5 Flow Chart

MODELLING AND ANALYSIS

Figure 6: Modelling and Analysis

CONCLUSION

E-commerce platforms revolutionize the way consumers shop by providing an always-available

digital marketplace. By offering product recommendations, secure transactions, and streamlined
shopping experiences, this web application aims to meet the demands of both businesses and
customers.
Chapter 3 : Project Requirements
3.1 Functional Requirements

The functional requirements of the project define the core features and functionalities that
the Product delivery platform must provide to users, stores, and administrators. These
requirements focus on the system's behavior in handling user interactions, processing
orders, managing data, and ensuring a seamless user experience. The following are the key
functional requirements for the project:

1. User Registration and Login

 Users must be able to create a new account by providing their basic details (name,
email, password).
 Users must be able to log in to the platform using their email and password.
 Passwords must be stored securely using encryption.
 Users must be able to reset their passwords in case they forget them.

2. User Profile Management

 Users must be able to view and edit their personal details, including name, email,
and address.
 Users must be able to view their order history and track current orders from their
profile.
 Users must be able to update their delivery address and contact details.

3. Menu and Order Management

 Users must be able to view a store’s menu and detailed descriptions of menu items.
 Users must be able to add items to a shopping cart, customize their order (e.g.,
quantity, toppings), and proceed to checkout.
 The system must calculate the total cost of the order, including any applicable taxes
and delivery charges.

4. Order Placement

 Users must be able to place orders by selecting items from a store’s menu and
entering their delivery details.
 The system must validate the user’s input (e.g., delivery address) before confirming
the order.
 The system must provide the option for online payment (future integration with
payment gateways) or cash on delivery.
5. Real-Time Order Tracking

 After placing an order, users must be able to track the status of their order in real
time (e.g., order placed, being prepared, out for delivery, delivered).
 Users must receive notifications or updates on the progress of their orders.

6. Administrator Features

 The administrator must be able to manage user and store accounts.

 The administrator must be able to monitor system activity, including order volumes
and user registration.
 The administrator must be able to resolve disputes, handle complaints, and process
refunds if necessary.

7. Search and Filter Functionality

 Users must be able to search for specific Product items or stores based on cuisine,
price, or location.
 Filters must be available to help users narrow down their search results based on
criteria such as rating or delivery time.

8. Order History and Re-ordering

 Users must be able to view a history of past orders, including details such as order
date, store, items ordered, and total cost.
 Users must have the option to re-order the same items from previous orders with a
single click.

3.2 Non-functional Requirements

Non-functional requirements define the overall qualities and constraints of the platform,
focusing on how the system performs under specific conditions rather than what it does.
These requirements are crucial for ensuring that the application is reliable, secure, and
efficient, providing a positive user experience. The following are the key non-functional
requirements for the project:

1. Performance

 The system must handle multiple concurrent users and orders efficiently without
significant delays.
 The average response time for any user action (such as browsing stores, placing
orders) should be less than 2 seconds.
 The system should be able to process at least 100 orders per minute during peak
usage without affecting performance.
 Pages should load in under 3 seconds for optimal user experience on standard
internet connections.
2. Scalability

 The system must be scalable to accommodate future growth, including an

increasing number of users, stores, and orders.
 The platform should support the addition of new features and components without
requiring major architectural changes.
 Horizontal scaling (adding more servers) should be possible to handle higher traffic
volumes as the platform grows.

3. Security

 The system must implement secure authentication and authorization mechanisms to

protect user data.
 User passwords must be encrypted and stored securely using hashing techniques
(e.g., bcrypt).
 All sensitive data (e.g., user details, payment information) must be transmitted over
HTTPS to ensure data privacy.
 The system must prevent unauthorized access to user and store data, using role-
based access control (RBAC) to limit access to specific features based on user roles
(e.g., admin, store owner, customer).

4. Availability

 The system should maintain an availability rate of 99.9%, ensuring that the
platform is accessible to users at all times except for scheduled maintenance.
 Downtime for maintenance or updates should be minimized and scheduled during
off-peak hours to reduce disruption to users.
 The platform must have disaster recovery procedures in place to ensure quick
recovery in case of system failure or data loss.

5. Usability

 The user interface must be intuitive and easy to navigate, ensuring that users can
browse, place orders, and track deliveries with minimal effort.
 The platform must be responsive, providing a seamless experience across different
devices such as desktops, tablets, and smartphones.
 Error messages should be user-friendly and provide clear guidance on how to
resolve issues (e.g., form validation errors, failed login attempts).

6. Reliability

 The system must be reliable in processing orders and providing real-time updates to
users and stores.
 The system must ensure that no orders are lost or duplicated during peak usage.
 Data integrity must be maintained at all times, ensuring that all order details, user
profiles, and store information are accurate and consistent.
7. Maintainability

 The codebase should be modular and well-documented to allow for easy

maintenance, updates, and debugging.
 The system must support the addition of new features or enhancements with
minimal disruption to existing functionality.
 Regular updates should be applied to keep the platform secure and up-to-date with
the latest technological advancements.

8. Compatibility

 The platform must be compatible with major browsers (e.g., Chrome, Firefox, Safari,
Edge) and provide a consistent experience across all of them.
 The application must support different operating systems (e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux)
and work effectively across different screen sizes and resolutions.
 The system should be designed to work seamlessly on both mobile and desktop devices,
with a responsive design that adapts to varying screen sizes.

9. Extensibility

 The system architecture must be flexible to accommodate future integrations, such as third-
party APIs (e.g., payment gateways, geolocation services).
 New features or services should be able to integrate into the existing platform without
requiring significant rewrites of the core system.
 The system should support the addition of features such as loyalty programs, discount
coupons, and promotional offers in the future.

10. Auditability

 The system must maintain logs of critical events such as user logins, order placements,
payment transactions, and system errors.
 These logs should be accessible to administrators for auditing purposes and to monitor
system health.
 The system must provide detailed reports on user activity, orders, and store performance to
help the admin make informed decisions.
Chapter 4 : FrontEnd Development
6.1 React Components

In the project, the frontend is developed using React.js, a powerful JavaScript library for
building user interfaces. React’s component-based architecture allows the application to be
structured into reusable, modular components, each responsible for a specific part of the
user interface (UI). This approach improves code maintainability, scalability, and the
overall performance of the web application. Below is an overview of the key React
components used in the platform.

1. Header Component

 Purpose: The Header component is a reusable UI element that appears at the top of
every page. It includes navigation links to important sections of the platform, such
as the home page, store listings, user profile, and order history.
 Key Features:
o Displays the application logo and name.
o Provides links for user login, logout, and profile access.
o Shows the cart icon with the current number of items in the cart.

2. Footer Component

 Purpose: The Footer component is another reusable UI element that appears at the
bottom of every page. It provides additional navigation links, legal information, and
social media links.
 Key Features:
o Contains links to the "About Us," "Contact," and "Privacy Policy" pages.
o Displays social media icons for external links.
o Provides copyright information.

3. Home Component

 Purpose: The Home component serves as the main landing page for users. It
provides an overview of featured stores, popular Product categories, and search
functionality.
 Key Features:
o Displays a search bar allowing users to search for stores or Product items.
o Showcases featured stores or promotions.
o Provides links to Product categories (e.g., Fast Product, Italian, Chinese).

4. Store List Component

 Purpose: This component is responsible for displaying a list of available stores

based on the user’s search or location.
 Key Features:
o Fetches store data from the backend and displays it in a grid or list format.
o Each store item includes basic details such as the name, rating, cuisine type,
and delivery time.
 o Allows users to click on a store to view more details or its menu.

6. Menu Item Component

 Purpose: The Menu Item component is used within the Store Detail component to
display individual Product items.
 Key Features:
o Displays the name, price, and description of the menu item.
o Allows users to customize the item (e.g., select size, toppings) before
adding it to the cart.
o Shows an "Add to Cart" button to allow users to easily order items.

6. Cart Component

 Purpose: The Cart component is responsible for displaying the items a user has
selected to order. It allows users to review, modify, or remove items before
proceeding to checkout.
 Key Features:
o Lists all items added to the cart with details like item name, quantity, price,
and total cost.
o Provides options to update the quantity of each item or remove items.
o Displays the total price and a button to proceed to the checkout page.

7. Checkout Component

 Purpose: The Checkout component handles the order placement process. It allows
users to input their delivery details and payment information.
 Key Features:
o Captures user information such as delivery address and contact details.
o Provides payment options (currently cash on delivery, with future
integration for online payments).
o Validates the order details before confirming the order.

8. Profile Component

 Purpose: The Profile component allows users to manage their account information,
view order history, and update delivery details.
 Key Features:
o Displays personal details such as name, email, and delivery addresses.
o Shows the user’s past orders and their statuses.
o Allows users to update personal information or change their password.

9. Admin Dashboard Component

 Purpose: This component is used by the platform administrator to manage the

system’s overall functionality, including store management and user data.
 Key Features:
o Displays system statistics, including active users, stores, and orders.
o Allows the admin to add, remove, or update store listings.
 o Provides functionality for managing user accounts, resolving disputes, and
handling refunds.

6.2 User Interactions and Responsiveness

1. User Interactions

The platform employs various interactive elements to enhance the user experience. These
interactions are designed to be intuitive, user-friendly, and responsive. Key interactions
include:

 Navigation: The platform’s navigation is simple and straightforward, with a header

that provides quick access to essential sections such as the home page, user profile,
cart, and store listings. Each navigation link is visually highlighted when hovered
over, improving usability.
 Search Functionality: Users can search for stores or Product items using the
search bar, with real-time suggestions or auto-complete features to speed up the
process.
 Interactive Buttons: Buttons such as “Add to Cart,” “Place Order,” and “View
Details” provide visual feedback on hover and click events (e.g., changing color or
displaying a loading indicator), letting users know that their actions are being
processed.
 Form Validation: All forms on the platform (e.g., user registration, login,
checkout) include real-time validation. If a user enters invalid or incomplete data,
error messages are displayed, guiding them on how to correct the input.
 Cart Management: Users can interact with their cart by adding, updating, or
removing items. Each action provides immediate feedback, such as updating the
total price or displaying confirmation messages for removed items.
 Order Tracking: After placing an order, users can track its status in real time. The
order tracking page automatically updates the progress (e.g., "Order Placed,"
"Being Prepared," "Out for Delivery") without requiring manual refresh.

2. Responsiveness

The platform is built with responsiveness in mind, ensuring that users have a seamless
experience across different devices, including desktops, tablets, and smartphones.
Responsive design techniques have been implemented to ensure that the platform adjusts
and functions well on screens of all sizes. The following methods were used to achieve
responsiveness:

 Responsive Grid Layout: The platform’s layout is based on a responsive grid

system that adapts to different screen sizes. On larger screens, content such as store
listings or menu items is displayed in a multi-column layout, while on smaller
screens, the layout adjusts to a single column for easier readability and interaction.
 Media Queries: CSS media queries are used to detect the user’s screen size and
apply the appropriate styles. For example, the navigation bar collapses into a
"hamburger menu" on mobile devices, providing a clean and accessible interface.
 Touch-friendly UI: On mobile devices, the platform ensures that all interactive
elements, such as buttons and input fields, are touch-friendly, with sufficient
spacing to avoid accidental clicks.
  Responsive Images: Images, including store logos and menu item photos, are
optimized for different screen sizes. Responsive image techniques such as srcset
and CSS background-size are used to ensure that high-quality images are displayed
without negatively affecting performance on smaller devices.
 Flexible Typography: Font sizes and line heights are set to adjust dynamically
based on the screen size, ensuring that text remains readable across devices. Larger
fonts are used on smaller screens to enhance readability, while line spacing ensures
that the content is easy to follow.

3. Performance on Mobile Devices

Ensuring that the platform performs well on mobile devices is critical for user satisfaction.
To achieve this, several optimizations have been made:

 Minimized HTTP Requests: The platform minimizes the number of HTTP

requests made during page loads by combining CSS, JavaScript, and images where
possible. This ensures faster load times, particularly on mobile networks.
 Lazy Loading: Images and content that are not immediately visible (such as menu
items at the bottom of a long page) are loaded lazily, meaning they are only loaded
when the user scrolls to them. This improves initial load times, especially on slower
connections.
 Reduced JavaScript Bundles: The JavaScript bundles are optimized to reduce
their size, ensuring faster execution and reduced loading time, particularly on
devices with less processing power.
 Optimized Caching: Browser caching techniques are implemented to store static
assets, such as images and stylesheets, locally on the user’s device. This reduces the
need to download the same assets on every visit, improving the overall experience
for returning users.

4. Testing and Responsiveness Verification

To ensure that the platform performs well on different devices and screen sizes,
comprehensive testing was carried out using various tools and techniques:

 Browser Developer Tools: The platform was tested on multiple browsers and
devices using built-in developer tools to simulate different screen sizes and check
for responsiveness.
 Cross-browser Testing: The application was tested on major browsers (e.g.,
Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge) to ensure compatibility and consistent functionality
across all platforms.
 Mobile-first Approach: The platform was designed with a mobile-first approach,
meaning that the core functionalities were first developed and optimized for mobile
devices before scaling up to larger screens.
Chapter 5 : BackEnd Development
5.1 API Design and Routes (Node.js & Express.js)

The backend of the platform is built using Node.js and Express.js, which provides a
robust framework for building scalable web applications. The API (Application
Programming Interface) acts as a bridge between the frontend and backend, allowing data
to be passed and processed efficiently. Below is an outline of the key aspects of the API
design and routes:

1. API Structure

 The API follows a RESTful design, where different routes correspond to CRUD
(Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations on resources like users, stores, menu
items, and orders.
 Each resource has its own set of endpoints (routes), which handle the HTTP
requests (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE).

2. Key Routes and Endpoints

 User Routes:
o POST /users/register: For registering new users.
o POST /users/login: For user login and JWT token generation.
o GET /users/profile: For fetching user profile details (protected route).
o PUT /users/profile: For updating user profile details (protected route).
 Store Routes:
o GET /stores: Fetches the list of all stores.
o GET /stores/:id: Fetches details of a specific store.
o POST /stores: Adds a new store (admin only).
o PUT /stores/:id: Updates store information (admin only).
o DELETE /stores/:id: Deletes a store (admin only).
 Order Routes:
o POST /orders: Places a new order.
o GET /orders/:userId: Fetches all orders for a specific user (protected route).
o GET /orders/status/:orderId: Fetches the status of a specific order.

3. Middleware

 The platform uses middleware functions for tasks such as input validation,
authentication, and error handling.
 Example: authMiddleware.js ensures that only authenticated users can access
protected routes like /orders or /users/profile.

4. Error Handling

 Each route includes comprehensive error handling to ensure the API responds with
appropriate error messages (e.g., 400 for bad requests, 404 for not found, 500 for
server errors).
  Custom error-handling middleware is used to catch and process errors in a unified
way.

5.2 Integration with MongoDB

The MongoDB database is used to store and retrieve data for the platform. MongoDB is a
NoSQL database, and it is integrated with the backend through the Mongoose library,
which simplifies data modeling and communication with the database.

1. Database Models

 User Model:
o Fields: name, email, password, address, role (admin/user), orders.
o Passwords are hashed using bcrypt before being stored in the database for
security.
 Store Model:
o Fields: name, location, cuisine, menu, rating, deliveryTime.
o Each store has a nested array of menu items, which include Product item
details like name, price, description, and availability.
 Order Model:
o Fields: userId, storeId, items (list of menu items), totalPrice, orderStatus,
createdAt.
o The orderStatus field tracks the progress of the order (e.g., placed,
preparing, out for delivery, delivered).

2. CRUD Operations

 The API uses Mongoose methods for CRUD operations:

o create(): To add new documents (e.g., users, orders).
o find(): To retrieve data (e.g., all stores, user orders).
o findById(): To find a document by its ID (e.g., specific store or user).
o update(): To modify existing documents.
o delete(): To remove documents from the database.

3. Database Indexing and Optimization

 Indexes are created on frequently queried fields (e.g., email in the User model,
storeId in the Order model) to improve query performance.
 MongoDB’s aggregation framework is used to perform complex queries, such as
calculating average store ratings or filtering stores by cuisine and location.

4. Security Considerations

 All sensitive data (e.g., passwords) is encrypted before being stored.

 User input is sanitized to prevent NoSQL injection attacks.
 Rate limiting is applied to the API to prevent excessive requests from overloading
the database.
5.3 User Authentication and Authorization

Authentication and authorization are critical aspects of the platform, ensuring that users
can securely log in and only access their own data. The platform uses JWT (JSON Web
Token) for authentication and role-based access control for authorization.

1. User Authentication

 JWT Tokens: When a user logs in, a JWT is generated and sent back to the client.
This token is included in the Authorization header of all subsequent requests to
protected routes.
 Token Expiration: Tokens have a limited lifespan (e.g., 1 hour) for security
purposes. Users must log in again once the token expires.
 Password Hashing: User passwords are hashed using bcrypt before storing them
in the database. During login, the entered password is compared with the hashed
version stored in the database.

2. Protected Routes

 Routes that require user authentication (e.g., viewing order history, updating the
user profile) are protected by an authentication middleware that verifies the JWT
token.
 If the token is missing or invalid, the API responds with a 401 Unauthorized status.

3. Role-based Access Control (RBAC)

 Different user roles (e.g., admin, user) are assigned specific permissions:
o Admin: Can manage stores, view all orders, and modify any user or store
data.
o User: Can place orders, view their own order history, and update their
profile.
 The authorization middleware checks the user’s role before allowing access to
sensitive operations. For example, only an admin can access the route POST /stores
to add a new store.

4. Session Management

 While JWT provides stateless authentication, session management is used to track

user activity during their time on the platform. This includes keeping the user
logged in across page reloads until the token expires.

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

The architecture consists of the following layers:

1. Client-Side (Frontend): User interacts with the platform through a web browser, with
functionalities like searching, filtering, and managing the shopping cart.
2. Server-Side (Backend): The server handles user requests, manages the database, processes
orders, and handles payment gateways.
3. Database: Stores product details, user accounts, order histories, and transaction records.
Figure 7: Architectural Design
Chapter 6 : Challenges Faced
6.1 Technical Challenges

During the development of the platform, several technical challenges were encountered.
These issues required creative problem-solving and additional learning to ensure the
platform functioned as expected.

1. State Management in React

 Challenge: Managing complex application state across multiple components in

React can become difficult, especially when data needs to be passed deeply or
shared across unrelated components.
 Solution: To address this, Context API was initially used for smaller states like
user login status. However, as the application grew, Redux was introduced to
manage global state efficiently. Redux helped centralize the state, allowing
seamless data flow between components.

2. API Rate Limiting and Security

 Challenge: Given that the platform exposes a number of API endpoints for data
fetching and user actions, it was necessary to protect the backend from abuse, such
as brute-force attacks or DDoS attacks.
 Solution: A rate-limiting middleware was implemented to restrict the number of
requests a client can make to the API within a specific time window. Additionally,
input validation and sanitization were added to protect against SQL injection and
other common security threats.

3. Database Performance with MongoDB

 Challenge: As the amount of data in the database grew, certain queries, such as
retrieving stores based on filters (e.g., location, rating), began to slow down.
 Solution: Database performance was optimized by creating indexes on frequently
queried fields like storeId, userId, and createdAt. The use of MongoDB’s
aggregation framework also improved the performance of complex queries, such
as calculating average store ratings and filtering results efficiently.

4. Handling Asynchronous Operations

 Challenge: Dealing with asynchronous operations, such as fetching data from

MongoDB, authenticating users, and interacting with third-party APIs, posed a
challenge, particularly when multiple async operations needed to run in sequence.
 Solution: The use of async/await syntax in Node.js helped simplify asynchronous
code, making it more readable and easier to manage. Additionally, Promise.all()
was used in cases where multiple asynchronous operations needed to be executed
concurrently, such as fetching user data and order history at the same time.
5. Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) Issues

 Challenge: During development, the frontend (React) and backend (Node.js) were
served from different domains, which caused CORS (Cross-Origin Resource
Sharing) issues when the frontend tried to make API requests to the backend.
 Solution: A CORS middleware was added to the backend, allowing controlled
cross-origin requests from the frontend. This enabled the React app to communicate
securely with the Node.js API.

6.2 Development Challenges

In addition to technical issues, the project faced several development-related challenges.

These challenges were mostly related to project management, team coordination, and
meeting deadlines.

1. Time Management

 Challenge: Managing the development process within a limited timeframe was one
of the biggest challenges. With various features to implement, it was difficult to
balance working on the frontend, backend, and database design without
compromising on quality.
 Solution: A task prioritization strategy was employed to focus on the most
essential features first, such as user registration, store listings, and order placement.
Features like real-time order tracking and advanced user profiles were considered
secondary and implemented later in the development cycle.

2. Debugging and Testing

 Challenge: Debugging issues across different layers of the application (frontend,

backend, and database) became time-consuming. Identifying the source of errors
(whether from API calls, state management, or database queries) often required
extensive testing.
 Solution: The development team adopted unit testing and integration testing
early on in the project to catch bugs at each stage. Tools like Postman were used to
test API endpoints, while Jest and Enzyme were used for testing React
components. Implementing logging mechanisms in the backend also helped trace
and resolve bugs faster.

3. User Authentication and Role Management

 Challenge: Implementing a secure user authentication system that allowed

different roles (admin, user) to access appropriate parts of the application presented
a challenge. Ensuring that sensitive data remained protected required careful
planning.
 Solution: JWT (JSON Web Tokens) were implemented for secure authentication,
while role-based access control (RBAC) ensured that admin users had exclusive
access to certain operations like adding or removing stores. Protected routes and
middleware in Express.js helped enforce these restrictions.
4. Responsive Design and Mobile Optimization

 Challenge: Ensuring that the platform was fully responsive across different screen
sizes was more complex than initially anticipated. Many components, especially
those displaying store listings and order summaries, needed to adapt to various
screen sizes, including mobile devices.
 Solution: A mobile-first approach was adopted for the design, using media
queries to adjust layouts based on screen size. Responsive grids and flexible
typography were also used to ensure that all content displayed correctly on
different devices, from desktops to smartphones.

Result –
 Conclusion
The development of the platform, a Product delivery website, has been a valuable
learning experience and an excellent application of the MERN stack. By integrating
technologies like MongoDB, Express.js, React.js, and Node.js, we were able to create a
full-stack web application that efficiently handles store listings, user authentication, and
order management. Throughout the development process, we faced various challenges,
including handling asynchronous operations, ensuring database performance, and
designing a responsive user interface. These challenges provided opportunities for
problem-solving and improving our technical skills.

The platform successfully meets its objectives by providing users with a seamless
experience to browse stores, place orders, and manage their profiles. The application is
built to scale and offers a foundation for future enhancements, such as real-time order
tracking, payment gateway integration, and advanced data analytics for store owners.

In conclusion, the project has been a rewarding journey that demonstrated the potential of
the MERN stack for building modern, responsive, and scalable web applications. With the
knowledge and experience gained through this project, we are well-equipped to undertake
more complex development tasks in the future.