VACCINES - SPOTTERS
Dr SOWMYA A,PG, DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE,
AVMC&H
Different route of administration of vaccines
BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guerin)
• Live vaccines (derived from an attenuated bovine strain of
tubercle bacilli)
• Strain – Moscow/ Danish 1331
• Sensitive to light
• Given at :At birth(0.05ml) or as early as possible 0.1ml
• Route: Intra-dermal
• Site: Left Upper Arm
BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guerin)
• Types Of Vaccine: liquid vaccine and freeze-dried vaccine.
• Freeze-dried vaccine is a more stable preparation- Diluent used - Normal saline
• Reaction: Suppurative lymphadenitis, BCG osteitis, Disseminated BCG
infection.
• Contraindications: Pregnancy, Radiation therapy (i.e. total-body radiation),
symptomatic HIV infection
Q&A
• BCG:
• a. What type of Vaccine in this?
• b. What is the strain used for preparation of this vaccine?
• c. What is the Diluent used for reconstitution of freeze dried powder?
• d. What is the dose recommended for new born baby below 4 weeks?
• e. what is the route of administration?
• Answer:
• a) Live attenuated vaccine
• b)Danish 1331 / Moscow
• c) Normal saline
• d) o.o5ml
• e) intradermal
Oral (Sabin) polio vaccine (OPV)
• It contains live attenuated virus (Bivalent-1 and 3)
• Route: Oral
• Dose:2 drops
• Given at: At birth, 6,10,14 weeks
Oral (Sabin) polio vaccine (OPV)
• Contra indication: Immunocompromised individuals, patients
suffering from leukemias, malignancy and those receiving
corticosteroids
• IPV is an alternative to OPV for immunization of children with HIV
infection
Q&A- OPV
a. What type of vaccine is this?
b. What is a VVM?
c. How many does are given for primary vaccination? And when?
d. What special arrangements have to be made for transport and storage of OPV?
Answer:
• a) Live attenuated vaccine
• b) Vaccine Vial Monitor
• c) 4 doses at birth, 6 Wks, 10 wks, 14 wks
• d) Cold chain
VVM (Vaccine vial monitor)
• Temperature monitoring devices that routinely accompany
vaccines throughout the entire supply chain.
• heat exposure - gradual colour change.
• Colour of the inner square - same colour or darker than the
outer circle the vaccine has been exposed to too much heat
and should be discarded
VVM (Vaccine vial monitor)
COLD CHAIN
• System of storage and transport of
vaccines at low temperatures from the
manufacturer to the actual vaccination site
DPT- Diphtheria, Pertussis &Tetanus (DPT)
• Pentavalent vaccine has replaced DPT
• Type of vaccine : Combined
• DPT booster 1- 16-24 months
• Dose -0.5 ml
• Route :Intra-muscular
• Site : Antero-lateral side of mid-thigh
• DPT Booster-2: 5-6 years, 0.5 ml. Intra-muscular Upper
Arm
DPT- Diphtheria, Pertussis &Tetanus (DPT)
• Reactions: Fever and mild local reactions
• Contra indication: if a severe reaction occurred after a previous dose
Q&A
• DPT
a. What type of vaccine does it contain?
b. How many does are given for primary vaccination? And when?
c. What is the route of administration?
d. What are its components?
Answer:
a) combined
b) 3 doses at 6,10,14 weeks
c) deep intra muscular
d)Diptheria toxoid, pertussis killed vaccine & tetanus toxoid
Measles Rubella Vaccine:
• Live attenuated vaccine
• Strain: Edmonston zagreb
• Given at 9 completed months – 12 months (can be given till 5 yrs of age)
• 0.5 ml , subcutaneous, Left upper arm.
• Protection :
For Measles - 85% if < 12 months of age, > 95% if age > 12 months
For Rubella – 95% if < 12 months of age, > 99% if age > 12 months
Q&A
• MMR
a. What is the strain used?
b. What type of vaccine is this?
c. How many does are given for primary vaccination? And when?
d. What is the route of administration?
e. What other vaccine can be combined & given along with measles vaccine?
Ans:
• a) HDC Edmonston zagreb
• b) Live attenuated Vaccine
• c) 1 dose at 9Mths
• d) Subcutaneous
• e) Mumps, Measles &Rubella
Measles Rubella:
• Minor Side effects – 25% local pain, swelling, redness, less commonly fever &
irritability.
• Major Side effects – Febrile Seizures (3/1000), Thrombocytopenia (3/10,000),
Anaphylaxis, Encephalopathy.
• Contraindicated – Immunocompromised conditions.
• Age group – 9 months to 15 years of age
Q&A
• MR:
• a. What type of vaccine is this?
• b. What is the time of administration of this vaccine?
• c. Route of administration?
Answer:
• a) combined vaccine as Measles & Rubella,
• b) 9 completed months-12 months, 2nd dose 16-24 months
• c)subcutaneous.
Vitamin A:
• Oral route
• Usual schedule
9 months – 100,000 IU
16 months – 200,000 IU
Every six months 200,000 IU given
till age 5
Vitamin A:
• Treatment of Vitamin A deficiency:
➢First dose – Immediately after diagnosis
➢Second dose – Next day
➢Third – After 2 weeks
o < 6 months – 50,000 IU
o 6-11 months – 100,000 IU
o ≥ 12 months – 200,000 IU
Tetanus adult diphtheria
vaccine :
• It is a combination of tetanus &
diphtheria with lower
concentration of diphtheria
antigen- TOXOID
• Route : intramuscular
• Dose – 0.5 ml
• Site – outer upper arm
Tetanus adult diphtheria vaccine :
• Routine:
- 2 doses at 10 & 16th year
• Pregnancy:
- 2 doses in first pregnancy, 4-6 weeks apart
- 1 dose in 2nd pregnancy, if within 3 years
• Minor reactions:
- mild local pain
Tetanus adult diphtheria vaccine :
• Interval between 2 doses: 4 weeks/ 1 month
• Storage – 2-8 ̊c, Never freeze. It withstands up to 37 ˚ C
Q&A
• Td
a. What type of vaccine is this?
b. What is desirable interval between two doses?
c. How should it be stored?
Answer:
a) Toxoid
b) b) 4 weeks
c) c)under refrigeration.
Q&A
Pentavalent Vaccine:
a. What is the dose and route of administration?
b. What is the schedule?
c. What are the components of this Vaccine?
Answer:
a)0.5ml interamuscular in Antero lateral aspect of thigh
b) 3 doses 6, 10,14 weeks of age & 1 booster dose at 15 to 18 months of age
c) Diptheira, Tetanus, Pertussis, Hepatitis ‘B’ and H influenza.
Q&A
Hepatitis ‘B’
a. How many doses are given and when?
b. When should the booster dose be given?
c. What is the effect of the vaccine on carriers of HBs Ag?
d. What is the dose to be given for adults and children?
Answer:
• a) 3doses,at 0,1,6 months.
• b) 3-5 yrs later
• c) no effect
• d) 1ml for adults, 0.5ml for children.
Rota virus:
• Route & Dose – Oral, 5 drops, at 6 , 10,
14 weeks
• Monovalent LAV – 116E strain
[G9P(11)]
• Protection – 55% up to 2 years of age
• Minor Reactions – cough, runny nose,
diarrhea , vomiting
• Major reactions – Intussusception (0.13%)
Rota virus:
• Contraindication - < 6 week
• Storage - 2-8 ̊c
• Type :
1. Cell cultured – human diploid cell cultured vaccine
2. Non-human propagated in primary chick fibroblast cell culture, lyophilized
Covid Vaccine
(Covishield):
• Recombinant vaccine - Approved for
restricted use in emergency situation in
individuals 18 years of age or older
• Route – Intramuscular injection, Deltoid.
• Dose – two doses, 0.5ml each
• 2nd dose – 12 to 16 weeks apart.
Covid Vaccine (Covishield):
• With covid symptoms – 4 to 8 weeks after recovery
• Contraindicated – allergic reaction to previous dose of this vaccine, allergic
reaction to any of the ingredients of this vaccine.
• Minor reactions:
- pain, swelling, redness at the injection site, headache, fever, joint pain.
• Severe reactions:
- Anaphylaxis.
Thank You
