Review of Related Literature

According to the Australian Oxford Dictionary, revitalize means ‘to imbue with new life

and vitality’. Revitalization is a response to obsolescence or diminished utility which reflects

the reduction in the useful life of capital good. Attempts to revitalize decayed parts of the city

must address and remedy obsolescence of buildings as well as the entire economic life of

the building stock (Heath et al 1996). Lichfield (1988) points out the obsolescence of urban

areas are reflected in the mismatch between the services offered by the fabric and the

needs seen through cotemporary eyes. As a result, the major role of revitalization is to

reconcile this mismatch which can have its source in the physical fabric or socio-economic

activities. In analyzing the revitalization of historic precincts, Tiesdell, Taner Oc and Heath

(1999) assert that the physical fabric may be adapted to contemporary requirements through

various modes of renewal which include refurbishment, conservation, or by demolition and

redevelopment.

In terms of economic activity, revitalization can also arise from replacing former

unsustainable uses with new ones. Although a physical revitalization creates an improved

urban environment and physical public realm, a comprehensive economic revitalization is

also required as the activities and uses within buildings are the major financial contributor to

the maintenance of the improved physical public realm. The authors also stress on the

importance of social revitalization as the vitality of the area is of crucial importance in

maintaining a healthy balanced and vibrant urban environment. The term revitalization

should not be misinterpreted as urban renewal, although urban renewal can trigger

revitalization process. Urban Renewal (similar to Urban Regeneration in British English)

refers to a controversial US program of land re-development in areas of moderate to high

density urban land use. This process began an intense phase in the late 1940s and

continued into the late 1970's, and still occurring in the early 1980's. It has a major impact

on the urban landscape. Urban renewal, an innovation of the 1954 Housing Act (USA), is

based on the assumption that some of the housing in an area is deteriorated or dilapidated

and must be removed in order to ensure the future wellbeing of the surrounding
neighborhood (Pacione 2005). Alam Cipta Vol 9 (1) June 2016 UNIVERSITI PUTRA

MALAYSIA 4 Consequently, urban renewal is controversial, and typically involves the

destruction of businesses, the relocation of people, and the use of eminent domain (known

as Compulsory Purchase in the UK) as a legal instrument to reclaim private property for city-

initiated development projects. Urban renewal in its original form has been called a failure by

many urban planners and civic leaders, and has since been reformulated with a focus on

redevelopment of existing communities.

However, many cities link the revitalization of the central business district and

gentrification of residential neighborhoods to earlier urban renewal programs. Over time,

urban renewal evolved into a policy based less on destruction and more on renovation and

investment, and today is an integral part of many local governments, often combined with

small and big business incentives (Gibson and Langstaff: 1982; Onka, Dhoti and Sharma:

2008:43). In the UK the term regeneration has often been used as the preferred general

term for revitalizing blighted urban areas (Peiser 2007). According to the author, retail and

housing revitalizations are the basic components of property-led regeneration which has

been the most favoured strategy both in the USA and UK. In the USA the private sector

including small local developers have taken leading roles in revitalization projects. In the UK

the Central Government plays a strong role in local redevelopment financing and policy

(Peiser 2007). Given its inclusive partnership between the public, private, voluntary and

community sectors, and its strategic approach, Roberts and Skykes (2000) state that

regeneration can accomplish an enabling role in achieving sustainability. It should be added

that revitalization of historic precincts is often labelled under the term of conservation.

According to Thiesdall et al (1996) contemporary conservation includes issues

related to other basic urban problems such as future land uses, traffic circulation,

demographic forecasts, economic activities, and future social infrastructure. Revitalization

can also be in form of total redevelopment. This is often the case when dealing with former

industrial areas and abandoned port facilities. According to Pacione (2005) Revitalization

often triggers gentrification. Gentrification is understood as the process of neighborhood

upgrading by relatively affluent incomers who move into a poorer neighborhood in sufficient

numbers to displace lower income groups and transform its social identity (Pacione 2005).

Although revitalization of deprived urban areas is very much dependent on successful

economic development, urban design plays a key role in its process (Neiman, Andranovich,

Fernandez 1997, Peiser 2007). A review of major waterfront redevelopments in Australia

reveal that urban design directly achieves quality built environment and as a result indirectly

stimulating the local economy (Vic Urban 2008, Subiaco Redevelopment Authority 2007,

Williams 2004, Southbank Corporation 2003, Noble 2001). Similarly, a study of selected

inner city revitalization projects in Pasadena, Boston, Los Angeles, and Dallas revealed that

good urban design can significantly increase the attractiveness of revitalized urban areas

which benefits both the residents and the local business community (Kotin and Szalay 2007,

Duval and Monson 2007, McCue 2007, Walz and Wilson 2007).

Peiser (2007) however asserts that many developers are suspicious of the

benefits of urban design as it involves investing in areas outside their private domain.

On the contrary, Carmona el al (2003) says that urban design plays a major role in the

management of public spaces as it is seen as the main tool to combat physical,

functional, locational, legal and image obsolescence of the urban fabric. In fact,

Singapore and Malaysia in Southeast Asia and Australia are among countries that have

strategically used urban design in recent urban revitalisation projects to bring about a

lasting improvement in the economic, physical, social and environmental condition of

the urban area. Inadvertently, it improves the quality of life of its residents. The next

section outlines the different approaches to inner city revitalization drawing on

experiences from Singapore, and Southeast Queensland cities of Brisbane and the

Gold Coast and evaluates the urban design tools used in the process. Kozlowski, M., &

Yusof, Y. (2016).

Revitalization of historic buildings in crisis areas is a complex, interdisciplinary

process that addresses not only the technical problems of buildings, but also the social,

environmental, economic and cultural issues of the local community. Proper diagnosis of the
dangers and social problems in the crisis area should be the basis for identifying new

functionalities for this area. It should help to resolve the diagnosed problems, as well as to

stimulate growth and revival in all spheres related to the life of the local community. The

construction process, which results in the change of the function of the building and its

adaptation to modern demands - technical, utility and formal, requires innovative

interdisciplinary diagnostic methods. Each building, its structure and its components, has a

certain adaptability that can be presented in a measurable and comparable manner.

Evaluation of adaptability is a part of the expanded, interdisciplinary diagnostics of the

historic building, which should be applied in the process of its revitalization. Determination of

adaptability is an element of wider diagnostic procedures, which results in assessment of

the revitalization capacity of a building.

Biomimicry, Environmental Design, and Ecological Design

Environmental design is defined as design of the physical world shaped and

constructed by humans at any scale, whether city, building, or interior. Though specialization

within the design professions becomes more common, the sliding scale of environmental

design is chosen to not only be more inclusive but as a reminder that all designers play a

critical role in shaping the built environment. Biomimicry gained the attention of

environmental designers after it was identified as one of the most important principles of

sustainability in McLennan and Berkebile’s The Philosophy of Sustainability Design: The

Future of Architecture (2004, p. 43). Since this publication, Benyus has recognized that “the

built environment is the most fertile ground for biomimicry” (Livingston, 2008, para 2). Benyus

was the closing-event speaker at the 2008 U.S. Green Building Council national Greenbuild

conference in Boston (Burr, 2008), and her Biomimicry Guild (founded with Dr. Danya

Baumeister) offers services “helping companies and communities find, vet, understand and

emulate life's time-tested strategies” (“What Is”, 2008, para 1). This guild has now formed an

alliance with one of the largest design firms in the world, HOK Architects (Livingston, 2008).

Certainly, nature has regularly inspired designs in the built environment, but as will be

pointed out later, most of these examples are grounded in natural form. Although form is an
obvious component of nature, Benyus and other scientists working with biomimicry warn that

merely mimicking natural form misses the point (“Borrowing,” 2007, p. 32; Post, 2007, p. 28).

Benyus writes that “a full emulation of nature engages at least three levels of mimicry: form,

process, and ecosystem” (Benyus, 2008, p. 40). As will become clear in following chapters,

this triad of form, ecosystem, and process is the beginning foundation for the qualitative

interpretation of biomimicry presented in this thesis. In fact, some key contemporary figures

have advocated that environmental design be inspired by natural ecosystems and processes

as well as natural form. Paulo Soleri (1969) describes his vision for entire cities which is

based on habitats for humans centered on what he 2 calls the concept of “miniaturization.”

Soleri suggests that the morphing of multilevel physical environments and human ecology –

what he calls “arcology”—will result in the “the implosion of the flat megalopolis of today into

an urban solid of superdense and human vitality” (Soleri, 1969, p. 31).

John and Nancy Todd are perhaps among the first to use the term “ecological design”

in Bioshelters, Ocean Arks, City Farming, which focuses on systems “for human settlement

that incorporate principles inherent in the natural world in order to sustain human populations

over a long span of time” (Todd, 1984, p. 1), in particular, alternative means for food, energy,

and shelter. John Tillman Lyle (1994) uses the term “regenerative design” to identify his

approach to ecological design. He describes new systems for energy use, water, and

wastewater that are founded on principles of natural processes and ecosystems. While other

thinkers and designers can be identified with biomimicry, the intention is not to provide a

comprehensive history of ecological design, but to identify a reoccurring deficiency that exists

—namely, a focus on calculative methods and systems that mimic nature to reduce human

impact on nature. After Kellert and Heerwagen (2008), that without a deeper connection

among people, nature, and the built environment, many of the proposed solutions for

ecological design and sustainability merely lessen the impact on the environment and “will

ultimately be insufficient to achieving the long-term goal of a sustainable, healthy, and well-

functioning society” (ibid., p. vii). The central argument is that, without nurturing a caring,

long-lasting, and meaningful relationship among people, place, and nature, any sustainable

approach, including biomimicry, will merely replace conventional practices and prolong the
increasing degradation of the natural and built environment. This argument is similar to

author and professor of architecture Gary Coates’ (1981) perspective in Resettling America:

Energy, Ecology, and Community, considered by many to be a landmark publication and one

of the most comprehensive presentations of ecological and sustainable design based on a

cooperative human community.

Coates suggests that, rather than “continuing to promote a ‘Green Revolution’ whose

time has passed” (ibid., p. 413) and “engaging in a futile attempt to maintain the existing

structure of our human habitat with diffuse renewable energy sources” (ibid., p. 32), it is

necessary to “to create a symbiosis between nature and culture. To achieve this goal, human

culture must come to emulate in its functioning, as far as possible, the dynamic equilibrium

characteristics of a mature ecosystem” (ibid., p. 219). From one angle, this thesis is an

attempt to continue the many strands of Coates’ argument and to 3 describe an approach

that is rooted in the human dimension of caring and concern and the need to create human

communities in which such care is experienced and enacted in the rituals of everyday life. In

this way, we might be able to take “responsibility for reshaping [our] own lives,

neighborhoods, and cities” in a built environment that reflects who we want to be (ibid., p. 3).

This emphasis on and inclusion of people is not meant to be a humanistic critique of

biomimicry in the vein of Joe Kaplinsky’s (2006) Biomimicry versus Humanism, which argues

that “the idea that there are natural solutions to natural limits is wrong-headed…. the way in

which we experience such constraints [of nature] is always mediated by our technological

and social systems” (ibid., p. 68). Rather, my intention is to be more encompassing of the

complex interrelationships that exist in the built environment and strive for what

phenomenological geographer Edward Relph (1981) has called “environmental humility,”

which involves a genuine caring and concern for the environment that incorporates

responsibility and commitment for the natural world, rather than mastery and exploitation. My

intention is to avoid the naively anthropocentric humanistic view proposed by Kaplinsky that

only furthers the mistakes of a positivist science that places humans apart from nature.

Revitalization, in its essence, is a process of rejuvenation, a breath of fresh air for

structures and urban spaces that have fallen into disrepair or become obsolete. It’s about
imbuing these spaces with new life and vitality, restoring their functionality, and

reconnecting them to the vibrant pulse of the city. This concept, as defined by Heath et al.

(1996), goes beyond mere aesthetic improvements. It involves a holistic approach that

addresses both the physical fabric and the economic activities within a space,

acknowledging that a revitalized space is one that is not only aesthetically pleasing but also

economically viable and socially inclusive.

Klein, L., & Seamon, D. (1996). A PHENOMENOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF

BIOMIMICRY AND ITS POTENTIAL VALUE FOR SUSTAINABLE DESIGN.

https://krex.k-state.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/682842a8-5627-43f5-8933-

ccc5648c4793/content

Revitalization and Design: Breathing New Life into Urban Spaces

The key to revitalization lies in recognizing and responding to obsolescence.

Lichfield (1988) highlights the disconnect that can occur between the services offered by a

building or urban space and the needs of its contemporary users. This disconnect, often

rooted in the physical structure or the socio-economic activities within the space,

necessitates a strategic approach to revitalization that bridges the gap between past and

present.

Tiesdell, Taner Oc, and Heath (1999) further elucidate the importance of physical

revitalization. They emphasize that the physical fabric of a space can be adapted to

contemporary requirements through various modes of renewal, including refurbishment,

conservation, or even demolition and redevelopment. However, the authors caution against

a purely physical approach. They emphasize that revitalization must encompass a

comprehensive strategy that addresses social and economic revitalization.

The social dimension of revitalization encompasses the creation of a space that

fosters community engagement, provides accessible amenities, and creates a welcoming

environment for residents and visitors alike. Economic revitalization, on the other hand,

focuses on re-energizing the economic activity within a space, attracting new businesses,

promoting local industries, and fostering sustainable growth.

 In essence, revitalization is a multifaceted process that requires a nuanced

understanding of the unique challenges and opportunities presented by each space. It

necessitates a collaborative approach, involving architects, urban planners, community

leaders, and stakeholders, to ensure that revitalization efforts are successful in achieving a

balanced and vibrant environment. This holistic approach ensures that revitalized spaces

not only offer physical improvements but also contribute to the overall well-being and

prosperity of the community.

Biomimicry and Sustainable Design: A Blueprint for a Revitalized Airport Terminal in

Marinduque

The quest for sustainable design has led architects and engineers to look beyond

conventional approaches and toward the wisdom of nature. Biomimicry, the practice of

emulating nature's forms, functions, and processes, has emerged as a powerful tool for

creating structures that are energy-efficient, resilient, and adaptable to their environments

(Biomimicry Institute, 2023). This approach, by drawing inspiration from the natural world,

offers a path towards a more sustainable future for architecture.

Research has shown that incorporating biomimetic principles can significantly

enhance the energy performance of buildings. For example, passive cooling strategies,

mimicking the way trees shade themselves, can reduce heat gain and reliance on air

conditioning (Vincent, 2010). Optimized natural light utilization, inspired by the way light

filters through dense foliage, can create a brighter and more inviting interior, minimizing the

need for artificial lighting. Moreover, biomimetic ventilation systems, modeled after the

airflow through forests, can provide natural cooling and improve air quality.

Beyond energy efficiency, biomimetic design often incorporates natural materials

and processes, reducing the environmental impact of construction. The use of sustainably

sourced wood, bamboo, or other natural materials minimizes the reliance on concrete and

steel, which have a significant carbon footprint. Furthermore, biomimetic designs often

incorporate principles of bio-integration, allowing buildings to blend seamlessly with their

surroundings and contribute to ecological balance.

 This approach has particular relevance in the context of airport terminal design,

where sustainability and user experience are paramount. Airport terminals, as complex

spaces that cater to diverse user needs, demand a user-centric approach to design (Gould

& Lewis, 1985). Research emphasizes the importance of passenger flow, wayfinding,

accessibility, and the overall aesthetics of the terminal (Clegg & Roberts, 2004). Biomimicry

can significantly enhance these aspects by creating intuitive and welcoming environments

that promote natural light and ventilation, reduce noise and stress, and foster a sense of

connection with the surrounding natural world.

The revitalization of the airport terminal in Marinduque presents an ideal opportunity

to apply these principles. Marinduque's tropical climate poses unique challenges,

demanding thoughtful strategies for heat mitigation and natural ventilation. Utilizing locally

sourced materials, such as bamboo, can contribute to a sustainable approach while

celebrating the island's unique character. Moreover, incorporating elements that reflect the

local culture and traditions of Marinduque, such as traditional architectural motifs or

indigenous plant species, can enhance the aesthetic appeal and create a sense of place.

By embracing biomimicry, the revitalized airport terminal in Marinduque has the

potential to become a beacon of sustainable design, showcasing how nature's solutions

can be harnessed to create a more energy-efficient, user-friendly, and culturally relevant

space. This project can serve as a model for future airport terminals, demonstrating the

power of biomimicry to create buildings that are not only functional and aesthetically

pleasing but also contribute to a more sustainable and harmonious relationship between

humans and the natural world.

San Francisco International Airport’s Harvey Milk Terminal 1 Redevelopment, USA

According to Hemanth (July 2021), over $2.4 billion is being invested in

renovations at San Francisco International Airport's (SFO) Harvey Milk Terminal 1 in

order to enhance the traveler experience. The airport, which is situated in San

Francisco, California, US, provides nonstop service to over 50 cities across the globe. It

carried 57.6 million passengers in 2019, but that number dropped to 16.4 million in 2020
as a result of stay-at-home policies and travel limitations brought on by the

Covid-19 epidemic. The International Terminal Building, Harvey Milk Terminal 1,

Terminal 2, and Terminal 3 are the four terminals at the airport. It provides free Wi-Fi in

every terminal along with a large assortment of eateries and retail stores for travelers.

Harvey Milk Terminal 1 Redevelopment Design

The goal of the renovation project is to provide a more enjoyable and less

stressful travel experience. It will have contemporary check-in and ticketing rooms,

eating options that are produced locally, public artwork created by Bay Area artists,

roomy waiting areas that are lit by natural light, and a museum exhibition called "Harvey

Milk: Messenger of Hope." The 380-foot display features statements, press clippings,

campaign placards, and historical photos that tell Harvey Milk's life narrative. The

terminal's architecture, which emphasizes relaxation, includes high ceilings that

disperse noise and let in more natural light to create an air of openness and encourage

circadian rhythms.

Harvey Milk Terminal 1 has opulent chaise lounge seats and floor to ceiling

windows for guests to unwind in before boarding their trip. Travelers will have access to

a yoga room at the terminal where they can practice yoga. In addition, there are

restaurants and shopping establishments as well as the airport's first gender-neutral

restrooms. New information dashboards about gates, facilities, and flight schedules are

being put throughout the boarding area of the terminal. The Fitwel "Best in Building

Health® 2021" award was given to the environmentally friendly Harvey Milk Terminal 1

by the Center for Active Design, a non-profit American organization dedicated to

enhancing public health by design.

Hemanth. (2021, July 2). San Francisco International Airport’s Harvey Milk

Terminal 1 Redevelopment, USA. Airport Technology; Airport Technology.

https://www.airport-technology.com/projects/san-francisco-international-airports-harvey-

milk-terminal-1-redevelopment/?cf-view

Brisbane Airport reveals designs for International Terminal Transformation

 Brisbane Airport is making significant improvements to its International Terminal

in order to fulfill Australian government criteria for security screening by the end of 2025.

According to reports, this will be the biggest overhaul of the terminal since it opened 29

years ago.

Brisbane’s Volcanic Rock

Features of sustainable design have been integrated into the project. One

example of this is the recycling of Brisbane tuff, a volcanic rock. The stone, which was

first extracted from a quarry at Kangaroo Point in the 1880s, was utilized to build

Brisbane's earliest structures. In order to make the tiles used in the International

Terminal, Brisbane tuff was collected from demolition yards in 2015. Those tiles are

being pulverized and repurposed into terrazzo benchtops and terminal furniture

because they must now be removed.

Security Screening and Passport Control

Passengers and cargo will be screened using computed tomography (CT)

equipment. Due to its size, the new equipment cannot be installed in the current security

area. As a result, security will move to Level 4's light atrium from Level 3's windowless

center.

Passengers can now leave laptops in their baggage and have other loose items

scanned alongside their cabin bags thanks to the introduction of larger, deeper

screening trays. It is anticipated that the new apparatus will expedite passengers'

passage through the screening point. Higher levels of accuracy and a decreased

requirement for rescreening bags are also anticipated with the use of CT screening

technology and 3D imaging of the bags.

Baggage System Improvements

The International Terminal baggage area's steel frame mezzanine, which will

contain the airport's new, energy-efficient conveyor system and Standard 3 technology

baggage security screening equipment, is currently undergoing staged construction.

Constructed atop the current luggage system, this mezzanine level will ensure

uninterrupted operations and reduce disruptions during renovation. The baggage

handling firm Alstef Group has been contracted by Brisbane Airport to finish this project.

In order to minimize the effects on travelers and airlines during construction, the

airport has divided the project into 20 parts, which are expected to be completed by

2027.

According to de Graaff, "construction comes with challenges, as anyone who has

ever renovated a house will know, but we are working to keep impacts to a minimum

while remaining open and catering for up to 20,000 international passengers a day." To

lessen the impact, the project is being divided into 20 construction phases, but we are

confident that the wait will be worthwhile because this refurbishment project is of high

quality. The entrance to the globe is Queensland's International Terminal.

Baker, E. (2024, September 12). VIDEO: Brisbane Airport reveals designs for

International Terminal transformation. Passenger Terminal Today; Passenger Terminal

Today. https://www.passengerterminaltoday.com/news/constructionarchitecture/

brisbane-airport-reveals-designs-for-international-terminal-transformation.html?

fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR0S4SDT6N5_KwF92Xnqmt8aTL2BaV8wBE1Hu92v

uZjN1T68TAqytWmJy3c_aem_-1Euak9dKFhN5H0

LaGuardia Terminal B Redesign: Reimagining the Airport

Among the most important and varied infrastructural components in the quickly

developing modern world are airports. Connecting communities that are 50 miles apart

or even countries that are separated by 5000 miles of water, they promote economic

growth by offering travel and business opportunities to some of the world's most

unusual locations. As a pilot, I can attest that airports offer a respite from the hustle and

bustle of the city into the tranquility of the skies, as well as a chance to observe the

incredible advancements in humankind from a vantage point that is both quite different

and rarely seen.

 One of the biggest engineering and architectural firms in the nation, HOK, was

recently given the task of revamping Terminal B of New York's LaGuardia International

Airport with the goal of rethinking ergonomics while enhancing productivity and the

overall traveler experience. Come talk about the present state of airport layouts, their

inherent flaws, and how LaGuardia's Terminal B was transformed into an airport of the

future with myself and HOK Design Principal Peter Ruggiero.

While reinventing various commercial spaces has been Peter's professional

focus, he is most recognized for his work on projects involving Chicago O'Hare

International, John F. Kennedy International, Washington Dulles International, and

Newark Liberty International.

Ballantyne, A. (2020, November 3). Hugo Render. Hugo Render.

https://www.hugorender.com/blog/2020/11/3/laguardia-terminal-b-redesign-reimagining-

airportergonomics?

fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR0WR8i5PrI8nHNJXLe8AppPwKlMnYvIg1QzkXuc84i

nJvvYTqjQD9zXdWc_aem_MOQkVd5GidmMP5__lUv

San Miguel unveils three-pronged plan for ‘New NAIA’

Alvarez, (2024) mentioned that for the first four years As "Terminal 2 will become

purely domestic, Terminal 1 will be used by Philippine Airlines and other foreign airlines

will be transferred to Terminal 3 along with Cebu Pacific and AirAsia," they will

concentrate on reassigning terminals.

The NNIC will build extra parking spaces, landside and airside roadways, and

passenger terminals in an effort to relieve traffic congestion. Alvarez promised to

modernize the terminals, machinery, and systems for security and safety during the

following five years of operation. This covers luggage handling, passenger boarding

bridges, electricity and air conditioning, and the update of the passenger processing

system.

New entry and exit taxiways, an expanded apron, fuel hydrant systems,
drainage, and new visual docking guidance will thereafter be implemented shortly. The

required upgrades also include new airport systems and safety and security measures.

San Miguel unveils three-pronged plan for “New NAIA.” (2024). Manila Bulletin.

https://mb.com.ph/2024/9/9/naia-s-four-year-countdown-san-miguel-unveils-

rehabilitation-plans?

fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR0ugnJDGVo0zRW1wP7M_ZG0NvLX-

5mwtZ4TydbotMIGuRM0DN9qE5ZmRek_aem_HjZ_AXBkv78U7TIZ-obFpA

Biomimetic in Architecture

The project biomimetic in architecture - architecture of life and buildings - aims to

innovate architectural design. Rather than defining boundaries or drawing additional

distinctions, or even calling architecture a living organism, the investigation of the areas

shared by architecture and biology seeks to shed light on current developments in the

overlapping fields. The methodology by which knowledge gained from nature is

translated into technical solutions is of greater significance than the accumulation of

individual case studies.

The architectural disciplines where this is there are many different kinds of

necessary and applicable. Creativity will aid in resolving the issues facing architecture

today and surroundings, as well as emerging architectural fields and design—such as

space design—will be investigated. The tactical analogy to biological paradigms aid in

locating potential areas for innovation. Most importantly, Building biomimetic will

contribute to the creation of active environmental design culture.

Biomimetic in Construction and Architecture

Juri Lebedew claims that the primary elements to be examined by the

"Architekturbionk" field are:

1. Utilizes analytic and analogic techniques of the constructed and natural environments

2. Organic nature-based construction principles

3. Form and harmony development".

 Lebedew explains how the connection between humanity, nature, and

architecture in a triangle plan as a coalition. Architecture is not limited to safeguard

people, but it also assumes the job of an extended portion of the human body and

engages in interaction between the environment and people. Lebedew is in favor of

using natural resources creatively. Concepts and findings as opposed to a simple a

duplicate of the form.

Architecture using biomimetic allows for the detection of fresh and inventive

domains combined with a technique of applying concepts learned from natural

occurrences to the field of architecture. Given that architectural projects defined by a

plethora of factors, the definition style of "biomimetic architecture" is Not appropriate.

Not to mention, it is challenging to evaluate if the goal of an architectural project is

biomimicry. This is frequently not at all evident. Using biomimetic, one can impact

architecture specifically, but unquestionably not in every way. Consequently, a

systematic expression has to be preferred: biomimetic in architecture is a discipline to

use in order to achieve architectural innovation organic exemplars, and the contrast

between live nature and the constructed surroundings produce new perceptions.

Gruber, P. (2011). Biomimetics in Architecture. SpingerWien

The Modern Airport Terminal

Universality of Air Travel

It has been said that flying is the defining form of twentieth-century modes of

transportation. There isn't another way to travel. Contrasts to the glitz, size, and speed

of modern flying. Travel by air has made continents accessible and mass accessibility

comparable to that of the smaller-scale railroads. One hundred years ago. As a result,

flying has changed our experience of time and place: it has expanded our

understanding of human experience and geography.

There have been claims that the transportation modalities of the twentieth

century are defined by flying. There's no other route to take. Stark contrast to the size,

speed, and glamor of contemporary aviation. Air travel has opened up continents and
increased accessibility for the general public, just like smaller-scale railroads did a

century ago. Flying has therefore altered our sense of location and time: it has

deepened our comprehension of geography and human experience.

The Airport as Cultural Memory

The history of the airport is, in many respects, the history of the twentieth

century. It is a tale of modernity told via space, speed, light, and flight.3 An airport's

typical urban design emphasizes quick mobility, expansive, flexible areas for social

interaction, potent retail, meeting, and hotel conglomerations and architecture that aims

to instill identity in a context that is alienating. In the globalized world of airlines, hotel

chains, and merchants, designers may find it difficult to offer both cultural and physical

direction. Despite the speed at which globalization is occurring, geography and history

are determined through architecture. The architect designs a doorway in this fleeting

setting. To flight and, conversely, a point of entry to continents.

The physical and electronic connections in today's world are growing. Beyond

their practical use, transport buildings also serve as celebrations of social interaction

and actual transportation. An examination of the most contemporary airport designs,

from Schipol to Kuala Lumpur, demonstrates the shift in focus from mechanical function

to cultural significance. Within the communication. In the competitive world of aviation,

"image" is crucial.

An imposing airport with eye-catching structures, lovely interior spaces, quiet

areas with plants, and effective circulation systems is a better asset to clients and

customers than a nameless shack. On the one hand, the tendency toward hub airports

destroys places, but on the other, it forces these out-of-the-way buildings to be

grounded in reality. The captured architectural syntax of contemporary hubs Rem

Koolhaas' design for the new Schipol airport offers a personalized experience in these

man-made structures situated amid desolate environments.

 Edwards, B. (2005). The Modern Airport Terminal : New Approaches to airport

architecture (2nd ed.). Spoon Press.

Biomimetic Design Method for Innovation and Sustainability

According to Gleich et al., there are three major threads of development in

biomimetic. The first and oldest strand is functional morphology, which includes both

form and function. It is based on the relationship between biological structure and

function. Success in this strand occurs when the function is more closely tied to its form

or structure than to its material qualities. Thus, the structural properties determine the

function rather than the material properties. Many of the successes in this thread may

be traced back to fluid dynamics. In this situation, the biomimetic design method

compensates for the limitations of mathematics and physics by offering practical flow

models that are difficult to calculate mathematically. The second strand consists of

signal and information processing biocybemetics, sensor technologies, and robotics,

which are distinguished by the cybemetic control loop. Examples include bioinspired

robots and biomimetic sensors. The third and most recent strand includes

nanobiomimetics, molecular self-organization, and nanotechnology. Examples include

lotus effect applications that mimic the nanostructure of epidermal protrusions, as well

as sharkskin tiles and coatings that prevent microorganisms.

Biomimicry as a Sustainability Engine

One of humanity's greatest challenges now is to provide sustainable

technologies. "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the

present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

While today's needs are increasing due to population increase and demand for a higher

quality of life, the ability to meet these needs is uncertain. We are still reliant on oil,

carbon emissions are increasing, and 90% of raw materials are lost throughout the
manufacturing process. Resources and ecological services are in decline, while

demand is increasing. It's time for a real shift. This transformation should be built into

how we conceptualize, develop, make, consume, and dispose of our things.

This essential adjustment toward sustainability may initially be regarded as a

commercial limitation. New regulations and demands necessitate managerial attention

and financial resources. However, it is clearly obvious that sustainability is a major

driver of innovation. There are an increasing number of case studies of businesses that

have become innovation leaders as a result of their pursuit of sustainability.

Characteristics of the Biomimicry Design Process

Two biomimetic design processes are recognized based on their starting points.

We can begin in technology or engineering with a design problem and find a solution in

biology. For example, the bullet train in Japan was rebuilt after the kingfisher to address

the noise issue. First, the problem was detected as the noise that the train makes every

time it exits a tunnel owing to a shift in air pressure. Then, a biological solution was

discovered in the kingfisher, which dives from air to water with little splashing. The front

of the train was remodeled with the kingfisher's beak as a model. As a result, the train

runs more quietly, quickly, and efficiently.

Reich, Y. (2018). Biomimetic design method for innovation and sustainability.

Architecture Follows Nature Biomimetic Principles for Innovative Design

The word "nature" is derived from the Latin word natura, which in the classical

era signified "birth" or "begetting". The term "nature" is also conceptually similar to the

Greek word physis, which refers to an existing and growing material system. As a result,

nature is everything but static, continually replenishing and transforming itself. The

interconnection of Earth's natural systems enables life, which evolves at rates and

scales previously unknown in the universe. The theoretical concept for this book is

interconnected, which is described as the combination of natural answers and

innovative problem solving for man-made situations.

 For millennia, life has been able to sustain itself thanks to the evolutionary

process and the consequent adaptations. However, the increased pace and magnitude

of human activities have unknown implications for the balance of systems that allow all

species, including our own, to thrive. Sustainable design allows us to begin to balance

man-made structures with the natural environment. Biomimicry can help us shift our

perspective by viewing nature as a source of practical and aesthetic answers rather

than hurdles to overcome.

Mazzoleni, I. (2013). Architecture Follows Nature-Biomimetic Principles for

Innovative Design. CRC Press.

Biomimetics: Nature-Inspired Design and Innovation

At its most basic, biomimetics is the design and manufacture of materials,

structures, and systems based on biological entities and processes. The notion of

biomimetics arose from the discovery that bacteria, plants, and animals are constantly

developing to deal with environmental and other obstacles. Over millions of years of

evolution, the design challenges associated with vision, movement in diverse

environments, temperature control, and predator/prey detection have already been

solved in a variety of ways, providing abundant opportunities for the development of

biomimetic and bioinspired materials. Living beings' diversity in form and function has

resulted in solutions to the majority of the difficulties that people confront today.

We just need to look for those solutions! Janine Benyus' 1997 book, Biomimicry:

Innovation Inspired by Nature, introduced this problem-solving approach, often known

as biomimetics.

Otto Schmitt, an American scientist, coined the phrase "biomimetics" more than

forty years ago. Biomimetics, in contrast to 'biophysics', which describes an engineering

and physical approach to biology, represented a biological approach to engineering in

his opinion. Since the 1974 television serial The Six Million Dollar Man, the term

'bionics' refers to electronically powered artificial body parts.

 In 2015, George Whitesides, according to Harvard University, scientists often

duplicate the functionality of plants and animals using simplified methods that may

differ. The author defines 'bioinspiration' as the use of biological events to motivate non-

biological study and technology.

Primrose, S. B., (2020), Biomimetics: Natured Inspired Design and Innovation

(1st Ed.), John Wiley & Sons Ltd.