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Questionnaire
What is questionnaire
Questionnaire is a tool to collect information to explore and
describe knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, beliefs of a target
group or population”
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Types of questionnaire
Based on the type of response required:
1. Open-ended questionnaire
2. Fixed or closed-ended questionnaire
3. Mixed type response
1. Open-ended questionnaire
• Types of questions which are written in specific language, but the
respondents are free to give answers in their own words:
• E.g.,
What do you think the solution of corruption in our society?
How can we improve the economic conditions of our society?
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2. Fixed or closed-ended questionnaire
• In fixed or closed response type of questionnaire, not only the
questions but also the answers are already given in the
questionnaire. A respondent is asked to check the answer that fits
him best;
• The fixed or close type of questions can again be sub-divided
depending upon the number of alternative answers given,
dichotomous alternative type, multiple choice type and rank order
type.
3. Mixed type response
• This means that such questionnaire consist of both fixed and
open-ended type of questions. E.g., it may consist of factual
inquiries about an individual’s social, economic, marital and
occupational status;
• It may also consist of attitudinal questions related to an
individual’s beliefs, feelings, motivation, consciousness, attitude
and opinion etc.
• Such factual and attitudinal questions can easily be of fixed type
• On the other hand, many questions are related to mental process,
narrative or descriptive in manner and need to be of open-ended
type.
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Construction of questionnaire
General consideration in construction of a questionnaire
• Double negatives
• Abbreviations/jargon
• Leading questions
• Hypothetical questions
• Calculations
Construction of questionnaire
Define research: Aims
• Choose the topic
• Review the literature
• Purpose of questionnaire
• Be clear about the research aim.
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Construction of questionnaire
Designing a questionnaire: Ethics
• Informed Consent
• Confidentiality
• Anonymity/De-identification
• Right to withdraw
• Storing data/Security
Construction of questionnaire
Designing a questionnaire: Sample
• Identify sample
• Who are the participants?
• Where and how will you contact them?
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Construction of questionnaire
Designing a questionnaire: Administer the questionnaire
• Where and how will you disseminate the questionnaire?
• Where and how will you collect the questionnaire?
• Where and how will the data be stored?
• Who will have access to the data?
• Using online survey service/email/self-
administer/postal/interview etc.?
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Construction of questionnaire
Designing a questionnaire: Group questions into selection
• Designing Questions and Answers – Contingency Questions (a
questions that is answered only if the respondent gives a particular
response);
• Matrix questions (A list of questions that all use the same response
options);
• Scaled question (responses are scaled on a continuum (e.g. Rate the
following between 1-10. 10 being the most liked and 1 being the least
liked);
• Closed Questions (yes or no);
• Open Questions (participant responds whatever they wish)
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Construction of questionnaire
Designing a questionnaire: Pilot test
• Pilot test the survey on a small number of participants;
• Identify strengths and weaknesses;
• Feedback from pilot to further develop the questionnaire;
• Think about any ethical concerns raised from the pilot;
• Did the responses help you explore your research aims?
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Construction of questionnaire
Designing a questionnaire: Data analysis
• This will depend on the purpose and aim of the questionnaire:
– Quantitative Analyses
– Qualitative Data
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Characteristics of a good questionnaire
• Should be concerned with specific and relevant topic;
• Should be short;
• Directions and wording should be simple and clear;
• Questions should be objective;
• Embarrassing questions, presuming questions and hypothetical;
questions should be avoided;
• Should be presented in a good order;
• Should be attractive, neatly printed and clearly arranged.
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