DON BOSCO SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE

SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

EGMORE, CHENNAI
tFg;G :9 ( jkpo; ,uz;lhk; nkhopg;ghlk;)

xd;gjhk; tFg;G: (Kf;fpag; ghlf; Fwpg;Gfs;)

,ay; -1

1.ciueil:(jpuhtpl nkhopf; FLk;gk;)

1.jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; gphpTfs; ahit? mtw;wpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; ahit?
 jpuhtpl nkhopf;FLk;gk; eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfs; njd;jpuhtpl nkhopfs;> tl
jpuhtpl nkhopfs; vd %d;W tifahfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 jkpopd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; - njhd;ikAk; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpa tsKk;
cilaJ jkpo;
 jkpo; jdf;nfd ,yf;fz tsj;ijg; ngw;W jdpj;jpaq;Fk; nkhopahFk;.
 jkpo;nkhop jpuhtpl nkhopfs; rpytw;wpd; jha;nkhopahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
 ,e;jpahtpd; njhd;ikahd fy;ntl;Lfspy; ngUk;ghyhdit jkpopNyNa
mike;Js;sd.
kiyahsk;:
 ,uhkrhpjk; vd;w ,yf;fpa E}iyAk; yPyh jpyfk; vd;Dk; ,yf;fz
E}iyAk; ngw;W tpsq;FfpwJ.
 kiyahsj;jpy; jpiz>ghy;>vz; Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk; ghywp fpstpfs;
,y;iy.
 jdpr;nrhw;fshy;; Mz;>ngz; ghFghl;il mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
2.jkpopd; jdpj;jd;ikfs; ahit?
 njhd;ikAk; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpa tsKk; nfhz;lnkhop
 ,yq;if. kNyrpah> rpq;fG+h; njd; Mg;gphpf;fh. M];jpNuypah.fdlh
Nghd;w gy ehLfspy; Ngrg;gLfpd;w ngUikAila nkhop.
 jdpj;jpaq;Fk; jd;ik ngw;Ws;sJ.
 gpwnkhopj; jhf;fk; Fiwe;J fhzg;gLk; nkhop.
 jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; jha;nkhop.
 nrhy;tsKk; nrhy;yhl;rpAk; epuk;gg; ngw;w nkhop
 njhd;ikahd fy;ntl;Lfspy; mike;j nkhop.
 Xypad;fs;> xyp ,lk; ngah;jy; Rl;Lg; ngah;fs;> %tplg;ngah;fs;
Nghd;w Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wq;fis ngw;w nkhop.
 Xg;gpay; Ma;Tf;Fg; ngUe;Jizahf mike;j nkhop.
 %yj; jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; gz;Gfs; GJg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
gz;Gfisf;nfhz;l nkhop.
3.jpuhtpl nkhopf;FLk;gk; ghlk; top mwpe;j nra;jpfisj; njhFj;J vOJf.
nkhop:
jkf;Fj; Njhd;wpa fUj;Jfisg; gpwUf;F czh;j;j kdpjh; fz;Lgpbj;j
fUtp nkhop.
nkhopapd; ntspg;ghL:
 nka;gg ; hLfs;
 iriffs;
 xypfs;
 Xtpaq;fs;
Mdhy; Ez;nghUs;fis ,itfs; nfhz;L ntspg;gLj;j Kbahjjhy;
irifNahL $ba nghUs; czh;j;jpa xyp nkhopahf tsh;e;jJ.
nkhopf; FLk;gq;fs;:
 ,l mikg;G
 ,aw;if mikg;G> NtWgl;l xypg;G Kaw;rpfisj; J}z;bajhy; gy
nkhopfs; cUthapd.
 gpd;> ,tw;wpd; gpwg;G> njhlh;G> mikg;G cwT Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
nkhopf; FLk;gq;fs; cUthfpd.
nkhopfspd; fhl;rprhiy:
 ,e;jpahtpy; Ngrg;gLk; nkhopfspd; vz;zpf;if 1300
 ,e;Njh – Mrpa nkhopfs;
 jpuhtpl – nkhopfs;
 jpngj;jpa nkhopfs;
 M];jpNuh Mrpa nkhopfs; vd ehd;F nkhopf; FLk;gq;fshfg;
gphpf;fpd;wdh;.
 gy fpisnkhopfisAk; nfhz;L;s;sjhy; nkhopfspd; fhl;rpr; rhiyahf
,e;jpa ehL jpfo;fpwJ vd;W r.mfj;jpaypq;fk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
jpuhtpl ehfhpfk;:
 cyfpd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gioikahd ehfhpfq;fSs; xd;W `ug;gh –
nkhfQ;rjhNuh.
 ,ijj; jpuhtpl ehfhpfk; vd;Wk; miog;gh;.
 jpuhtplk; vd;w nrhy;iy Kjd;Kjypy; Fwpg;gpl;lth; Fkhpygl;lh;.
jkpo; - jkpoh – jkpyh – bukpyh – l;ukpyh – j;uhtplh – jpuhtplh vd;w nrhy;
gpwe;jjhf `Puh]; ghjphpahh; tpsf;Ffpwhh;.
,jpypUe;J jpuhtplk; Ngrpa nkhopNa jpuhtpl nkhop vdg;gLfpwJ.(jpuhtplk;
- jkpo;)

2.nra;As; gFjp – jkpNohtpak;

ghly;:
mfkha; Gwkha; ,yf;fpaq;fs; - mit
mike;jijr; nrhy;Yk; ,yf;fzq;fs;
epfhpyhf; fhg;gpag; G+tdq;fs; - cd;
neQ;rk; elj;jl;Lk; Ch;tyq;fs;............................
 fhyk; gpwf;Fk; Kd;Ng gpwe;j jkpNo!
 vf;fhyKk; epiyj;jpUf;Fk; jkpNo! cd;Ds;>
 mfg;nghUs;> Gwg;nghus; ,yf;fpaq;fs; cs;sd.
  ,yf;fpaq;fs; mike;j fhuzj;ijf; $Wk; ,yf;fzq;fSk; cs;sd.
 Xg;gpy;yhj fhg;gpaq;fSk; cs;sd. Mjyhy;> cd; neQ;rk; (,jak;)
elj;jl;Lk; Ch;tyq;fs;.
NkYk;>
 Vd; ,e;j ,Ul;L vd;W Nfl;L ePjp newpfisj; jPgkha; toq;fps kdpj
Nkd;ikiar; (cah;Tfis) rhjpj;jpl te;j Fws;fs; cs;sd. MfNt
kdNk Fws; topg; gbj;Jk; Nfl;Lk; elf;fl;Lk;.
 jkpNo cd;Ds;>
 vj;jid vj;jid rkaq;fs;
 jkpioj; jhnadf; fUjp rpj;jh; topay; jPikfis mWj;njLf;Fk; GJg;GJ
rpe;jidfisg; gha;r;rpa tz;zKk; cs;sd. Mjyhy;>
 tpuiy klf;fpajhy; tPizapy; ,ir ,y;yhky; NghdJ vd;W Fiwfs;
nrhy;tij tpLj;J> Gjpa rpe;jidNahL> GJ moF nfhLj;Jj; jkpo;
tsh;gg ; ha; vd <NuhL jkpod;gd; jopNohtpak; ghly; %yk; jkpior;
rpwg;gpf;fpwhh;.
1.Mrphpah; Fwpg;G tiuf.
 Mrphpah; - <NuhL jkpod;gd;
 Ch; - <NuhL khtl;lk; nrd;dpkiy
 ngw;Nwhh; - nr.,uh. eluhrd; - ts;spak;khs;
 Gidg;ngah;fs; - jkpod;gd;> <NuhL jkod;gd;> tpbnts;sp
 gilg;Gfs; - tzf;fk; ts;St> jkpod;gd; ftpijfs;> GJf;ftpij>
rpWfij> i`f;$> nrd;hpA> ypkiuf;$
 gzp – GJf;fy;Y}happy; jkpo;g;Nguhrphpauhfg; gzpahw;wpath;.
 fy;tpg;gzp – jdpg;ghly; jpul;L – Xh; Mz;T vd;w Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liu
 tpUJ – ‘tzf;fk; ts;St’ vd;Dk; ftpij E}Yf;F 2004 Mk;
Mz;bw;fhd rhfpj;jpa mfhnjkp tpUJ
 ghpR ngw;w E}y; - jkpod;gd; ftpijfs; - jkpof murhy; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
,tuJ ftpijfs;> ,e;jp>cUJ> kiyahsk;> Mq;fpyk; Nghd;w nkhopfspy;
nkhop ngah;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2.mfkha;g; Gwkha; ,yf;fpaq;fs; - mit mike;jjijr; nrhy;Yk;
,yf;fzq;fs;> ,yf;fpaq;fspd; ghLnghUs;fshf ,t;thpfs; czh;j;Jtd
ahit?
 ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F tiuaWf;fg;gl te;jitfNs ,yf;fzq;fs;> Itif
,yf;fq;fSs; nghUs; ,yf;fzk; xOf;f Kiwia ,ak;gp epw;fpwJ.
 mitfshtd> mfj;jpiz – Gwj;jpiz (mfg;nghUs; - Gwg;nghUs;)
,jpy;>mfg;nghUs; - Gwg;nghUSf;Fg; ghLnghUs;fshff; $wg;gLfpd;wd.
 nkhj;jj;jpy; mf – Gw ,yf;fzq;fspy;; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l ghLnghUs;fs;
xOq;fq;fs;.
3.GJf;Nfhyk; Gide;J jkpo; tsh;gg; ha; - cq;fs; gq;fpidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
njhd;ikAk; ,dpikAk; nfhz;l ek; jkpo;nkhopia NkYk; nkUNfw;w>

 vspa eilapy; vOj Ntz;Lk;.

 gpwj;Jiwapdpy; cs;st;wiw nkhopg;ngah;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
 Gjpa Gjpa fiyr; nrhw;fis cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 jfty; njhopy; El;gj;jpy; jkpo; mjPj tsh;r;rp ngw toptif fhz
Ntz;Lk;.
 cyfshtpa nkhopfSf;Fj; jkpio Kd;dpUe;j fzpdptopr; nray;ghLfs;
nraypfs; mjpfk; ,lk; ngw Ntz;Lk;.
  gpwnkhopf; fyg;gpd;wpj; jkpio vOjTk; NgrTk; Ntz;Lk;.
 fhyj;jpw;Nfw;w GJikfisAk;> rpe;jidfisAk; jkpopy; GFj;jpl
Ntz;Lk;.
 vq;Fk; jkpo; vjpYk; jkpo; vd;W giwrhw;Wk; tifapy; GJtbtk;
nfhLj;J jkpio tsh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
4.fhye;NjhWk; jkpo;nkhop jd;id vt;thW GJg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ?
 vd;nwd;Wk; epiyngw;w jkpohdJ>
 Njhw;wj;jpy; njhd;ik nfhz;Lk;>
 njhopy; El;gj;ij Vw;Wk;
 GJik nfhz;Lk; tpsq;FfpwJ
 mhpa ,yf;fzk; jd;Ds; nfhz;Lk;
 kf;fSf;F mjidj; je;J nfhz;Lk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
 Mjp Kjy; vy;yhLkha; ,Uf;fpd;w jkpohdJ fzpdpj; jkpoha; tsk;
te;Jk;
 fhye;NjhWk; jd;idg; GJg;gpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwJ.
nrhy;Yk; nghUSk;:
 mfk;>Gwk; - mfg;nghUs;> Gwg;nghUs;
 epfhpy;yhj – xg;gpy;yhj
 GJf;Nfhyk; - GJ tbtk;
 fhg;gpak; - njhlh;epiyr; nra;As;
 G+tdq;fs; - G+e;Njhl;lq;fs;
 ePjp – epahak;
 jPgk; - xsp
 khdpld; - kdpjd;
 Nkd;ik – cah;T
 Xjp – gb
 neQ;rk; - ,jak; (cs;sk;)
 rkak; - kjk;
 rpj;jh; kuG – rpj;jh; top
 jPjWf;Fk; - jPikfis ePf;fk;
 vopy; - moF
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:
 vj;jid vj;jid. Tpl;L tpl;L – mLf;Fj; njhlh;
 Ve;jp – tpidnar;rk;
 fhyKk;> mfKk;>GwKk; - Kw;Wk;ik
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;:
tsh;gg; ha; - tsh; + g; + g; + Ma;
tsh; - gFjp
g; - re;jp
g; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy
Ma; - Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp.

2.jkpo;tpL J}J (ftpij Ngio)

1.J}J mDg;gj; jkpNo rpwe;jJ vd jkpo;tpL J}J ghlypd; topf; fhuzq;fs;:
 96 tif rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffs; xd;W J}J.
 kJiuapy; Nfhtpy; nfhz;Ls;sth; nrhf;fehjh;
  ,th; kPJ fhjy; nfhz;l ngz;nzhUj;jp jd; fhjiyf; $wp tUkhW
jkpioj; J}J tpLtjhf ,g;ghly; mike;Js;sJ.
jkpopd; ,dpik:
 ,dpf;Fk; njspe;j mKjkha; cs;s jkpNo!
 mkpo;jpDk; Nkyhd tPL Ngw;iwj; jUk; fdpNa>
 ,ay;>,ir>ehlfk; vd Kj;jkpoha; tpsq;Fk; jkpNo!
 mwptpdhy; cz;zg;gLk; NjNd!
 cd;dplk; cte;Jiuf;Fk; tpz;zg;gk; xd;Ws;sJ> Nfl;ghahf!
,yf;fpa tsk;:
 jkpNo cd;dplk; FwtQ;rp gs;S Nghd;w E}y;fSk; cs;sd. ,jidg;
ghbg; Gyth;fs; rpwg;G nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
 Jiw> jhopir> tpUj;jk; Nghd;w ghtpdq;fSk; cs;sd.
 ghtpd; jpwd; midj;Jk; iftug; ngw;w rpe;jhkzpAk; cd;Ds; cs;sJ.
 Kw;Wk; Jwe;j Njth;fs; %d;W Fzq;fisg; ngw;Ws;sdh;. mit rj;Jtk;>
,uhrrk;> jhkrk;
 jkpNo ePNah! Rkepiy – rkhjp> nrwpT – njspT> ,d;gk; - fhe;jk;>
cjhuk; - typ> cz;j;jypy; nghUz;ik – xOfpir vd;Dk; gj;Jf;
Fzq;fisg; ngw;Ws;sha;.
tz;zq;fs;:
 kdpjh;fs; cz;lhf;fpaaaaaaaa tz;zq;fs; - ntz;ik> nrk;ik>
fUik> nghd;ik> gRik.
 jkpNo! ePNah> Fwpy;> mfty;> J}q;fpir> tz;zk; Kjyhf ,il
nky;ypir tz;zk; <uhf E}W tz;zq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sha;.
 Rit – moF. Ehtpw;F tpUe;jspf;Fk; mWRitfis; - ,dpg;G> frg;G>
Gspg;G> Jth;gG
; kl;LNk.
 jkpNo ePNah> nrtpfSf;F tpUe;jspf;Fk; xd;gJ Ritfisg; ngw;Ws;sha;
 jkpio milag; ngwhjth;fSf;F mopahj moF xd;Nw xd;Wjhd;.
Mdhy; ePNah mk;ik Kjypa vl;L mofpidAk; ngw;Ws;sha;.
 ,dpik> ,yf;fpa tsk;> ghr;rpwg;G> Rit> moF> jpwk;> jFjp Mfpad
ngw;W rpw;eJ tpsq;Fk; jkpNo jiytdplk; J}J nry;thahf vd
Ntz;Lfpwhs;.
2.jkpo; tpL J}J – Fwpg;G tiuf.
 J}J rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffSs; xd;W. ,jw;F thapy; ,yf;fpak;> re;J
,yf;fpak; vd;w NtW ngah;fSk; cz;L.
 ,g;ghly; fyp ntz;ghthy; MdJ.
 J}J thapy;fs; - md;dk;> gzk;> fpsp> tpwyp> je;jp> tz;L Nghd;w gy.
 kJiuapy; Nfhapy; nfhz;Ls;sth; nrhf;fehjh;.
 ,th; kPJ ngz;nzhUj;jp fhjy; nfhs;fpwhs;.
 Jd; fhjiyf; $wp tu jkpo;nkhopiaj; Njh;en ; jLf;fpwhs;.
 ,e;E}y; 268 fz;zpfisf; nfhz;lJ.
 ,e;E}iy Kjd;Kjypy; gjpg;gpj;jth; c.Nt.rh (1930)
 E}ypd; Mrphpah; ahnudj; njhpatpy;iy.
3.fz;zp – Fwpg;G tiuf.
 ,uz;L fz;fisg; Nghy; ,uz;buz;L G+f;fis itj;Jj; njhLf;fg;gLk;
khiyf;Ff; fz;zp vd;W ngah;.
 mNjNghy;> jkpopy; ,uz;buz;L mbfs; nfhz;l vJifapy; njhlq;fg;gLk;
nra;As; tif fz;zp MFk;.
nghUs; mwpNthk;:
  jpj;jpf;Fk; - ,dpf;Fk;
 njs;sKJ – njspe;j mKJ
 Kj;jpf;fdp – tPLNgw;iw mspf;Fk; fdp
 Kj;jkpo; - ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk;
 cte;J ciuf;Fk; - kfpo;e;J ciuf;Fk;
 tpz;zg;gk; - Ntz;LNfhs;
 tpsk;gf; Nfs; - $wf;Nfs;
 Fwk; - FwtQ;rp
 %d;W ,dk; - %d;W ghtpdk; (Jiw> jhopir> tpUj;jk;)
 Cdurk; - cztpd; Rit
 eturk; - xd;gJ Rit
 tdg;G – moF
 Kw;Wk; czh;e;j – midj;Jk; mwpe;j
 eh rpe;JNk – eh tpONk
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G mwpjy;:
 Kj;jpf;fdp – cUtfk;
 njs;sKJ – gz;Gj;njhif
 Fw;wkpyh - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;
 rpe;jhkzp - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;
 Mf;fpa tz;zk; - nganur;rk;
 mopah tdg;G - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiw nganur;rk;
4.Jizg;ghlk;: tsUk; nry;tk;

Fwpg;Gr;rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
fzpdpj; jkpo; nrhw;fs;
rq;fj; jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
jkpohpd; MSikfs;
khw;wk; Ntz;Lk;
KbTiu

Kd;Diu:
nrhw;fs; tuyhw;iw NgRgit. xt;nthU nrhy;ypYk; ,dj;jpd;> nkhopapd;
tuyhW ,Uf;fpwJ. jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; top jkpoh; ehfhpfk;> tho;T Kiw mwpa
KbfpwJ. ,JNghyj; jkpopy; toq;Fk; gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fSk; mit rhh;ej ;
,dj;jpd; nkhopapd; tuyhw;iwf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,f;fl;Liuapy; nrhw;fs;
Gyg;gLj;Jk; tuyhW> gz;ghL Mfpwtw;iwf; fhzyhk;.
fzpzpj; jkpo;r; nrhw;fs;:
fzpdp njhlh;ghd jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; vq;Fk; epiwe;Js;sd.
rhg;Nth; - nkd;nghUs;> g;nusrh; - cytp> fh;rh; - Rl;b> f;uhg;; - nrJf;fp>
irgh;];Ng]; - ,iza ntsp> rh;th; - itaf tphpTtiytoq;fp> /Nghy;lh; -
ciw> Nyg;lhg; - kbf;fzpdp.
rq;fj;jkpo; ,yf;fpak;:
cyfpd; njhd;ikahd nkhopahfTk;> nrt;tpay; nkhopahfTk; jpfo;tJ
fpNuf;f nkhopahFk;. mk;nkhopapd; fly; rhh;e;j nrhw;fspy; vwpjpiw –
vWjpuhd; fyd; fyANfha; ePh; - ePhpNah];> ePhpa> ehtha; - ehA> Njhzp –
Njhzp]; vd;W khw;wk; ngw;W jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; fpNuf;f nkhopapy;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
jkpohpd; MSikfs;:
 fly;rhh;Jiwapy; kl;Lky;yhJ> gz;ilj; jopoh;fs; ftpijapaypYk;
Kd;Ndw;wk; ngw;wpUe;jdh;.
v.fh:
gh – ghg;gpNahdh (fpNuf;fk;)>
nrg;gNyhir (ntz;gh Xir)
rhg;Ngh (fpNuf;fk;) – Nrg;gpf; ];Nld;rh (Mq;fpyk;)
,sptuy; ( ghtpd; RitfSs; xd;W)> ,sfpah (fpNuf;fk;)
khw;wk; Ntz;Lk;:
tsh;eJ; nfhz;bUf;Fk; mwptpay; Jiwf; fiyr;nrhw;fis clDf;Fld;
jkpo; nkhopapy; nkhop ngah;j;J mj;Jiwfis NkYk; tsh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
mg;NghJjhd; ek; jkpo;nkhop mwpTf;fhd fUtpahf khWk;. jkpopy; cs;s
jj;Jtk;. murpay; Mfpa Jiwfspd; rpe;jidfis vy;yhk; gpw nkhopfSf;Ff;
nfhz;L nry;y Ntz;Lk;.
KbTiu:
ek; jkpo; nkhop epiyj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy; mwptpay; Jiwf; fiyr;
nrhw;fisj; jkpo; nkhop ngah;f;f Ntz;Lk;. jj;Jtk;> murpay;> kUj;Jtk;>
nghwpapay;> fzpdp> tpz;ntsp Nghd;w gpw Jiwfspd; gjpTfisj; jkpopy;
nfhz;L tu Ntz;Lk;. Gjpa Gjpa nrhy;tsk; ngUf Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJjhd;
jkpo;nkhop mwpTf;fhdf; fUtpahf khWk;.
‘jkpio Nerpg;Nghk;: %r;rha;
; ghk;’!
Rthrpg;Nghk;> tsh;gN
5.njhlh; ,yf;fzk;
vOtha;> gadpiy> nrag;gLnghUs;
1.vOtha;:
xU nrhw;nwhlhpy; (thf;fpaj;jpy;) fUj;Jj; njhlq;Fk; nrhy;.
vOtha; - ngah;r;nrhy; - Njhd;Wk; ,lk; - fUj;jh
v.fh:
mfpyd; ghlk; gbj;jhd; - mfpyd; vd;gJ vOtha;
2.gadpiy:
xU nrhw;nwhlhpy; (thf;fpaj;jpy; Kbe;j nrhy;. mjhtJ ,Wjpapy; epw;Fk;
tpidr; nrhy;.
v.fh: mfpyd; ghlk; gbj;jhd; - gbj;jhd; vd;gJ gadpiy.
1.ngah; gadpiy: ngah;r;nrhy; gadpiyahf tUjy;. mjhtJ ,Wjpr; nrhy;yhf
tUjy; - gbj;jtd; mfpyd; - mfpyd; vd;gJ ngah; gadpiy
2.tpidg; gadpiy: ehd;> eP> ehk;> ehq;fs;> ePthP ;> ePq;fs; ,jw;F gpd;
tpidr;rnrhy; gadpiyahf tUjy;.
v.fh: eP gbj;jha;> ehd; tUNtd; - gbj;jha;> tUNtd; (tpid gadpiy)
tpdhg; gadpiy: (tpidr;nrhy;) gadpiyf;Fg; gpd; tpdhr; nrhy; mike;jht;
mJ> tpidg; gadpiy vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: mOjJ ahh;? XbaJ vJ? – ahh;? vJ? (tpdhg; gadpiy)

3.nrag;gLnghUs;:
Xh; vOtha; nra;af;$ba nghUs; nrag;gLnghUs; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: mfpyd; ghlk; gbj;jhd; - ghlk; (nrag;gLnghUs;)
ngah;r;nrhy;:
ngaiuf;Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;.
ngauil: xU ngah; milr; nrhy; (Fzk;> gz;G) ngaiuf; nfhz;L KbtJ.
v.fh: ey;y> jPa> rpwpa> nghpa> ,dpa> nfhba
tpidr;nrhy;:
nraiyf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;.
tpidail: xU ngah; milr; nrhy; (Fzk;> gz;G) tpidr; nrhy;iyf;
(gadpiy) nfhz;L KbtJ.
v.fh: ngauil mofhf> nghJthf> Ntfkhf> nkJthf> rpwe;j
tpid tiffs;:
jd; tpid – jhNd jd; nraiyr; nra;tJ
v.fh: mkyd; cz;lhd;
gpwtpid – gpwiuf; nfhz;L nra;tJ
v.fh: mkyd; cz;gpj;jhd;
fhuztpid – tpid epfo;tjw;Ff; fhuzkha; ,Ug;gJ
v.fh: mkyd; cz;z itj;jhd;
Jiz tpidfs; - nra;. it> gz;Z
nra;tpid – (v.fh) fyh ftpij thrpj;jhs;
nra;tpidj; njhlhpy; vOtha;> nrag;gLnghUs;> gadpiy vd;w thpirapy;
thf;fpaKk; mikAk;.