Narration

01. Narration-G gvÎ 5wU wel‡qi cwieZ©‡bi w`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z nq|
✓ Said to Gi cwieZ©b|
✓ Kgv (,) Ges Inverted Kgv (Ò Ó)- Gi cwieZ©b|
✓ Person- Gi cwieZ©b|
✓ Tense- Gi cwieZ©b|
✓ wKQz wbw`©ó k‡ãi cwieZ©b|
Assertive sentence Gi Narration
Reporting verb I write a letter”.
Direct: ,“
He says to me
 Reported speech
Indirect: He tells me that he writes a letter.
Note-01:
1. Reporting Verb wU Present ev Future Tense n‡j Reported Speech-G ïay Person Gi cwieZ©b
n‡e| Tense ev Ab¨ wKQzi-B †Zgb †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv|

2. Say _vK‡j = Say n‡e → ‡Kvb wKQz ejv|

✓ Say to _vK‡j= tell n‡e → KvD‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i wKQz ejv|

✓ Said _vK‡j= Said n‡e → ‡Kvb wKQz ejv|

✓ Said to _vK‡j= told n‡e → KvD‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i wKQz ejv|

3. Kgv (,) Ges Inverted Kgv (Ò Ó) DwV‡q Assertive sentence

G that e‡m|
4. Reported speech Gi Person Gi cwieZ©b:
(i) Direct Narration-G Reported speech Gi AšÍM©Z First Person (I, me, my, we, us, ours,
ourselves, mine, myself) Indirect Narration- G Reporting verb- Gi Subject Abyhvqx cwieZ©b
n‡e| 1st Person

Direct: He has said to me , “ I am writing a letter”

Reported speech
Indirect: He has told me that he is writing a letter.
Direct: He said to me, “I am writing a letter”.
Indirect: He told me that he was writing a letter.

e¨wZµg:
a. ‘We’ Øviv gvbe RvwZ eySv‡j Indirect-G †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv|
Direct: He said, “we shall all die”.
Indirect: He said that we shall all die.

b. ‘We’ hw` e³v Ges hv‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i ejv nq, Dfq‡K †evSvq Z‡e Indirect Speech G †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv|
Direct: He said to me, “we are not responsible for it”.

Indirect: He said/told me that we were not responsible for it.

c. We Øviv msev` gva¨g †K †evSv‡j we Gi cwie‡Z© ‘it’ nq|

The Daily Star said, “we have tried best”.

The Daily Star said that it had tried best.

The Observer says, “we draw the attention of the Govt.

The Observer says that it draws the attention of the Govt.

(ii) 2nd person (You, Your, Yours, Yourself/Yourselves) _vK‡j Reporting Speech/Verb Ges
Object Abyhvqx cwieZ©b n‡e|
Direct: He will say to me , “ You write a letter”.

Indirect: He will tell me write a letter.

that I
Direct: I said to him , “ You do not do your duty.

Indirect: I told him that he did not do his duty.

(iii) Third Person- Gi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq bv|

Mathematical Expression
Reporting Verb Indirect- G Person Gi cwieZ©b aviv
You said to me I = (you) --------- me = (you) ------------ my = (your)
He said to me I = (he) --------- me = (him) ------------ my = (his)
He said to me You = (I) --------- you = (me) ------------ your = (my)
I said to him You = (He) --------- you = (him) ------------ your = (his)
He said to me He = (he) --------- him = (him) ------------ his = (his)
Tense- Gi cwieZ©b|
Reporting Verb wU Past Tense G _vK‡j Reported Speech- Gi wb‡¤œv³ cwieZ©b nq|
Present Gi PviwU Tense = ûeyû Past n‡e|

Direct Narration Indirect Narration

1. Present Indefinite = Past Indefinite n‡e|
2. Present Continuous = Past Continuous n‡e|
3. Present Perfect = Past Perfect n‡e|
 4. Present Perfect Continuous = Past Perfect Continuous
5. Past Indefinite = Past Perfect n‡e|
6. Past Continuous = Past Perfect Continuous.
7. Past Perfect
Gi cwieZ©b n‡e bv
8. Past Perfect Continuous
9. Shall/will = Would [Shall _vK‡j Should ‡jLv hv‡e Z‡e Would ‡`Iqv fv‡jv|]
10. Can/May = Could/Might
11. Should, would
Gi cwieZ©b n‡e bv|
Could, Might
Had to
12. Must
Must = wPi eva¨evaKZv eySv‡j
Note: 03 KZ¸‡jv wbw`©ó k‡ãi I cwieZ©b nq:
Direct Indirect
✓ Yesterday = The previous day/ The day before.
✓ Today = That day
✓ Tonight = That night
✓ Tomorrow = The next day/ the following day
✓ Now = Then
✓ Hence = Thence
✓ This = That
✓ Come = Go/Come = wd‡i Avmv ev Rb¥MÖnY ‡evSv‡j come _vK‡j
come nq|
✓ Ago = Before
✓ Hither = Thither
✓ These = Those
✓ Here = There
✓ Thus = So/In that way
✓ Last night = The night before/The Previous Night.
✓ Next week/year = The following week/year.
✓ Yesterday morning/afternoon = The previous morning
✓ Tomorrow morning/ afternoon = The following morning.
Grand Practice on Assertive Sentence
1. He said to me, “I wrote a letter.”
He told me that he had written a letter.
2. He said to me, “I was ill.”
He said to me/ told me that he had been ill.
3. He said to me, “You must go there”.
He told me that I had to go there
4. He said to me, “You must obey your parents.”
He told me that I must obey my parents.
5. He said to me, “You came of a noble family”.
He said to/told me that I had come of a noble family.
6. He said to me, “I shall come tomorrow”.
✓ He told that he would come the next day.
cÖkœ: What is the correct indirect form of: He said, “You had better see a doctor” [42th BCS]
a. He advised him to see a doctor. b. He advised that he should see a doctor.
c. He proposed to see a doctor. d. He suggested that he had seen a doctor.

e¨wZµg: Practice
✓ The teacher said to me, “If you ask me, you may be a fool for five minutes, but don’t ask
you must be a fool forever.
✓ The teacher told me that if I asked him I might be a fool for five minutes, but I did not ask,
I had to be a fool forever.
✓ Saint Agustin said to his devotees, “If you ask me, I don’t know but if you don’t ask, I
know”.
✓ Saint Augustin told devotees that if they asked him he didn’t know but if they did not ask,
he knew.
Narration m¤^‡Ü Av‡iv PviwU K_v bv ej‡jB bq
K_v-01: ev‡K¨ Good morning/evening/afternoon/ Good luck _vK‡j Indirect Kivi mgq Say Gi cwie‡Z©
wish/ wished Ges Good night/bye, Farewell (we`vq) _vK‡j Indirect Kivi mgq say Gi cwie‡Z© bid/bade
e‡m|
✓ Indirect structure:
(1) Bid/Bade + Vocative case + Good night/bye ev Farewell
m‡¤^vab c`
✓ (2). Wish/wished + Vocative + Good morning/evening/afternoon
case
we: `ª: Vocative case c‡i Avm‡j Zvi c~‡e© to e‡m|
1. He said, “Friends, goodbye”.
He bade his friends good bye
2. He said, “Farewell, my friends”.
He bade farewell to his friends.
3. He said, “Good morning, Mr Kamal”.
He wished Mr Kamal Good morning.
K_v: 02
✓ Direct Narration Gi Reported speech-G Liar/Fool/Coward _vK‡j indirect Kivi mgq
‘said’ Gi cwie‡Z© called e‡m|
✓ Direct: Sub + said + to + object, “Liar/fool/coward”.
✓ Indirect: sub + called + object + a/an liar/fool/coward.

✓ Abdullah said to me, “Coward”.

✓ Abdullah called me a coward.
✓ Namira said to me, “You are a liar”.
✓ Namira called me a liar.
K_v: 03
✓ Direct Narration-G Thank you/Thanks/Congratulations/ Welcome _vK‡j Indirect Kivi
mgq said Gi cwie‡Z© Thanked/congratulated/welcomed e‡m|
✓ He said to me, “Thanks/Thank you/Congratulations/ welcome”.
✓ He thanked/congratulated/welcomed me.
✓ He said, “Thanks, my friends.”
 ✓ He thanked his friends.

K_v: 04 Direct Narration G e¨eüZ Vocatives ev m‡¤^vab c`¸‡jv Indirect Kivi mgq ev` †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i|
Z‡e †hLv‡b ev` †`qv hvq bv, †Kej †mLv‡b Vocatives ‡K Addressing as Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| †hgb-
ÓCome in’ my friends, ‘said I.
Addressing him as my friend, I told him to go in.

Av‡iv 2wU K_v bv ej‡jB bq

K_v: 01
✓ ev‡K¨ By Allah, By God, For God sake _vK‡j Indirect Kivi mgq Swearing (kc_) by Allah
Øviv ïiæ Ki‡Z nq|
✓ He said to me, “By Allah, I shall help you”.
✓ Swearing by Allah, he told me that he would help me.

K_v: 02
✓ Reporting verb wU Past tense G _vK‡jI Direct Narration Gi Reported speech wU wPišÍb mZ¨
(Universal/ Eternal truth), ‰eÁvwbK mZ¨, Af¨vmMZ Kg©, (Habitual fact/truth) n‡j Indirect
Narration G Reported speech G verb Gi tense Gi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv|

✓ He said, “The sun rises in the east.” [36th BCS]

He said that the sun rises in the east.
✓ He said, “oil floats on water.”
He said that oil floats on water.
✓ He said, “we must die.”
He said that we must die.
✓ He said, “Man is mortal.”
He said that man is mortal.
✓ He said, “I say prayer every day.”
He said that he says prayer every day.

Interrogative Sentence
wKQz K_v:
1. Reporting Verb wU-Command, Request, Want to know, Ask, Enquire of, Wonder ‡Z
cwiewZ©Z nq|
2. Reported speech wU hw` Auxiliary Verb Øviv ïiæ nq Zvn‡j Linker wn‡m‡e if/whether em‡e|
3. Reported speech Gi AšÍM©Z Interrogative sentence wU hw` †Kv‡bv WH-Question Word Øviv
ïiæ nq, Zvn‡j Zv AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e A_©vr †mB WH-Question word wUB em‡e|
4. Direct speech Gi Interrogative sentence wU Indirect G Assertive sentence- G cwiewZ©Z nq|
✓ He said to me, “ Are you writing a letter.?”
 
He asked me if I was writing a letter.
 ✓ He said to me, “why are you writing a letter.”
 
He asked me why I was writing a letter.

✓ She asked me, “Are you happy in your new job?” [27th BCS]
She asked me if I was happy in my new job.
✓ He said to me, “Would you mind taking a cup of tea.”
He requested me to take a cup of tea.
✓ I said to him, “When will you go home?”
I enquired of him when he would go home.
✓ He said to me, “Why have you beaten my dog.”
He said demand of me why I had beaten his dog.
✓ My friend said, “Where are you staying next week.”?
My friend wanted to know where I was staying the following week.

we: `ª: g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, Reported speech-G WH-Question _vK‡j Indirect Kivi mgq Principal Ges
Sub-ordinate clause Gi g‡a¨ KLbI ‘that’ Conjunction e‡m bv|
✓ Shall/will I/we fwel¨r Abygvb eySv‡j Indirect G Shall/Will mvaviY wbqg cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e Ges Reporting
verb wU wonder verb G cwiewZ©Z n‡e|
✓ The man said, “Where shall I be in 1999?
✓ The man wondered where he would be in 1999.
✓ wKš‘ hv‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i ejv nq Zvi B”Qv, Awfjvl, A_ev gZvgZ m¤^‡Ü Abygvb/AbymÜvb eySv‡j Shall/Should
AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e| A_ev is to/was to ‡Z cwiewZ©Z n‡e|
✓ He said to his mother, “Where shall I put it?”
✓ He asked his mother where he should put it.
ev he asked his mother where he was to put it.

cÖkœ: Which one is in the correct indirect narration: ''Why have you beaten the boy?'' he said to
me. 38th BCS
a. He inquired me why I had beaten the boy.
b. He asked me why I have beaten the boy.
c. He demanded me why had I beaten the boy.
d. He enquired of me why I had beaten the boy. Ans : d

Imperative Sentence
1. Reported speech- Gi A_© I fvevbymv‡i Indirect Narration Gi Reporting verb- Ask,
Order, Request, Advise, Beg, Command ev Tell ev Entreat G cwiewZ©Z nq|
2. Affirmative Sentence Gi †ÿ‡Î Imperative Verb Gi c~‡e© to Ges Negative Sentence Gi
†ÿ‡Î Imperative Verb Gi c~‡e© not to e‡m|
 3. Direct Speech G Please Ges Sir kã `ywU e¨eüZ n‡j Indirect Kivi mgq Please Gi cwie‡Z©
Kindly ev Politely Ges Sir Gi cwie‡Z© Respectfully e¨eüZ nq|

Please = Kindly/politely Sir = respectfully.

we: `ª: Negative Imperative sentence ‡K Indirect speech G cwieZ©b Kivi mgq Reporting verb Gi
cwie‡Z© Prohibit, forbid e¨envi Ki‡j to Gi c~‡e© not e‡m bv|

cwiewZ©Z Reporting ‡h ai‡bi Reported Speech _vK‡j cwieZ©b nq|

Verb
Order Do it/March it/ Stand up/ Fire on
Request Please help me/ wait until I will return
Advise Do not waste time/ give up smoking
Warn You had better not leave your room unlocked
Beg Forgive me, Sir/ Please forgive me.
Prohibit/forbid Do not waste time/ do not run in the sun
✓ He said to me , “ do the work/ “Open the door”.

He told /ordered/ me to do the work/to open the door.

requested /
advised

✓ He said to me, “ do not do the work, / don’t open the door

He told me not to do the work/ not to open the door.

✓ He forbade me to do the work/ to open the door.

Imperative Beginning with Let

✓ Reported speech wU hw` Let’s = Let us w`‡q ïiæ nq Zvn‡j Zv †Kvb cÖ¯Íve eySvq|
✓ Giæc ‡ÿ‡Î indirect G Reporting verb wU cwiewZ©Z n‡q Propose/ Suggest/ Proposed/
Suggested (Object _vK‡j Zvi c~‡e© to e‡m|) + Inverted comma D‡V wM‡q that e‡m + They/we
should + Reporting speech Gi g~j verb ‡_‡K †kl ch©šÍ|
✓ cÖ¯Ív‡ei †ÿ‡Î Reporting Verb Gi Subject ev Object wU First person we Ges Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡Î they
e‡m|
✓ He said to me, “Let us go home together”.
✓ He proposed to me that we should go home together.
✓ He said, “Let us wait for the award.”
✓ He proposed that they should for the award.

Av‡iv wKQz K_v:

✓ Let Øviv cÖ¯Íve bv †evSv‡j A_©vr Let us Gi cwie‡Z© let me, let him, let them BZ¨vw` _vK‡j mvaviYZ
Indirect G Reporting verb Gi cwieZ©b nq bv| (Z‡e A_©vbymv‡i Request/Desire e¨envi Kiv nq) +
 Inverted comma DwV‡q that e‡m + Reporting verb Gi Subject cybivq e‡m + might/might be
allowed to + g~j Verb ‡_‡K †kl ch©šÍ e‡m|
✓ He said, “Let me have a pencil.”
He said that he might have a pencil.
✓ He said, “Let me have some milk.”
He desired that he might have some milk.
✓ He said, “Let me come in”.
He requested that he might come/might be allowed to come in.
✓ The boy said, “Let me do it.”
The boy said that he might do/might be allowed to do it.
Optative sentence
1. Reported speech Øviv cÖv_©bv Kiv eySv‡j Reporting verb- Gi

¯’‡j indirect Kivi mgq Pray/Prayed e‡m|

Kiv eySv‡j
g½j Kvgbv Wish/wished
Pray- cÖv_©bv Kiv Wish- g½j Kvgbv Kiv
May Allah/God bless you May you pass the examination
May/ Allah/ God save my child May Bangladesh live long
May his soul rest in peace Long live Bangladesh
2. Reported speech Gi c~‡e© that e‡m|
3. Reported speech Gi Optative form ‡_‡K Assertive form G iƒcvšÍwiZ nq|
Ex:
4. The children sang, “May Bangladesh live forever.”
The children wished that Bangladesh might live forever.
5. The mother said to her daughter, “May you pass the exam.”
The mother wished that her daughter might pass the exam.
6. She said, “May Allah save my child.”
She prayed that Allah might save her child.

Exclamatory Sentence
1. Direct speech-Gi Said Gi cwie‡Z© Indirect-G wb‡¤œv³ kã em‡e|
2. eySv‡j Reporting verb cwiewZ©Z n‡q Exclaimed with joy e‡m|
Avb›`/myL
3. `ytL eySv‡j Exclaimed with sorrow/grief/sadly e‡m|

4. Kvgbv eySv‡j strongly wished /desired e‡m|

5. we¯§q eySv‡j Exclaimed with surprised

e‡m|
6. Reported speech Gi ‘Linker’- that e‡m|
7. Alas, Fie, Hurrah, D‡V wM‡q Reported speech wU assertive sentence G iæcvšÍwiZ nq|
8. Reported speech hw` How ev What w`‡q ïiæ nq Zvn‡j indirect G G‡`i cwie‡Z©
e‡m Ges Gi c~‡e©
Noun Gi c~‡e© great Adjective very/ most e‡m
✓ Very/Most + Adjective
✓ Great + Noun
1. Abdullah said, “What a pity!”
Abdullah exclaimed that it was a great pity.
2. Namira said, “What a fool I am!?”
Namira exclaimed that she was a great fool.
3. Farin said, “What a fine picture it is!”
Farin exclaimed that it was a very fine picture.
4. She said, “How beautiful the flowers are!”
She exclaimed with joy that the flowers were very beautiful.
5. He said, “Alas! I am undone.”
He exclaimed with sadly/with sorrow that he was undone.
6. Abdullah said, “Alas! I am unable to take case of this house”.
Abdullah regretted that he was unable to take case of that house.
7. You have all done very badly! “Remarked the teacher.”
The teacher remarked that they had all done ‘It very badly’.

Narration: At a glance
No Name of Said to Gi ¯’‡j ,/Ò Ó DwV‡q evwK Ask
Sentence
1 Assertive Told, Said to e‡m that Tense Abyhvqx
cwieZ©b
2 Interrogative asked, inquired if/whether Assertive Gi gZ
WH-word
3 Imperative Told, ordered, Forsted to
Advised, commanded ûeyû evwK Ask
not to
Forbade, prohibited
To
Let’s hy³ ev‡K¨
Proposed to, suggested
that Subject +
Ab¨vb¨ let hy³ evK¨ should + Extra
said to, told Subject + might
that /might be allowed
to + verb + Extra
4 Optative Wished- ïfKvgbv/ Prayed- cÖv_©bv that Sub + might +
extension
5 Exclamatory ✓ Exclaimed with ✓ Assertive Gi gZ
joy/sorrow/wonder ✓ Z‡e How/What
✓ Rejoiced Gi cwie‡Z©
✓ Shouted that
very/great n‡e|
✓ Wondered N.B: very + adj
✓ Applauded = gy³ K‡É cÖksmv Kiv great + noun