DTH Online Education Service Pvt. Ltd.

Tulasi Ram Bhattarai

SOLID WASTE AND ITS MANAGEMENT

Outline
• INTRODUCTION
• Solid waste management,
• 4R principle
• Types and characteristics of solid waste
• Garbage collection and disposal
• Methods of solid waste disposal
(dumping, sanitary landfill, incineration and composting)

WASTE
• It is defined as:
Waste (also known as rubbish, trash,
refuse, garbage, junk) is any unwanted or useless materials.
OR
“Any materials unused and rejected as worthless or unwanted” and “A useless or profitless activity; using or
expending or consuming thoughtlessly or carelessly”
• Basel Convention 1997
Substances or objects which are disposed of or intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the
provision of natural law

Introduction
• Since the beginning, Human kind has been generating waste.
• It could be in the form of:
➢ Bones
• Other parts of animals they slaughter
➢ Wood
• With the progress of civilization the waste generated became of a more complex nature.
• At the end of 19th century (Industrial revolution) there was rise in the world of consumers.
• The increase in population and urbanization was also largely
responsible for the increase in solid waste

INTRODUCTION
What is waste
• Anything rejected, useless or worthless
• Relative and subjective
• Things in wrong place

What is solid waste

• Generic term used to describe the things we through away including garbage, refuse and trash
• Wastes arising from human and animal activities that are discarded as useless and unwanted that are solid in
nature
• Includes heterogeneous throwaways from urban communities as well as homogeneous accumulation of
agricultural, industrial and mineral wastes.
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TYPES OF WASTE
• Solid Waste
• Liquid Waste
• Gaseous Wastes
• Animal by-products
• Biodegradable waste
• Biomedical waste
• Bulky waste
• Business waste
• Chemical waste
• Clinical waste
• Coffee wastewater
• Commercial waste
• Construction and demolition waste (C&D waste)
• Controlled waste
• Consumable waste
• Composite

SOLID WASTE
• It is defined as:
“Non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging from municipal garbage to industrial wastes that contain
complex and sometimes hazardous substances”
• Solid wastes also include:
➢ Sewage sludge
➢ Agricultural refuse
➢ Demolition wastes
➢ Mining residues

TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

• Broadly there are 3 types of waste which are as follows:
➢ Household waste is generally classified as Municipal waste
➢ Industrial waste as Hazardous waste
➢ Biomedical waste or Hospital waste as Infectious waste

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

• Municipal solid waste consists of:
➢ Household waste
➢ Construction and demolition debris
➢ Sanitation residue
➢ Waste from streets.
• With rising urbanization and change in lifestyle and food habits, the
amount of municipal solid waste has been increasing rapidly and its
composition changing.
• The existing landfills are neither well equipped or well managed and are
not lined properly to protect against contamination of soil and
groundwater.

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HAZARDOUS WASTE
• Industrial and hospital waste is considered hazardous as they may contain toxic substances.
• Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic to humans, animals, and plants. They are
➢ Corrosive
➢ Highly inflammable, or explosive
➢ React when exposed to certain things e.g. gases
• Household wastes that can be categorized as hazardous waste include:
➢ ❖old batteries
➢ ❖shoe polish
➢ ❖paint tins
➢ ❖old medicines
➢ ❖medicine bottles.

• Hospital waste contaminated by chemicals used in hospitals is considered hazardous.

• These chemicals include formaldehyde and phenols, which are used as disinfectants.

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• In the industrial sector, the major generators of hazardous waste are the metal, chemical, paper, pesticide, dye,
refining, and rubber goods industries.
• Direct exposure to chemicals in hazardous waste such as mercury and cyanide can be fatal.

HOSPITAL WASTE
• Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals
• It may include wastes like
➢ Sharps
➢ Soiled waste
➢ Disposables
➢ Anatomical waste
➢ Cultures
➢ Discarded medicines
➢ Chemical wastes

• These are in the form of disposable syringes, swabs, bandages, body fluids, human excreta, etc.
• This waste is highly infectious and can be a serious threat to human health if not managed in a scientific and
discriminate manner
• It has been roughly estimated that of the 4 kg of waste generated in a hospital at least 1 kg would be infected

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SOURCES AND OTHER TYPES OF WASTE

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CAUSES OF SOLID WASTE

• The main sources for solid wastes are domestic, commercial, industrial, municipal, and agricultural wastes.
• The composition of a city waste is as follows:
➢ Paper, wood, cardboard 53 %
➢ Garbage 22 %
➢ Ceramics, glass, crockery 10 %
➢ Metals 8 %
➢ Rubber, plastics, discarded textiles 7 %
• The increase in the quantity of solid waste is due to
➢ Overpopulation,
➢ Affluence (material comfort)
➢ Technological advancement

EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE

a) Health Hazard
• If solid wastes are not collected and allowed to accumulate, they may create unsanitary conditions.
• This may lead to epidemic outbreaks.
• Many diseases like cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, plague, jaundice, or gastro-intestinal diseases may spread and
cause loss of human lives.
• In addition, improper handling of the solid wastes is a health hazard for the workers who come in direct contact
with the waste
b) Environmental Impact
• If the solid wastes are not treated properly, decomposition and putrefaction (decay) may take place.
• The organic solid waste during decomposition may generate obnoxious (intolerable) odors.

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WASTE MANAGEMENT
4 R’s CONCEPT
• Four Rs (Refuse, Reuse, Recycle and Reduce) to be followed for waste management.

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Solid waste Management

• Solid waste management may be defined as the discipline associated with the control of generation, storage,
collection, transfer, transport, possessing and disposal accordance with the best principles of public health economics,
engineering, conservation, aesthetics and other environmental considerations.
• The scope of the study includes administrative financial legal, and engineering functions

Solid Waste Management

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Waste management Hierarcy

• There are a number of concepts about waste management which vary in their usage between countries or regions.
Some of the most general, widely used concepts include :
➢ Waste hierarchy - The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" Reduce, reuse and recycle, which classify waste
management strategies accouding to their desirability in terms of waste minimization. The waste minimization
strategies.
➢ The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum pratical benefits from products and to generate the
minimum amount of waste.

Source: Wikipedia (Waste hierarchy)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_hierarchy

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• Polluter pays principle - the polluter pays principle is a principle where the polluting party pays for he impact
caused to the environment. With respect to waste management, this generally refers to the requirment for a waste
generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the unrecoverable material.

Solid Waste management

Waste management is the
• Storage
• Collection
• transport and handling
• recycling
• disposal and monitoring of waste materials.

Storage
• Galvanized steel dust bin
• Paper sack
• Public bins
Collection
• House-to-house collection
• Collection from the public bins

Waste Handling and Transport

• Waste handling and separation involves activities associated with waste management until the waste is placed in
storage containers for collection. Handling also encompasses the movement of loaded containers to the point of
collection.
• Waste is transferred from a smaller collection vehicle to larger transport equipment.

Recycling
• Recycling refers to the collection and refuse of waste materials such as empty beverage container.
• The materials from which the items are made can be processed into new products.
• Materials for recycling may be collected separately from general waste using dedicated bins.

Method of disposal
• Dumping
• Controlled Tipping or Sanitary Landfill
• Incineration
• Composting
• Manure pits
• Burial
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Objectives
• Public hygiene and health.
• Reuse, recovery and recycle
• Energy generation
• Sustainable development
• Aesthetics
1. Dumping
• Low lying areas.
• Mainly for dry refuses
• Kolkata disposes by this
• method and reclaimed land given for cultivation
• Unsanitary method
➢ Exposed to flies and rodents
➢ Nuisance
➢ Dispersed by wind
➢ Pollution of surface water
2. Controlled tipping/Sanitary landfill
• Satisfactory method
➢ Material placed in a trench
➢ Compacted with earth at the end of the working day.
➢ Modified sanitary land fill-where compaction and covering are accomplished once or twice a week.
3. Methods
• Trence method
• Ramp method
• Area method
Refuse is compacted on its exposed surface with excavated earth (30 cm).
Trench Method
• Long trench of 6-10 feet deep and 12-36 feet wide.
• Refuse is compacted and covered with excavated earth.
• Refuse is filed up to 6 feet.
• It is estimated one acre of land per year for 10000 population.
• Ramp method : Sited where the terrain is moderately slopping.
Area Method
• Used for filling land depressions, disused quarries and clay pits.
• Refuse is deposited, packed and consolidated in uniform layers for 6-8 feet.
• Each layer is sealed with a mud cover at least 12 inches.
• ealing prevents inferstation by flies and rodents.
Prevents nuisance of smell and dust.
• Changes
➢ Chemical
➢ Bacteriological
➢ Physical
• The temperature rises to over 60 deg. C within 7 days and kills all pathogens and hasten the decomposition process.
• It takes 4 to 6 months for complete decomposition.

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3. Incineration
• It is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are subjected to combustion so as to convert them into residue
and gaseous products.
• This process reduces the volumes of solid waste to 20-30% of the original volume.
• Also described as thermal treatment.
• Where land is not available
• hospital waste

4. Composting
• Method of combined disposal of refuse and night soil/sludge.
• Principal by products are : CO2, water and heat
• End product-compost
• methods
➢ Bangalore method
➢ Mechanical composting
➢ Vermicomposting

Zero waste system

• Zero waste system which was founded by phD chemist. Paul parmer in Okland.
• It is a philosophy that encourages the redesign of resource life life cycle so that all products are reused.

Types and characteristics of solid waste

• Residental waste
• Commercial waste
• Industrial waste
• Hosptal waste
• Hazardous waste

Schematic Diagram of the Definition of Solid Waste

Characteristics of solid waste

• Physical Properties
• Chemical Properties
• Biological Properties
• I. Physical characteristics – It involves, specific weight, moisture content, particle size & size distribution, Field
Capacity, Permeability of Compacted waste etc.
• II.Chemical characteristics – It involves, (i) proximate Analysis (ii)
• Fusing point of Ash (iii) Ultimate Analysis of Solid waste components & (iv) Energy content of solid waste. The
proximate analysis include tests such as, moisture content, volatile combustible matter, fixed carbon & ash
determination.
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• III. Biological characteristics – It include determination of Biodegradability of Organic Waste Components,
Production of Odors, & Breeding of flies.

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