Frist Aid- this is an immediate care given to a person who has been injured or suddenly taken ill and

wherein which during the occurrence medical service is not available. This also involves self –Help and
house care.

The Objectives of First Aid

1. To alleviate pain and suffering of the victim
2. To prevent added injury.
3. To prolong life.

The Roles of First Aid

1. This is a bridge that fills the gap between the victim and the physician.
2. This is not intended to compete nor replace the service of the physician.
3. This end when the service of physician begins.

The Value of First Aid

Importance of Fist Aid Training

A. First Aid skill and knowledge often mean;
1. The difference between life and death.
2. The difference between temporary and permanent disability
3. The difference between rapid recovery and long hospitalization.
B. The First Aid training has the value of:
1. Preventing and caring for accidental injuries.
2. Caring for person caught in disaster.
3. Equipping individuals to deal with the whole situation, the person and
the injury.
4. Distinguishing what to do and what not to do.
C. First Aid training is needed for the ff. reasons;
1. Statistics shows that among persons from age 1 to 38, accidents are the
leading cause of death.
D. First aid training promotes safety awareness at home, at work and at play.

How to Deal with Emergency

1. Getting Started
A. Planning of Action
B. Gathering of needs materials
C. Initial response as follows
A- Ask for help
I- Intervene
D- Do not further harm
D. Instruct helpers
2. Emergency Action Principles
Survey the Scene
A. Is the scene safe
B. What happened
C. How many people are injured
 D. How many people are injured
E. Are there by standers who can help
 Note: Identify yourself as first aider before proceeding.
1. Do a primary survey of the victim- obtain the baseline information to be noted from the
victim injuries which are life threatening situations.

2. Check for ABC-

Steps in checking for ABC’S
a) Check for unresponsiveness 3-5 secs.
b) If responsive, shout for help
c) Position the victim if necessary, if possible the supine position.
d) Open the airway by “head-tilt-chin-lift”
e) Check for breathing 3-5 secs. Using the principle, look-listen-feel.
f) If breathless, give two initial blows.
g) Check for pulse for 5-10 secs. Through either the carotid, and or brachial.
h) Arrange medical assistance (AMA) and instruct the person to report back.
i) Do the necessary first Aid measure.
3. Activate Medical Assistance by arranging for transport facility or medical assistance.
4. Do secondary survey of the victim for other injuries which are non-life threatening.
a. Interview the victim- includes medicines he is taking or any medical condition.
b. Determine if pulse, breathing and body temperature are normal.

3. Golden Rules of Emergency Care

A. Do’s of First Aid
1) Keep calm and deliberate, take time.
2) Keep onlookers away from the victim.
3) Make the victim comfortable and keep him cheerful.
4) Keep the handling of the victim in the minimum.
5) Loosen tight clothing.
6) Do obtain consent when possible
7) Identify yourself as a first aider
8) Do respect the victim’s modesty and physical privacy.
9) Do care for the most serious injuries first.
10) Do assist the victim with his or her prescribed medication.
11) Think the worst.
B. Don’ts of first aid
1) Do not harm
 Don’t give any liquid to an unconscious victim.
2) Don’t let the victim see his/her own injury.
3) Don’t leave the victim except to get help.
4) Don’t assume that the victim’s obvious injuries are the only one.
5) Don’t deny the victim’s physical or emotional coping mechanism.
6) Don’t make unrealistic promises.
7) Don’t trust the judgements of a confuse victim.
8) Don’t require the victim to make decisions.

The First Aid Kit

 Isopropyl alcohol (70%)
  Hydrogen peroxide/beta dine
 Cotton
 Gauze pads
 Tongue depressor
 Ice packs/hot pack
 Pain killer- mefenamic acid/paracetamol
 Medicated strips/band aid
 Elastic Bandage
 Rubber gloves
 Soap
 Scissor
 Forceps
 Penlight
 Plaster

Cloth Material Used in First Aid

Dressing or Compress- this is any cloth material use to cover the wound, control, bleeding,
protect wounds from infection, absorb liquid from wounds.
Kinds of Dressing
a. Roller gauze
b. Square/ eye pads
c. Compress or adhesive-butterfly dressing
 Application- completely cover the wound to avoid contamination.

Bandages- any clean cloth use to hold dressing in place, control bleeding, tie splints place,
immobilize your body part, for arm support and or used as sling.
Kinds of Bandages
a) Triangular
b) Cravat
c) Roller Fold-tail
d) Muslim blinder
e) Elastic bandages
 Application- must be proper, neat and correct, apply snugly, always
check for swelling, tie ends with square knots.

Characteristics of First Aider

1) Gentle - should not cause pain

2) Resourceful - Should make the best use of things at hand
3) Observant - Should notice all signs
4) Tactful - should not alarm the victim
5) Sympathetic - should be comforting

Hindrance of Giving First Aid

1) Unfavorable sorroundings
2) Presence of crowds
 3) Pressure from the victim or relatives

Basic Life Support

- This is an emergency procedure that consist of recognizing respiratory arrest, cardiac arrest or
both and the proper application of artificial respiration, CPR, or both to maintain life until a
victim recovers or medical help is available.
1) Use of basic ABS steps
 Airway open
 Breathing restored
 Circulation restored
2) Use of supplementary techniques.

Background and General Principles

 Right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs
 Left side of the heat receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
 Blood release oxygen to the tissue and takes up carbon dioxide
 When breathing and circulation stops, this is called cardiac arrest.
 Circulation and respiration is needed to maintain life.
 A condition when breathing stops but circulation may continue for quite sometimes is called
Respiratory Arrest.
 Both circulation and respiration are needed to maintain life.
 The brain requires more oxygen than the other parts of the body.
 Golden Period to prevent brain damage is 4-5 mins. You have five minutes to revive the
victim.

Causes of Respiratory Arrest

a) Drowning
b) Obstruction
c) Circulatory collapse
d) Suffocation
e) Electrocution
f) External strangulation

Artificial Respiration
- This is procedure of causing air to flow into and out of the lungs of the victim when his natural
breathing is inadequate to support life or ceases.

Objectives of Artificial Respiration

a) Open the airway
a. Maximum head tilt chin method
b. Modified jaw trust maneuver
b) Ventilate the lungs
a. Rescue breathing-direct blowing of air into the air passage of the person
b. Mouth to mouth
c. Mouth to nose
d. Mouth to mouth and nose
e. Mouth to stomach
 f. Mouth to barrier

Important Aspects of A.R

a) Get start immediately
b) Apply AR 12 times/min. of breathing for 1.5-2 secs. Long
c) Maintain a normal body temperature
d) Continue giving A.R even during transportation if it is still needed
e) Stabilize the victim for quite sometimes and do continues monitoring.

Gastric Distention- this happens when air enters the stomach

The Ways:
a) When the rescuer keeps breathing into the victim after he has risen, causing extra air to
fill the stomach.
b) When the rescuer has not tilted the victims head far enough to open the airway
completely and therefore must breath with greater pressure.
c) When the rescuer breaths are given too quickly, high pressure causing air to enter the
stomach.

External Chest Compression (E.C.C)

- This the application of rhythmic pressure over the sternum where the heart lies beneath.

Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation

- Combination of two procedures (AR and ECC) to revive the functions of the heart lungs and
brain.

Cardio Vascular Diseases

a) Risk factor of CVD
1) Factors that cannot be changed
 Heredity
 Age
 Sex/gender
2) Factors that can be changed
 Cigarette smoking
 High cholesterol
 High blood pressure
3) Contributing factors that can be controlled/changed
 Obesity
 Lack of experience
 Diabetes Mellitus

Kinds of Cardiac Arrest

1) Ventricular Fibrillation- when ventricular muscles move independently.
2) Cardio Vascular Collapse- heart is beating but not enough to circulate the blood to the
system of the body.
3) Cardiac standstill- the heart stops to beat.

Heart Attack- occurs when oxygen/blood going to the heart muscles is cut off for a prolonged
period of time causing death to the affected part.
 Warning Signals
1) Chest discomfort/paining
2) Uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullne3ss or constricting, oppressive or
heavy feeling of the chest.
3) Sweating
4) Nausea
5) Shortness of breath

First aid management

a. Recognize the signal and take action
b. Have the victim stop what she/he is doing and sit/lie in a comfortable
position, don’t let the victim move around.
c. Have someone call for physician.

Advance Cardiac Life Support

 Definitive therapy
 Diagnostics drugs defibrillation
 Cardiac Monitoring/ stabilization
 Communication

Prolonged Life Support

 For post-resuscitative care

When to Stop AR/CPR

1) S Spontaneous pulse and breathing are restored
2) T Turned over to trained personnel or medical service is available
3) O Operator/rescuer is too exhausted to continue
4) P Physician assumes responsibility (declares death. Takes over)

Airway Obstruction
Kinds of Obstruction
1) Anatomical Obstruction- when tongue drops back and obstructs the throat. Other
causes are asthma and the likes.
2) Mechanical Obstruction- this happens when foreign objects lodge in the
pharynx/airways or fluids which accumulates at the back of the throat.

Types of Obstruction
1) Partial obstruction with good air exchange
2) Partial obstruction with poor air exchange.
3) Complete total obstruction.

First aid of obstruction

a. Heimlich maneuver for conscious victim.
b. Unconscious victim
a. Attempt to ventilate
b. If air bounces back, re tilt head then ventilate
c. If air bounces back, make 1-5 abdominal thrusts
 d. Mouth check, tongue/jaw lift maneuver.
e. If foreign body is visible, remove by finger sweep.
f. Re-attempt to ventilate
c. Obstruction for infants
a. 5 back blows in a sliding manner towards front
b. 5 chest thrust
c. Mouth check and then do finger sweep if any foreign body is visible
d. Attempt to ventilate

WOUNDS - is a break in the skin which permits the escape of blood.

Types of Wounds:

1. Abrasions - caused by rubbing or scrapping.

Signs: a. Superficial scraping of the skin

b. Slight bleeding

Treatment:
a. Wash the site with clean boiled water and
soap
b. Remove any dirt or other foreign matter
c. Wash with antiseptic
d. Apply clean gauze and bandage

2. Incised wound - clean cut made with a sharp edge.

3. Lacerated wound - has irregular, torn edges.

4. Punctured wound - penetrates deeply into the
skin May cause serious injury to the underlying
tissues.

Signs: a. the appearance of the wound edges

depends on type of wound
b. bleeding is present to a varying extent
c. signs of shock may be present
depending on the severity
of the wound and the amount of bleeding

Treatment:
a. Handle the injured part as gently and as little as possible.
b. Sit (or) lay the victim down and raise the wound.
c. Stop the bleeding
d. Treatment for shock
e. If the wound is large and will require suturing, and apply a dry dressing
and transport the victim to the hospital
f. All punctured wounds of the chest and abdomen after first aid should be
referred to the doctor.
g. If the wound is small, apply antibiotic ointment and cover with a clean dry
dressing.

5. Avulsion - injury that tears a whole piece off skin and tissue loose or leave it
hanging as a flap. This usually results when tissue is forcibly separated or
torn from the victim's body.

6. Amputations - involves the extremities.

The fingers, toes, hands, feet, or limbs are
completely cut through or torn off which
causes jagged skin und exposed bones.

WHAT TO DO:
1. If the cut is small, wash the wound with
soap and water, rinse it thoroughly, and
dry.
2. Apply a clean dressing over the cut
 3. If the cut is deep. control any bleeding by pressing a clean gauze directly
over the wound with the palm of the hand. Do not wash or interfere with
the wound. Seek medical assistance.
4. Do not remove the impaled object that caused the wound if it is still
embedded in the skin. Carefully cut away any clothing from around the
wound.
5. Cover the impaled object with anything that will prevent it from being
moved, such as a cup. Bandage the protective cover in place. Seek
medical assistance ASAP.

CLOSED WOUND - injuries where the skin is not broken, but damage occurs to
underlying tissues. These may result in internal bleeding from damage internal
organs, muscles, and other tissues.

Types of Closed Wound:

1. Bruises - caused by an object striking the body or the body encountering a
hard object. The skin is not broken, but the soft tissues beneath the skin are
damaged.
Types:
 Immediate pain
 Swelling

2. Fractures - is a broken or
cracked bone.

Types:
 Open (compound) fracture - the bone is
broken, and an open wound is present
 Closed fracture (simple fracture) - no
open wound is present, but there is a
broken or cracked bone
Signs and Symptoms:
1. Pain or tenderness in the region of the fracture
2. Loss of power: the injured part cannot be moved normally
3. Swelling
4. Discoloration may appear soon after the injury or after few days
5. Deformity, normal shape is altered, or the limb is shortened
6. Unnatural movement-only a doctor may examine for these signs
 7. Shock

First Aid Treatment of Fractures Aims:

1. To prevent further damage
2. To prevent pain
3. To make the victim comfortable
4. To prevent shock becoming worst

Rules:
1. Do not move the victim or limb unless in danger.
2. Steady and support the injured part at once, and prevent movement
3. Reassure the patient and send for medical aid if possible
4. Stop hemorrhage if any and cover wounds with dry dressing. Do not remove
clothing unnecessarily.
5. Counter act shock by handling gently keeping warm, reassuring, and giving
sweet fluids.
6. Immobilize the injure part
7. Never do more than is necessary
8. Arrange for suitable transport to hospital

WHAT TO DO:
1. Control bleeding
2. Apply splint

Sprains and Strains

Sprain- is an injury to the ligament that surround a joint. The ligament holds the
joint in position but may be stretched or torn.

Strain- is the over- stretching of a muscle due to

a sudden effort or twisting of the part. It is a less
serious injury than a sprain.
Signs and Symptoms:
 Severe pain at time of injury
 Swelling of the joint
 Discoloration around the joint
 Loss of movement at the joint

WHAT TO DO:
 If the victim has sprain, elevate, and support the joint with pillows in the
most comfortable position. Carefully remove the clothing.
 Apply an ice pack to the affected joint for several minutes every hour.
 Immobilize the joint by surrounding it with a layer of cotton, keeping it in
place with an elastic bandage. If the joint swell, loosen the bandage.
 If an ankle is sprained outdoor, DO NOT remove the victim’s shoe. Provide
additional support by applying figure of 8 bandage over the shoe
 For strained muscle, apply heat to the injured area, unless a fracture is
suspected A heat lamp, heating pad, or hot bath is also suitable in
relieving the pain
 Gentle massage of the strained muscle may help to relieve the pain and
strain that causes severe pain should be examined by a physician.

DISLOCATION - is a displacement of the bones which

form a joint.
Signs and Symptoms:
 Severe pain
 Loss of normal joint movements
 Deformity when compared with the other joint
 Swelling
Treatment:
 Do not try to put the bone back in place
 Immobilize the part as in treating a fracture
 Take the patient to a doctor quickly