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Chemistry | Class 10 | Marathon | Carbon and its Compounds

WATER RESOURCES
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Water: Some facts and figures

Do you know?
Three-fourth of the Earth’s Surface area is covered with water
but only a small portion of it's accounts for freshwater that can be put to use
Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Water: Some facts and figures

Out of 96.5 % of the total volume of world’s

water 2.5% exists as freshwater.

70% of this freshwater occurs as ice sheets

and glaciers in Antarctica, Greenland and
mountainous regions

All water moves

Little less than 30% exist as groundwater in within the
the aquifers. hydrological
cycle ensuring
that water is a
renewable
resource.
Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Water: Some facts and figures

India receives 4% of global

precipitation.

Ranks 133 in terms of water

availability per person per annum

Total renewable water resources of

India is 1897 sq.km.per annum
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

If 3/4 of the world is covered

By 2025, it is estimated that with water and water is a
large parts of India will join renewable resource, then
why countries around that
countries or region having
globe suffer from water
complete water scarcity scarcity?
 Chemistry | Class 10 | Marathon | Carbon and its Compounds

Water Water Everywhere, Not a Drop to Drink

 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

WATER SCARCITY AND THE NEED FOR WATER

CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Water Scarcity

The shortage of water as compared to its demand is Water Scarcity.

The moment we speak of water

shortages, we instantaneously
visualise the deserts of Rajasthan
and women balancing many
‘matkas’ (earthen pots) for
collecting water and travelling
long distances to get water
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Water Scarcity

The availability of water resources varies over space and time,

mainly due to the variations in seasonal and annual precipitation.

But water scarcity in most cases is caused by over exploitation,

excessive use and unequal access to water among
different social groups.
Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Water Scarcity

Falkenmark , a Swedish expert said

water stress occurs when water
availability is between 1000 and 1600
cubic metre per person per year.
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Where is then
Situation 1
water scarcity
likely to occur?
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Case 1: Where is then water scarcity like to occur?

Factors responsible

To facilitate higher food-grain production - water

A large population - means mere water not only
resources are being over exploited to expand
for domestic use but also to produce more food.
irrigated areas and dry season agriculture.
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Case 1: Where is then water scarcity like to occur?

Factors responsible

Increasing no. of industries - has made matters Apart from being heavy users (industries) of
worse by exerting pressure on existing water , also require power to run them. Much of
freshwater resources this comes from hydroelectric power.
 Geography
Today, in India | Class 10 | Marathon
hydroelectric | Watercontributes
power Resources approx.
22% of the total electricity produced.
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Water is sufficiently
Situation 2 available to meet the
needs of the people, but
the area still suffers from
water scarcity. Why?
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Case 2: Water is sufficiently available to meet the needs of the people, but the
area still suffers from water scarcity.

Factors responsible

Most of the water is polluted by domestic and

May be due to bad quality of water industrial wastes, chemical, pesticides and
fertilizers, thus making it hazardous for use.
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Overall these are the six reasons which cause water scarcity:

Overpopulation Intense urbanisation Unequal access

Intense agriculture Lack of planning Water Pollution

 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

MULTI -PURPOSE RIVER PROJECTS AND INTEGRATED

WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Water Conservation & Management Practices

Dam construction Rainwater Harvesting

But, how do
we conserve
and manage
water?
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Hydraulic Structures in Ancient India

In the first century B.C. , Sringaverapura near During Mauryan period, irrigation
Allahabad had sophisticated water harvesting system system such as dam, lakes were
channelling the flood water of the river Ganga. extensively built

In the 11th century, Bhopal Lake, one of Evidences of sophisticated irrigation

the largest artificial lakes of its time works have also been found in Kalinga,
was built Nagarjunakonda, Bennur, Kolhapur etc.

In the 14th century, the tank in Hauz Khas,

Delhi was constructed by Iltutmish for
supplying water to Siri Fort area.
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Dam Construction

A Dam is a barrier across flowing water that

obstructs, directs or retards the flow often creating
a reservoir, lake or impoundment. What
is
“Dam” refers to the reservoir DAM?
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Classification of Dam

Structure & Material used Height

Timber Dams High

Embankment Dams Medium

Masonry Dams Low

Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Hydroelectric Dam
Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

But ho
w do th
help us ey
conser in
ving an
manag d
ing wa
ter?
Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Role of Dam in Water Conservation and Management

Traditionally dams were built to

impound rivers and rainwater

Irrigating Electricity
agriculture fields generation

Recreation and Inland Domestic and

Navigation Industrial use

Flood Fish
control breeding
Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Conclusion

Dams are now referred to as multi-purpose projects where

the many uses of the impounded water are integrated with
one another.
Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Bhakra Nangal Dam

Satluj-Beas river basin →

Bhakra-Nangal project water →
Used for both hydel power
production and irrigation
Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Hirakud Dam

The Hirakud project →

Mahanadi basin integrates
conservation of water with
flood control.
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Development of Dams
Various Multi-purpose
projects were launched
after independence Jawaharlal Nehru proclaimed - “Dams as the
with their integrated temples of Modern India”.
water resources Acc. to him, DAM would integrate the village economy
management with rapid industrialisation and growth of the urban
approach. economy.
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Disadvantages of Dams

Regulating and damming of rivers - affect their

natural flow causing poor sediment flow and
excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the
reservoir, resulting in poorer habitats for the rivers’
aquatic life.

Dams fragment rivers - making it difficult for aquatic

fauna to migrate, especially for spawning.

Reservoirs created on the flood plains - submerge the

existing vegetation and soil leading to its
decomposition over a period of time.
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Disadvantages of Dams

Several dam projects have been the cause of

many new social movements like the
‘Narmada Bachao Andolan’ and the ‘Tehri
Dam Andolan’

Resistance to these projects has primarily

been due to the large-scale displacement
of local community.

Local people often had to give up their

land and livelihood.
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Save Narmada Movement
(Narmada Bachao Andolan)

● Non Governmental Organisation (NGO)

● Mobilised tribal people, farmers, environmentalists and human rights activists
against the Sardar Sarovar Dam being built across the Narmada river in Gujarat.
● This movement focused on the environmental issues related to trees that would
be submerged under the dam water.
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Disadvantages of Dams Changing Cropping Pattern

Irrigation with the help of DAMS has changed the cropping pattern of many
regions with farmers shifting to water intensive and commercial crops.

Salinisation of the soil

 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Disadvantages of Dams Increasing Social gap

Example - In Gujarat, the Sabarmati-basin

Dams have transformed the social landscape farmers were agitated and almost caused a
riot over the higher priority given to water
- increasing the social gap between the
supply in urban areas, particularly during
richer landowners and the landless poor.
droughts.

Create conflicts between people wanting

difference use and benefits from the same
water resources.
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Inter-State Water Disputes

Example - The Krishna-Godavari dispute

raised due to the objections from Karnataka
and Andhra Pradesh governments

It is regarding the diversion of more This would reduce downstream flow in

water at Koyna by the Maharashtra their states with adverse consequences
government for a multipurpose project for agriculture & industry
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Reason for Objections

Due to their failure to achieve the

purposes for which they were built.

Dams that were constructed to control Big dams have mostly been
1 floods have triggered floods due to 2 unsuccessful in controlling floods at
sedimentation in the reservoir. the time of excessive rainfall
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Reason for Objections

Due to their failure to achieve the

purposes for which they were built.

Leads to land degradation due to

Release of water dams during heavy rains
3 4 sedimentation and dams results in
aggravated the flood situation.
earthquakes, pollution, water-borne
(2006, Flood in Maharashtra & Gujarat)
diseases etc.
Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Important Dams:
a. Salal
b. Bhakra Nangal
c. Tehri
d. Rana Pratap Sagar
e. Sardar Sarovar
f. Hirakud
g. Nagarjuna Sagar
h. Tungabhadra
Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Rainwater Harvesting
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Rainwater Harvesting
Why t
here
need is a
o
rainw f
ater
Water harvesting system are a viable alternative harve
sting?
against the multi - purpose project as it is both
socio-economically and environmentally beneficial.
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Rainwater Harvesting

Water - harvesting systems existed

in india since the ancient times.

People had in-depth knowledge of rainfall

regimes and soil types and developed wide
ranging techniques to harvest rainwater,
groundwater, river water and flood water
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Rainwater Harvesting

In hill and mountainous regions, people built

1 diversion channels like the ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ of the
Western Himalayas for agriculture.
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Rainwater Harvesting

‘Rooftop rainwater harvesting’ But w

hat i
2 common in Rajasthan. roofto s
p
rainw
ater
harve
sting?
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting

It is a technique through which

rainwater is captured from the roof
catchments and stored in reservoirs.

● Roof top rainwater is collected using a PVC

pipe.
● Filtered using sand and bricks.
● Underground pipe takes water to sump for
immediate usage.
● Excess water from the sump is taken to the
wall.
● Water from the well recharges the
underground.
● Take water from the well (later)
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting

● Roof top rainwater harvesting is the most

common practice in Shillong, Meghalaya

● Cherapunjee and Mawsynram situated at a

distance of 55 km. from Shillong receive the
highest rainfall in the world, yet the state capital
Shillong faces acute shortage of water.

● Nearly 15-25 per cent of the total water roof

top water harvesting.
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting

● Tamil Nadu is the first state in India

which has made roof top rainwater
harvesting structure compulsory to
all the houses across the state.
● There are legal provisions to punish
the defaulters.
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Rainwater Harvesting

In flood plains of Bengal, people used

3 inundation channels to irrigate their
fields.
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Rainwater Harvesting

In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields

4 converted into rain-fed storage structures.
Ex: ‘khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in Rajasthan
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Rainwater Harvesting

In arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan

5 (Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer) → underground tanks or tankas

One household in
Phalodi had a tank
that was 6.1 metres
deep, 4.27 metres
long and 2.44 metres
wide
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Traditional Method - The Tankas

Rain falling on the rooftops would travel

They were connected to the sloping
roofs of the houses through a pipe
down the pipe and was stored in these
underground ‘tankas’.

The rainwater from the subsequent The first spell of rain was usually not
showers was then collected collected as this would clean the roofs
and the pipes.
Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Advantage of Water Storage in Tankas

● Extremely reliable source of

drinking water when all other
sources are dried up. Rainwater
(referred as palar
● Many houses constructed pani) is considered
underground rooms adjoining the the purest form of
natural water.
‘tanka’ to beat the summer heat
as it would keep the room cool.
Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Advantage of Water Storage in Tankas

Decline of rooftop rainwater harvesting in West

Rajasthan -as plenty of water is available due to
the perennial Rajasthan Canal.

Though some houses still maintain the tankas

since they do not like the taste of tap water.

In many parts of rural and urban India, rooftop

rainwater harvesting is being successfully
adapted to store and conserve water.
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Story of Gendathur, a remote backward village in Mysuru, Karnataka

Here the Villagers have installed, rainwater

harvesting system to meet their water needs.

Nearly 200 households have installed this

system and the village has earned the rare
distinction of being rich in rainwater

From the 20 houses, the net amount of

rainwater harvested annually amounts to
1,00,000 litres
Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources

Let’s do some
questions now!
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Q
96.5 per cent of the total volume of the world’s water is estimated to exist
as __ and only 2.5 per cent as ______.

A Freshwater, oceans

B Oceans, freshwater

C Groundwater, oceans

D None of the above

 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Q
96.5 per cent of the total volume of the world’s water is estimated to exist
as __ and only 2.5 per cent as ______.

A Freshwater, oceans

B Oceans, freshwater

C Groundwater, oceans

D None of the above

 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Q
The freshwater is mainly obtained from surface runoff and groundwater that is
continually being renewed and recharged through the

A Sulfur cycle

B Rock cycle

C Hydrological cycle

D None of the above

 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Q
The freshwater is mainly obtained from surface runoff and groundwater that is
continually being renewed and recharged through the

A Sulfur cycle

B Rock cycle

C Hydrological cycle

D None of the above

 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Q
In the 14th Century, the tank in ____ was constructed by iltutmish to
supply water to the Siri Fort area.

A Jaipur, Rajasthan

B Hauz Khas, Delhi

C Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh

D Surat, Gujarat
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Q
In the 14th Century, the tank in ____ was constructed by iltutmish to
supply water to the Siri Fort area.

A Jaipur, Rajasthan

B Hauz Khas, Delhi

C Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh

D Surat, Gujarat
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Q
_____ is the first state in India which has made rooftop rainwater harvesting
structures compulsory for all houses across the state.

A Karnataka

B Tamil Nadu

C Maharashtra

D Andhra Pradesh
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Q
_____ is the first state in India which has made rooftop rainwater harvesting
structures compulsory for all houses across the state.

A Karnataka

B Tamil Nadu

C Maharashtra

D Andhra Pradesh
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Q
_____ in the Mahanadi basin integrates the conservation of water with
flood control.

A Krishnarajasagar project

B Teri project

C Hirakud project

D Bhakra nangal project

 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Q
_____ in the Mahanadi basin integrates the conservation of water with
flood control.

A Krishnarajasagar project

B Teri project

C Hirakud project

D Bhakra nangal project

 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Q
_____proudly proclaimed the dams as the ‘temples of modern India’ as they
would integrate the development of agriculture and the village economy with
rapid industrialisation and growth of the urban economy.

A Sardar Patel

B Jawaharlal Nehru

C Mahatma Gandhi

D Dr.B.R.Ambedkar
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Q
_____proudly proclaimed the dams as the ‘temples of modern India’ as they
would integrate the development of agriculture and the village economy with
rapid industrialisation and growth of the urban economy.

A Sardar Patel

B Jawaharlal Nehru

C Mahatma Gandhi

D Dr.B.R.Ambedkar
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Q
In Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally had underground
tanks or tankas as for storing drinking water. Barmer and Phalodi are located in
_______ .

A Gujarat

B Himachal Pradesh

C Uttarakhand

D Rajasthan
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Q
In Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally had underground
tanks or tankas as for storing drinking water. Barmer and Phalodi are located in
_______ .

A Gujarat

B Himachal Pradesh

C Uttarakhand

D Rajasthan
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Q
Explain the working of underground tanks as a part of roof top rainwater
harvesting system practised in Rajasthan. (CBSE 2016, 2015, 2014, 2012, 2010)
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Q
ANSWER
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Q
Why did Jawaharlal Nehru proclaim dams as the ‘temples of modern
India’? Explain any three reasons. (CBSE 2014)
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Q
ANSWER
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Q
Describe any three traditional methods of rainwater harvesting adopted
in different parts of India. (CBSE 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016)
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Q
ANSWER
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Q
List any three advantages and three disadvantages of multipurpose river
project. (CBSE 2013, 2012, 2014)
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Q
ANSWER
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Q
Highlight any three hydraulic structures as part of water management
programmes initiated in ancient India along with the period when they were
built. (CBSE 2011, 2012)
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Q
ANSWER
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Q
What is a multipurpose river valley project? Mention any four objectives of
it. (CBSE 2016-17)
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Q
ANSWER A project where many uses of the impounded water are
integrated with one another is known as multipurpose
project. It is built for irrigation, power generation, water
supply, flood control, recreation, etc.
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Q
Water scarcity in most cases is caused by over exploitation, excessive use and
unequal access to water among, different social groups. Explain the meaning
of the statement with the help of examples. (CBSE 2015)
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Q
We can understand the meaning of the above statement
ANSWER
through these examples:
a. After a heavy downpour, a boy collects drinking water
in Kolkata.
b. A Kashmiri earthquake survivor carries water in the
snow in a devastated ' village.
c. A Rajasthani woman balances her matka and travels
large distances to collect water.
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Q
How does urbanization and urban lifestyle lead to overexploitation of water
resources? Explain. (CBSE 2014, 2013, 2012)
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Q
ANSWER Post independent India witnessed intensive industrialisation
and urbanisation.
a. Arrival of MNC's: Apart from fresh water they require
electricity which comes from hydroelectric power.
b. Multiplying urban centers with large and dense
populations and urban life styles have not only added to
water and energy requirements, but have further
aggravated the problem.
c. Large-scale migration from rural to urban areas is
causing over exploitation of water resources.
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Q
Describe any three traditional methods of rainwater harvesting adopted in
different parts of India. (CBSE 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016-17)
 Geography | Class 10 | Marathon | Water Resources
Q
ANSWER a. In hilly and mountainous regions, people build
diversion channels like ‘gul’ or ‘kul’ in Western
Himalayas for agriculture.
b. Roof-top rainwater harvesting was commonly
practised to store drinking water particularly
in Rajasthan.
c. In West Bengal, people develop inundation
channels to irrigate their fields.
d. In semi-arid regions agricultural fields are
converted into rainfed storage structures that
allowed the water to stand and moist the soil.
| shimon_joseph Periodic Table | Class 11 | Mega Marathon
Chemistry | Class 10 | Marathon | Carbon and its Compounds

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