UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY

English 201

October 28, 2022 5:00 – 8:00 pm

Mr. Bryan Lloyd D. Reyes

Professor
201: INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS
Home About me What I do My experience My work

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this

session, you will be
able to identify the
different parts of
speech.
 Purpose of presentation:
This presentation provides a
very basic introduction to the
concept of parts of speech in
language. This is to give the
students a working vocabulary
and a way to improve their grasp
of grammar. 5
 In the English language . .
There are eight parts of speech .
 Nouns

 Pronouns It is important to
 Verbs understand that
 Adjectives every word in a
 Adverbs sentence has a job
 Conjunctions
to do, a role in the
 Prepositions
sentence.
 Interjections 6
 Noun: person, place,
thing or quality
 Person: Mr. Garcia likes to eat spinach.

 Place: Daragan is an old town.

 Thing: To cook you need a couple of pots.

 Quality: Honesty is a great value to

possess.
7
Types of
Nouns
 Types of Nouns
 Common/ Proper
 Abstract/ Concrete

 Possessive Noun

 Collective

 Plural/ Singular

A noun will always be a person, place, thing or idea!

 Common/ Proper Nouns

• A common noun is a general name for a person,

place, thing or idea.
• Example- theater
• A proper noun is a name of a specific person,
place, thing or idea.
• Example- Palace Theater
• Only proper nouns need to be capitalized, so a
big clue is if the noun is capitalized.
 Concrete Nouns
These nouns are the ones we can visualize.

Examples: Table, Rock, Flag, Hairdresser

• …you can SEE

• …you can TOUCH

• …you can TASTE

• …you can HEAR

• … you can SMELL

 Abstract Nouns
These nouns are usually ideas or concepts
with no clear visual image.
…Ideas
…Thoughts
…Feelings/ Emotions
…Concepts
Examples- Sincerity, Anger, Happiness, Hope,
Love, Intelligence
 Think of an image for HOPE

 Everyone has a different image in

mind!

 These abstract nouns can only be

described and imagined.
 Collective Nouns

• Collective nouns name a group

of people or things.
Examples
• crew, cast, audience, class,
committee
 Possessive Nouns

• A possessive noun shows ownership. It

uses an apostrophe (‘) or an apostrophe
plus an –s on the end.
Examples:
• The boys’ basketball team is walking down
the hall.
• I borrowed my sister’s shirt.
How might you say these ideas
using possessive form?
 The coat belongs to the girl.
the girl’s coat
 The bone belongs to the dog.
the dog’s bone
 The pencil belongs to the teacher.
the teacher’s pencil
 The jump ropes belong to the students.
the students’ jump ropes
 5 Rules to Make Possessives
 Rule 1: In singular nouns (person, place,
thing or idea), we add apostrophe and ‘s’
after the noun.

For example:
Rachel’s car is in the garage. (Car belonging
to Rachel is in the garage)
 5 Rules to Make Possessives
2: In singular nouns ending with ‘s’,
 Rule
we add an apostrophe and ‘s’ to the noun.

Possessive nouns examples:

• Tom’s notebook is lying on the table.
(Notebook of Tom is lying on the table)
• John’s wife is a doctor. (Wife of John is a
doctor)
 5 Rules to Make Possessives
 Rule 3: In singular nouns ending with
‘s’ followed by a word starting with ‘s’,
we just add an apostrophe to the noun.
This is to avoid a hissing sound.
Possessive nouns examples:
• Tejas’ school is in Malviya Nagar.

• Suhas’ sister is a teacher.

 5 Rules to Make Possessives
Rule 4: In plural nouns (ending
with ‘s’), we add apostrophe after
‘s’.
For example:
• Students’ report cards are ready.

• Girls’ dance classes have been

postponed.
 5 Rules to Make Possessives
 Rule 5: In irregular plural nouns (men,
children) we add apostrophe and ‘s’ to
show possession.
Possessive nouns examples:
• Children’s clothes are expensive. (Clothes
of children are expensive)
• People’s mindset needs to be changed.
(Mindset of people needs to be changed)
The lady owns the coat.

1. The ladies coat

2. The ladys’ coat
3. The lady’s coat
The man has a belt.

1. The mans belt

2. The mans’ belt
3. The man’s belt
Frank owns the boat.

1. Franks boat
2. Frank’s boat
3. Franks’ boat
Three ladies own the
business.

1. Ladies business
2. Ladies’ business

3. Ladies’s business
The pen belongs to two
dogs.

1. The dogs pen

2. The dogs’ pen
3. The dog’s pen
The ring belongs to the girl.

1. The girls’ ring

2. The girl’s ring
3. The girls ring
The bike belongs to three boys.

1. The boys’s bike

2. The boy’s bike

3. The boys’ bike

The four cooks own the
kitchen.

1. The cooks kitchen

2. The cooks’ kitchen

3. The cook’s kitchen

The tools belong to dad.

1. Dad’s tools
2. Dads’ tools

3. Dads tools
The nest belongs to the mice.

1. The mice’s nest

2. The mices’ nest
3. The mices nest
The dishes belong to the
women.

1. Womens’ dishes
2. Women’s dishes

3. Womens’s dishes
The people own the seats.

1. Peoples’ seats
2. Peoples seats’

3. People’s seats
 Choosing between human and non-human
nouns is important when talking about a
noun in a sentence.

• The rock smiled.

• WRONG!
• The boy smiled.

• Who is making that noise? (A person)

• What is making that noise? (Something
nonhuman!)
 Plural/ Singular
Singular Rule Plural
boy, girls Add -s boys, girls
echo, hero Add –s to a few -o endings echoes, heroes

box, church Add –es to -s, -sh,-ch, -x, -z endings boxes, churches

melody, fly Change –y to –i and add -es to –y melodies, flies

endings.
monkey, day If a vowel comes before the -y, add –s. monkeys, days

thief, half Change –f to –v, add –es to most. thieves, halves

Add –s to a few –f endings
roof, cuff roofs, cuffs
corn, tuna, fish Same spelling corn, tuna, fish
woman, foot Irregular plural forms women, feet
 Pronouns
There’s more than
one way to say
anything!
 Why on earth do we need
pronouns?
When Susie arrived at the party, Susie knew Susie
had made a mistake. Susie saw that Susie did not fit
in with Susie’s new friends. Susie wondered if Susie
should leave, or if Susie should just act like it was
normal for Susie to be involved in such activities.
Drinking and smoking were not things in which Susie
normally participated. Susie decided Susie was not
going to allow Susie to behave in such a ridiculous
manner.
 Why on earth do we
need pronouns?

Think about the paragraph

on the previous slide.
 Pronouns
 Pronouns make our speech and writing less
boring.
 We do not have to continually repeat our
subject.
 We can identify our subject in a variety of
ways, other than by “name”.
 Pronouns
 Pronouns can substitute for (or take
the place of) nouns.
 Pronouns can appear anywhere in a
sentence.
 Pronouns
There are seven major types of pronouns:
–Personal
–Demonstrative
–Reflexive
–Intensive
–Indefinite
–Relative
–Interrogative
Personal
Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns always refer to
people.
 PERSONAL PRONOUNS
SINGULAR
Nominative Objective Possessive
I, you me, you my, mine, your, yours,
he, she, it him, her his, her, hers, its
it
PLURAL
Nominative Objective Possessive
we us Our, ours
you you your, yours
they them their, theirs
Demonstrative
Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns
demonstrate or point out
things like people, places,
objects, or ideas.
Demonstrative Pronouns
this

that

these

those
 Demonstrative Pronouns
This is easy.
That was difficult.
These are hilarious.
Those will not last.

Do not put a noun after the

demonstrative pronoun it will then
become an adjective.
Intensive and
Reflexive
Pronouns
Reflexive and Intensive
Pronouns
myself
herself
himself
itself
yourself
yourselves
ourselves
themselves
 Reflexive and
Intensive Pronouns

Reflexive and Intensive

pronouns always end
in “self” or “selves”
Reflexive and Intensive
Pronouns
1. Reflexive pronouns REFLECT
2. Intensive pronouns INTENSIFY
 Intensive Pronouns
 Intensive pronouns emphasize (or
intensify) another noun or pronoun.

 Amanda made the cake herself.

 I myself sold fifty tickets.
 Reflexive Pronouns
 Reflexive pronouns refer to the subject and
reflect the action of the verb back to the
subject.

 John wrote himself a note.

 Sue gave herself a haircut.
Indefinite
Pronouns
 Indefinite Pronouns
“Indefinite” means not definite or not
clear—cloudy.

Indefinite pronouns refer to a person, a

place, or a thing that is not specifically
named.
 Indefinite Pronouns
all each more one
another either most other
any everybody neither several
anybody everyone nobody some
anyone everything none somebody
anything few no one someone
both many nothing something
Relative and
Interrogative
Pronouns
 Relative Pronouns

Relative pronouns introduce

subordinate clauses.
 Interrogative Pronouns
Interrogative
pronouns introduce
a question (?).
The word “interrogative” means
“to ask”
 Relative and
Interrogative Pronouns

The list of relative and interrogative

pronouns is the SAME except for
what and that.
Relative that
which
who
whom
whose
Interrogative what
which
who
whom
whose
 Relative Pronoun
 The ball (that was lost) was found.
 The girl (which lives down the street) was
absent today.
 The teacher (who my brother had last year) is
now retired.
 The family (whose dog ran away) has bought
another one.
 The student (whom you might know) was
selected for the team.
Conquering The Verbs
 What is a Verb?

As you know, every sentence has two

parts, the subject and the predicate. The
key word in the predicate is the verb. The
verb tells what the subject of the sentence
is, has, does, or feels.
 Examples
Burt works at the park.
He trims the trees.
He loves his job.
He paints the benches.
 Action Verbs
Most verbs are actions verbs. Some verbs refer to
physical action that can be seen by other people.
Others refer to mental action that can not be seen.
Physical Action: The farmer feeds the
chickens.

Mental Action: He likes the red rooster

best.
 Being Verbs
Other verbs can express a state of being. These verbs do not
refer to action of any sort. They simply tell what the subject
is.
Being Verbs
Forms of be: am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
Other being verbs: appear, become, feel, grow, look,
seem, remain, smell, sound, stay, taste
 Examples

Julie is the teacher’s assistant.

He seems afraid of the dark.
That boy looks angry.
In fact, the students are hungry.
 Helping Verbs

Helping verbs have no meaning on their

own. They are necessary for the
grammatical structure of a sentence, but
they do not tell us very much alone. We
usually use helping verbs with main
verbs. They "help" the main verb (which
has the real meaning).
 Examples
•I can't speak Chinese.

•John may arrive late.

•Would you like a cup of coffee?

•You should see a doctor.

•I really must go now.

 Linking Verbs

A verb that expresses a state of being often

functions as a linking verb. A linking verb links,
or connects, the subject with a noun or an
adjective in the predicate that names or
describes the subject.

Cooper is a dog.
Cooper is big.
 Linking or Action?
Some verbs function as either linking verbs
or action verbs.
The skunk smells terrible.
The boy felt hungry.
The boy smells the flower.
She felt the hairy dog.
 Transitive Verbs
A verb that sends its action to a noun or a pronoun
in the predicate is called a transitive verb. The
noun or the pronoun that receives the action of the
verb is called the direct object.
Look at these sentences . Do the verbs have objects?

The teacher helped the student.

Joe hit the ball over the fence.
 More Examples

 Mary sees John. (John is the direct object of

"sees")
 You lifted the bag. (bag is the direct object of
"lifted")
 I punished you. (you is the direct object of
"punished")
 I give the book to you. (book is the direct object of
"give" and "you" is the indirect object of "give")
 Intransitive Verbs
A verb that does not send its action to a word in the
predicate is called an intransitive verb. Many verbs can be
either transitive or intransitive.
Transitive: The fans cheered the batter.
Intransitive: The fans cheered loudly.
How can you tell if a verb is transitive or intransitive? Ask
yourself whom? or what? After the verb. If the answer is a
noun or pronoun, the verb is transitive.
FINITE AND NON-FINITE
VERBS
 Basic Difference (Placement of verbs)
 Ram went to market to purchase groceries
 Sheetal ran fast to win first prize

Other Examples:
 She studies English to improve her
communication skills.
 They study English to score high in examination.

 He has studied English to get a good job.

 I am studying English to impress my girlfriend.

 Verb
Finite Verb Non-Finite Verb

 Finite Verb: A verb which is used according

to the subject and tense.
– Comes after the subject
– Changes according to Singular/ Plural subject
– Changes according to the tense of the sentence/
clause
 Important to Know
 Joseph was eating food and watching T.V.
(Both verbs are joined by conjunction, so
both are Finite Verbs)
 Akshita along with her friends came to
meet Surabhi.
(Do not consider phrase (if any) between
subject and first verb)
 Non-Finite/Infinite Verb: A verb that is not
changed according to the subject or tense.
– Comes without subject in a sentence/ clause
– Used as Noun/ Adjective/ Adverb
– Normally used with “to”

Examples:
– I want to go to school.
– Jatin wants to go to school.
– They wanted to go to the school.
– They made me weep
Types of Non-Finite Verbs

Non-Finite
Verbs

Gerund Infinitive Participle

 Gerund
(Verb+ ing) having the function of a noun is
called Gerund or Verbal noun.

Example:
Meena enjoys watching TV.
Main verb Gerund
 Gerund can have the following
functions in a sentence
 As the subject
– Eating is good for health.
(Subject)

 As the object
– I mind making noise.
(Object)

 As the object of preposition

– Divya thinks about going to Kerala.
(O. of Pre)
 Infinitive
To + verb or only base form of the verb which has
the function of a noun is called Infinitive.
Example:
She likes to play soccer.

I want to get married.

David and I agreed to meet at 4 o’clock.

The weather is too hot to play soccer.

The class is big enough to study in it.

 Participle
 Present Participle: When “Verb-I + ing” work as
adjective
Example:
– I found children sleeping
– The ship sinks in the rising waves

 Past Participle: When “Verb-III” work as adjective

Example:
– No educated person was there
– It is a part of broken jar
 Participle
 Perfect Participle: “Having + Verb-III”.
When verb works as adjective as well as
indicate that work is done/ completed.
Example:
–Having done my duty, I went home.
–Having finished my class, I got spare time
for playing.
 ADJECTIVE
An adjective answers the following
questions;

WHAT KIND ? Green ,old, round

,strong
HOW MUCH ? All , little ,enough ,any
HOW MANY ? few ,300 , two-thirds
,some WHICH ? This ,that ,those
KINDS OF ADJECTIVES

A.Adjectives of Quality
B.Adjectives of Quantity
C.Adjectives of Number
D.Demonstrative Adjectives
E.Distributive Adjectives
F.Interrogative Adjectives
G.Possessive Adjectives
 Adjectives of Quality

• It tells about specific qualities, such as

colour, size, age, shape, origin and
material of noun.
• It answers the question ‘What kind?”
e.g.
Raman is a good boy
He has a black dog
 Adjectives of quantity
• It shows how much of a thing is
meant
• It answers he question ‘How much?’
• It is used for uncountable nouns.
e.g
1. Delhi did not get much rainfall last
year.
2. There is enough rice for dinner.
 Adjectives of number
• It shows how many persons or things are
meant , or in what order a person or thing
stands.
• It answers the question ‘How many?’
• It is used with countable nouns
e.g
1. A month has four weeks.
2. There are some pictures on the wall.
 Demonstrative adjectives

• It points out a specific noun.

• It answers the question ‘Which?’
e.g.
1.This bag is not mine.
2.I do not like to wear these clothes.
3.Those flowers are very beautiful.
 Distributive adjectives
• It denotes that the persons or things
named in the sentence are taken singly
, separately
• It always come before singular noun
e.g.
Every day is a new day.
He took neither dress.
Each child was given a bag.
 Interrogative adjectives

These are used with nouns to ask

questions.
e.g.
Whose book is this? What number did
you dial?
Which way shall we go?
 Possessive adjectives

• It show possession or belonging.

• It answers the question ‘Whose?’
e.g.
My project is still incomplete.
Their flight has been delayed.
Show me your binoculars.
 Adverb
Basically, most adverbs tell
you how, where or when
some thing is done. In other
words, they describe the
manner, place or time of an
Commonly adverbs are formed from
adjectives. Some are below.
Adjectives Adverbs
Kind Kindly
Happy Happily
Wonderful Wonderfully
Loud Loudly
Sad Sadly
Beautiful Beautifully
Sweet Sweetly
 Many adverbs end with ly. You make these
adverbs by adding ly to adjectives .

• Some words that end in ly are not adverbs.

• Some adjectives end in ly too.

Example:-
1.Sam was feeling very lonely.
2.She was wearing a lovely dress.
3.It was a very lively party
 Kinds of Adverbs
Manner  It describes in which
manner an action is done.
Place  It describes where an action
is done.
Time  It describes when an action
is done.
Frequency  It shows how many times an
action is done.
Purpose/Reason  It describes the purpose or
reason for the action.
 Kinds of Adverbs

Quantity/Degree:
It shows how much or in what degree or
to what extent.

Affirmation /Negation:
Which says yes if it is yes and no if it is
no
 Adverbs of Place:
Some adverbs and adverb phrases answer the
question “where?”. They are called adverbs of
place.
Examples :

• The boys are playing upstairs.

• The dog is in the garden.
• We’re going to NewYork City on our school
trip.
• It’s very sunny but cold outside.
 Adverb of places

1.I’ve lived here for about two

years.
2.His children go everywhere
with him.
Adverbs of Manner
Some adverbs and adverb phrases describe
the way people do things.
Examples:

• The girls answered all the questions

correctly.
• He was driving carelessly.
• The plane landed safely.
• Ramu plays guitar skillfully.
Adverb of manner
1.They watched carefully.
2.The flower was beautifully
made up
3.She seemed faintly.
4.The team played wonderfully.
Adverbs of Frequency
Some adverbs and adverb phrases answer
the question “how often an action is done”
Examples:

• The children always go to school on the

bus.
• I’ll never make that mistake again .
• I clean my bedroom every day.
• Dad polishes his shoes twice a week.
Adverbs of Time:
Some adverbs and adverb phrases answer
the question “when?”.
Examples :

• The train has already left.

• We moved into our new house last week.
• Our favorite T.V. program starts at 6’o
clock.
• I’m going to my new school tomorrow.
• We shall now begin to work.
• He called here a few minutes ago.
• I have spoken to him yesterday.
• He comes here daily.
• Mr. Guptha formerly lived here.
 Adverbs of quantity or degree
It shows how much, or in what degree or
to what extent.
 He was too careless.
 The sea is very stormy.

I am rather busy.

 I am fully prepared.

 These mangos are almost ripe.

Adverbs of reason
The adverb which tells about a
reason is called adverb of
reason.
• He is hence unable to refute the
charge.
• He therefore left school.
 Adverbs of affirmation and negation:

Which says yes if it is yes and no if it is no

Examples:

1. I don’t know.
2. Surely you are mistaken.
3. He certainly went.
Some examples of adverbs of different kinds:
1. Tortoise walks slowly
2. We will have our Semester exams on April
1st week.
3. The accident happened near the Highway
4. At least twice a week I used to go for
Temple.
5. The sea is very stormy
6. Surely you are mistaken.).
Preposition IN, ON, and AT

115
Interjections: expressive words
 Wow, you knocked that ball out
of the park.
 Oh, you really need to take care
of yourself.
 Huh, what did you say?

 Ah, now I understand the

problem. 116
Identify each word in the
following sentence
The beautiful queen was
walking slowly on the
cool lawn, and she was
reading a long book
about knights and kings
which she enjoyed. 117
 The beautiful queen was walking slowly
article adjective noun verb verb adverb

 on the cool lawn, and she was reading a

preposition article adjective noun conjunction pronoun verb verb article

 long book about knights and kings which

 adjective noun preposition noun conjunction noun preposition

 she enjoyed.
 Pronoun verb

118
Assignment: Identify parts of speech
The queen knew that she would be the
only pretty woman at the party.

The king did not know if he was going to

make the cake, and he was afraid to tell
the queen.

The thin waitress told the customers that

they desperately needed to go on a diet.

I ran many miles every day, and I

couldn't’t lose a pound.

This quiz was a piece of cake.

119