ENIR 11

ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL

ENGINEERING
Present Energy resources in India and its sustainability
 ENERGY RESOURCES
• Energy is one of the most important building blocks in human development,
and as such, acts as a key factor in determining the economic development of
all the countries.
• Energy is the ability to cause changes, exert forces or do work.
• In other words, energy is the ability to make things happen!
• An energy resource is something that can produce heat, power life, move
objects, or produce electricity.
• Matter that stores energy is called a fuel.
• Energy can be generated from fuel minerals like coal,
petroleum, natural gas, uranium and from electricity.
Sustainable energy is the practice of using energy in a
way that "meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs.
 ENERGY UNITS
British Imperial units -
foot-pound force (1.3558 J),
British thermal unit (BTU)
horsepower-hour (2.6845 MJ),
gasoline gallon equivalent (about 120 MJ).
Electricity-
one kWh (3.6×106 J) (3600 kJ or 3.6 MJ).
Natural gas-
In US-sold in Therms /100 cubic feet (105.5 megajoules).
In Australia-sold in Cubic Meters (1m3 = 38megajoules)
Atom physics and chemistry-
units electronvolts (eV)
Food industry-
a calorie of 4.184 J
ENERGY UNITS AND ITS CONVERSION
 Classification of Energy Resources
Based on the energy storage or cycling time-Renewable or non-renewable resources
(Renewable resources have a cycling time less than 100 years, while for
non-renewable resources, it is greater than a million years)
Based on the nature of their transaction- commercial -available to the users at some
price (coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity) and noncommercial sources-
available free of cost to the users (fire wood, agricultural waste, cow dung)
Based on consumption- exhaustible/ depletable- gets drained when used as an input
of a production process and non - depletable / renewable resources
Based on regularity-conventional -have been in use since a long time (coal, oil, hydro,
nuclear, etc.) and non-conventional - recently developed and are still developing.
(solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas, etc.) sources.
Based on conversion-primary or secondary types - (primary sources - found in nature
that has not been subjected to any human engineered conversion process and
secondary sources- made from other energy sources).
 Energy resources Fossil fuel
(coal, oil, natural gas, peat)
Chemical
Biomass (wood, agricultural
Potential residues, etc.)
Based on energy Renewable
Water at a certain height
storage and cycling time Non-renewable Kinetic
wind, tidal (waves)
Radiation
Commercial solar(sun)
Based on transaction
Non-Commercial Heat Geothermal reservoirs,
ocean thermal reservoirs
Nuclear
Depletable Uranium & thorium
Based on consumption
Non- Depletable

Conventional Electricity
Based on regularity
Non-conventional Mechanical
energy
Primary
Based on conversion Chemical
Secondary Refined oil products
energy
U.S. Energy Consumption by Source, 2018
World Energy Consumption by Source, 2018
 Energy demand
Energy demand -the consumption of energy by
human activity.
Renewable energy sources contributed
The demand for energy across the world is
approximately one quarter of global
constantly rising (energy consumption grew by
energy consumption growth; nuclear
2.3 % in 2019, twice as fast as the average rate
energy was responsible for 7%.
over the last ten years)
Global energy-related CO2 emissions
India demand rose 4% in 2019 Vs 2.3% growth
increased by 1.7% in 2018. With 30%, coal
seen worldwide.
combustion represented the largest share of
Reason:
the increase.

As per UN Reports
Increase in population
Demand for electricity grew faster than for
By economic development- amount of
all other energy sources with an increase of
energy a country uses is widely used to
4%. Renewable energy sources contributed
indicate or measure the level of
almost half of the increase in electricity
development.
generation, followed by coal, natural gas,
Development in energy-consuming
nuclear energy and oil-fired electricity
activities, such as manufacturing, provision
generation.
of services and transport increase in scale.
CO2 Emissions from the electricity sector
increased demand for heating and cooling
increased by 2.5%.
in some regions.
Statistics of World wise Energy demand

Energy demand growth dropped below

100 million tonnes of oil equivalent in
2015 and 2016
In 2017 and 2018 saw substantial growth
in global energy demand far exceeding the
growth of previous years.
The countries most responsible for this
increase in demand were China and the
U.S.
Both countries used more oil and gas to
satisfy their energy demand growth, but
China also grew its coal use while the U.S.
decreased theirs.
 Global report on energy demand
Energy consumers Energy producers
(Kg of coal equivalent to per person) (Kg of coal equivalent to per person)

Europe & North America use 70 % of the world energy,

although this is only 20% of the world's population- World’s major consumers of energy are also the major
experienced large-scale economic development, there producers i.e. the countries with less energy demand
original energy sources were fossil fuels – first coal and and consumption have less energy production but still
the oil and gas the resources to have a higher energy production.
demand for energy over much of South America, Africa &
South-east Asia is very low-less economically developed
 Energy gap
Energy gap - the difference between a country’s rising demand for energy and its ability to produce that energy
from its own resources.
The gap is being widened by the deliberate phasing out of fossil fuels.
The loss of energy is greater than the amount of energy being generated for other renewable sources.
The mismatch between the distribution of energy consumption and Production.

India Energy Statistics 2019

ESTIMATED
FOSSIL FUELS AVAILABILITY PRODUCTION IMPORT CONSUMPTION
RESERVES
COAL (MILLION
319040 866.27 675.40 206.77 896.34
TONNES)
LIGNITE (MILLION
45660 46.58 46.26 220.43 45.82
TONNES)
CRUDE PETROLEUM
594.49 256.12 35.68 -31.37 251.93
(MILLION TONNES)
NATURAL GAS (BILLION
CUBIC 1339.57 52.52 32.65 19.87 52.83
METRES)*
ELECTRICITY (GWh) 12,28,766 13,03,493 -1592 11,30,243.84
 Non Renewable Energy Sources
Fossil Fuels: Fossil fuels such as coal , oil and natural gas all of which are
mixture of compounds containing carbon and hydrogen. These are
formed by the decomposition of the remains of plants and animals buried
under the earth. Millions of years ago.
Crude Oil : petroleum products include gasoline, distillates such as
diesel fuel and heating oil, jet fuel, petrochemical feedstocks, waxes,
lubricating oils, and asphalt.
Natural Gas: Natural gas consists mainly of methane; it can be used as
a fuel or to make materials and chemicals.
Coal: It’s a sedimentary rock with a high amount of carbon and
hydrocarbons.
Uranium (Nuclear Energy): Most widely used by nuclear plants for
nuclear fission. Uranium is considered to be a nonrenewable energy
source, even though it is a common metal found in rocks worldwide.
Uranium, referred to as U-235.
 FOSSIL FUEL
Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons comprised primarily
of the following elements: carbon and hydrogen
and some sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and mineral
matter. Mineral matter turns into ash when burnt.
The composition and the amounts of these
elements change for different fossil fuels (coal,
petroleum, and natural gas), but the elements are
the same. For example, there is more hydrogen in
liquid fuels than in coal per unit mass.
 Coal
Coal is the main source of energy in India as it fulfils
almost 67 % of the total commercial energy consumed in
the country. India is the 3rd largest producer of coal.
This fossil fuel is found in a form of sedimentary rocks and
is often known as 'Black Gold'.
Coal is formed due the compression of plant material over
millions of years. It is originated from organic matter
wood. When large tracts of forests are buried under
sediments, wood is burnt and decomposed due to heat
from below and pressure from above. The phenomenon
makes coal but takes centuries to complete.
Coal, therefore, is found in a variety of forms depending
on the degrees of compression and the depth and time
of burial. Decaying plants in swamps produce peat.
Which has a low carbon and high moisture contents and
low heating capacity.
 Classification of Coal
Classification on the basis of carbon content and time period.

Types of coal on the basis of carbon content

Anthracite (hard coal)-- best quality of coal which carries 80-95 % C content. It ignites slowly
with a blue flame. It has the highest calorific value. (Jammu and Kashmir).
Bituminous (Soft coal)-- 60-80 % C content and a low level of moisture content. It is widely used
and has high calorific value. (Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh).
Lignite (brown coal)-- 40-55 % C content. It is an intermediate stage which happens during the
alteration of woody matter into coal. It has high moisture content so it gives smoke when burnt.
(Rajasthan, Lakhimpur (Assam), and Tamil Nadu).
Peat -- less than 40 % C content. It is in the first stage of transformation from wood to coal. It has
low calorific value and burns like wood.

Types of coal on the basis of a time period

Gondwana coal: Around 98 % of India's total coal reserves are from Gondwana times. This coal
was formed about 250 million years ago.
Tertiary coal is of younger age. It was formed from 15 to 60 million years ago.
Four Stages of Coal
 Coal reserves in India: State-wise
Total coal
State Type of coal Coal field with Coal mining centers
reserves
Bituminous (Gondwana Jharia(Dhanbad), Bokaro (Hazaribagh), Auranga, Giridh,
Jharkhand
period) Karanpur, Ramgarh and Hutar.
Odisha Talchar (Dhenkanal and Sambalpur), Ib Valley (Jharsuguda) 24%
Chhattisgarh Korba(valley of river Hasdo), Chirmiri, Jhimli, and Johilla 17%
Raniganj (Bardhman & Birbhum), Darjeeling, Bankura,
West Bengal bituminous 11%
Jalpaiguri, and Puruliya
Madhya
Singrauli, Muhpani, Satpura, Pench Kanhan and Sohagpur 8%
Pradesh
Andhra
Singareni (Godavari valley) 7%
Pradesh
more moisture and has less
Maharashtra Kamptee (Nagpur) and Wardha valley (Nagpur and Yavatmal)
carbon content
Rajasthan Lignite Palana and Khari mines (Bikaner)
Gujarat poor quality 35% of carbon Bharauch and Kachchh
Tamil Nadu lignite coal Neyveli
Jammu and
inferior quality Shaliganga, Handwara, Baramulla, Riasi, and Udhampur
Kashmir
As a result of exploration carried out up to the maximum depth of 1200m, a cumulative total of
319.02 Billion tonnes of Geological Resources of Coal have so far been estimated in our country
Distribution of Coal Reserves in India
Advantages
The coal reserves are huge.
The cost of production and transport is less.
The low quality coal can be used for production of tar.
Dis-Advantages
It creates air and water pollution.
It is heavy and bulky, so storing needs large areas.
The ash produced on burning of coal creates health
problems.
CRUDE OIL

CRUDE OIL: unrefined

petroleum
PETROCHEMICALS: chemicals
derived from petroleum,
essential component of over
3000 products, products
include: tar, wax, and plastic.
 Petroleum
‘Petroleum’ -Latin words Petra (meaning rock) and Oleum (meaning oil). Thus
petroleum is oil obtained from rocks; particularly sedimentary rocks of the earth.
Therefore, it is also called mineral oil.
Petroleum is an inflammable liquid that is composed of hydrocarbons which constitute
90-95 % of petroleum and the remaining is chiefly organic compounds containing
oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and traces of organo-metallic compounds.
When ancient animals were buried in prehistoric oceans and lakes heat and pressure
build up. chemical changes eventually convert the remains into petroleum and natural
gas.
Petroleum is the next major energy source in India after coal. Petroleum refineries act as
a “nodal industry” for synthetic textile, fertilizer and numerous chemical industries.
Crude petroleum consists of a mixture of hydrocarbons-solid, liquid and gaseous. These
include compounds belonging to the paraffin series and also some unsaturated
hydrocarbons and small proportion belonging to the benzene group.
 Utilization of Petroleum
Petroleum and petroleum products are mainly
used as motive power. It is a compact and
convenient liquid fuel which has
revolutionized transportation on land, in the
air and on water. It can be easily transported
from the producing areas to the consuming
areas with the help of tankers and more
conveniently, efficiently and economically by
pipelines.
It emits very little smoke and leaves no ash,
(as is the case in coal utilisation) and can be
used upto the last drop. It provides the most
important lubricating agents and is used as an
important raw material for various petro-
chemical products.
 Origin and Occurrence of Petroleum
Petroleum has an organic origin and is found in sedimentary basins, shallow depressions and
in the seas (past and present). Most of the oil reserves in India are associated with anticlines
and fault traps in the sedimentary rock formations of tertiary times, about 3 million years ago.
Conditions for oil formation were favorable especially in the lower and middle Tertiary period.
Dense forests and sea organisms flourished in the gulfs, estuaries, deltas and the land
surrounding them during this period.
The decomposition of organic matter in the sedimentary rocks has led to the formation of oil.
An oil reservoir must have three necessary conditions:
porosity so as to accommodate sufficiently large amounts of oil;
permeability to discharge oil and/or gas when well has been drilled;
the porous sand beds sandstone, combination of fissured limestone containing oil should
be capped by impermeable beds so that oil does not dissipate by percolation in the
surrounding rocks.
About 63 % of India’s petroleum production is from Mumbai, 18 % from Gujarat and 16 %
from Assam.
Oil Reserves of India
 Petroleum

Advantages
The transport of liquid fuel is easy.
The liquid fuel is lighter than coal so it can be used in air transport.
The liquid fuel has lots of bi-products.
The liquid fuel does not require very huge area of storing.
Disadvantages
The fuel is evaporable and so it is to be stored in closed tankers
The production cost is higher than that of coal.
It creates air pollution through the pollutants like NO, SO2, CO, CO2.
The reserves of fuel oil are lesser than that of coal
 Natural Gas
Natural gas is an important clean energy resource found in association
with or without petroleum. It is used as a source of energy as well as an
industrial raw material in the petrochemical industry. Natural gas is
considered an environment friendly fuel because of low carbon dioxide
emissions and is, therefore, the fuel for the present century.
Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna-
Godavari basin. Along the west coast the reserves of the Mumbai High and
allied fields are supplemented by finds in the Gulf of Cambay. Andaman
and Nicobar islands are also important areas having large reserves of
natural gas
Consists primarily of methane; Propane, butane, pentane, and hexane are also
present.
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)-- Mixture of butane and propane.
Commonly occurs in association with crude oil.
Natural gas is often found dissolved in oil or as a gas cap above the oil.
Oil + Gas -- Associated Gas – Wet Gas (pressure of natural gas forces oil up to the
surface),
Only Gas -- Non-Associated Gas – Dry Gas,
Hydrogen Sulphide in gas-- Sour Gas,
Coalbed Methane == Sweet Gas (lack of hydrogen sulfide).
On the market, natural gas is usually bought and sold not by volume but by calorific
value.
In practice, purchases of natural gas are usually denoted as MMBTUs (millions of
British thermal unit (BTU or Btu)) = ~1,000 cubic feet of natural gas.
Natural Gas Formation
Natural gas was formed millions of years ago when plants and tiny sea animals were
buried by sand and rock.
Layers of mud, sand, rock, plant, and animal matter continued to build up until the
pressure and heat turned them into oil and natural gas.
Uses of Natural Gas
Electric power generation.
Industrial, domestic, and commercial usage.
Many buses and commercial automotive fleets now operate on CNG.
It is an ingredient in dyes and inks .
Used in rubber compounding operations.
Ammonia is manufactured using hydrogen derived from methane. Ammonia is used
to produce chemicals such as hydrogen cyanide, nitric acid, urea, and a range of
fertilizers.
Importance of Natural Gas to India
Power stations using gas accounted for nearly 10 per cent of India’s electricity.
Existing plants are operating below capacity on expensive imported liquefied
natural gas (LNG).
 Distribution of Natural Gas in India
.

KG basin, Assam, Gulf of Khambhat, Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu, Barmer in

Rajasthan etc
Three different sectors in oil & gas production
Upstream Sector
Oil exploration, prospection and
extraction/production from oil wells.
Midstream sector
Transportation of oil and gas from blocks
to refineries and from refineries to
distribution centers through pipeline (cost
effective). HBJ Pipeline:1700 km long
Hazira- Bijaipur -Jagdishpur cross country
gas pipeline links Mumbai High and
Bassien with the fertilizer, power and
industrial complexes in western and
northern India.
Downstream sector
Refining, processing and marketing of
products and byproducts of crude oil.
 Natural Gas
Advantages
It is a clean fuel and does not require a long reprocessing.
It can be transported through pipe lines.
It does not create huge smog.

Dis-Advantages
For C.N.G or L.P.G it needs very high pressure or very low temperature for
packing it into smaller space.
The container should be very thick to stand such a high pressure.
The leakage of these gases, creates environmental problem.
Methane gas like CO2 is known to be green house gas i.e. It holds the
outgoing heat to create global warming.
 Electricity
Electricity is generated mainly in two ways: by running water which drives
hydro turbines to generate hydro electricity; and by burning other fuels such as
coal, petroleum and natural gas to drive turbines to produce thermal power.
Once generated the electricity is exactly the same.
Hydro electricity is generated by fast flowing water, which is a renewable
resource. India has a number of multi- purpose projects like the Bhakra
Nangal, Damodar Valley corporation, the Kopili Hydel Project etc.
Thermal electricity is generated by using coal, petroleum and natural gas. The
thermal power stations use non-renewable fossil fuels for generating electricity.
There are over 310 thermal power plants in India.
Nuclear Energy
Nuclear or Atomic Energy is obtained by altering the structure
of atoms. When such an alteration is made, much energy is
released in the form of heat and this is used to generate electric
power.
Uranium and thorium, which are available in Jharkhand and
the Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan are used for generating
atomic or nuclear power. The Monazite sands of Kerala is also
rich in thorium.
Nuclear Energy is the energy trapped inside the atom.
Nuclear energy can be generated by two types of reactions
Nuclear Fission:
An Atom nucleus can be split apart this is known as fission when
this is done a tremendous amount of energy in the form of both
heat and light is released this energy can be harnessed to
generate electricity. The SPLITTING of the NUCLEUS of a large
atoms into two or more smaller nuclei. Only one kind of naturally
occurring element can be used for NUCLEAR FISSION, this
element is URANIUM-235
 Nuclear Fission

➢ U-235 is mixed with U-238 andformed into pellets.

➢ The uranium is then shaped intorods called fuel rods.
➢ Bundles of these fuel rods are bombarded by
neutrons. When hit by a neutron, the fuel rod
splits and releases neutrons and energy.
➢ This starts a chain reaction and the split atoms
bump into other atoms causing the fuel rods to
get very hot. Water is pumped around the fuel
rods to absorb & carry away the heat.
➢ The resulting hot water / steam then is used to
turn turbines, to generate electric energy.
➢ Nuclear reactions are contained in a controlled
environment called a nuclear reactor

Disadvantages:
Waste products, which give off dangerous radiation
The radiation can destroy plants and animal cells and cause harmful changes in the
genetic material of living cells
Block Diagram of Nuclear Power Plant
 Nuclear Fusion

A fusion reaction occurs when 2 atom combine to form larger atom. This reaction
takes place all the time in the sun, which provides us with solar energy.
Nuclear energy has tremendous potential but any leakage from the reaction may
cause devastating nuclear pollution.
Nuclear Power Plants in India
 Nuclear Energy
Advantages
• It’s production cost per unit of power is much lesser than the thermal power
production.
• The area required for the radioactive fuel like uranium or is smaller than the coal
mines or the huge reservoirs to generate energy.
• Heat generation in the nuclear power plant is much higher than the heat
generation in any thermal power plant of same size.
Dis-advantages
• The high technology required to generate nuclear power is not available in all the
countries
• The nuclear waste are radioactive in nature and so are harmful to the living
beings.
• There is a danger of misuse of the civilian nuclear power plant. i.e. It can be used
to produce the nuclear weapons for the mass destruction.
 Atomic Minerals
Uranium and Thorium are the main atomic minerals. Other atomic minerals are beryllium,
lithium and zirconium.
Beryllium oxide is used as a ‘moderator’ in nuclear reactors. India has sufficient reserves of
beryllium to meet the requirement of atomic power generation.
Lithium is a light metal which is found in lepidolite and spodumene. Lepidolite is widely
distributed in the mica belts of Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.
Zirconium -Kerala coast and in alluvial rocks of Ranchi and Hazaribagh districts of
Jharkhand.
Uranium (U)-atomic number 92.
Uranium is a silvery-gray metallic radioactive chemical element. It is only naturally formed in
supernova explosions.
Isotopes are 238U (99.27%) and 235U (0.72%), only 235U is Fissile (will support a neutron-
mediated chain reaction ).
Uranium in India-Singhbhum and Hazaribagh districts of Jharkhand, Gaya district of Bihar,
and in the sedimentary rocks in Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh.
India produces about 2 % of world’s uranium. The total reserves of uranium are estimated at
30,480 tonnes.
India imports thousands of tonnes of uranium from Russia, Kazakhstan and France.
Thorium (Th) - atomic number 90
Thorium metal is silvery and tarnishes black when exposed to air.
Thorium is weakly radioactive: all its known isotopes are unstable, with the seven
naturally occurring ones (thorium-227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, and 234).
Thorium-232 is the most stable isotope
Thorium is also derived from monozite. The other mineral carrying thorium is thorianite.
Thorium is estimated to be about three to four times more abundant than uranium

Thorium Distribution
Thorium is several times more abundant in Earth’s crust than all isotopes of uranium
combined and thorium-232 is several hundred times more abundant than uranium-235.
United States, Australia, and India have particularly large reserves of thorium.
India and Australia are believed to possess more than half of world’s thorium reserves.
The known reserves of thorium in India are estimated to be between 457,000 and 508,000
tonnes. Kerala, Jharkhand, Bihar, Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan are the main producers.
Uranium And Thorium Reserves In India

Thorium is mostly found in contiguous belt formed by

its eastern coastal states
Alternate sources of Energy
Wind Power
Solar Power
Bio Mass Power
Waste to Power
Small Hydro Power
 Non-Conventional Sources of
Energy
Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have raised uncertainties
about the security of energy supply in future, which in turn has serious effects on
the growth of the national economy.
Moreover, increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental
problems. Hence, there is a pressing need to use renewable energy sources like
solar energy, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material. These are called
non-conventional energy sources.
 Solar Energy
Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity. Solar energy is fast becoming
popular in rural and remote areas. The largest solar plant of India is located at Madhapur, near
Bhuj.
It is expected that use of solar energy will be able to minimise the dependence of rural
households on firewood and dung cakes, which in turn will contribute to environmental
conservation and adequate supply of manure in agriculture.
Solar energy is the energy obtained from sun in the form of radiations. Sun is an inexhaustible
source of energy and pollution free source of energy. It results as a result of Nuclear Fusion
reactions
Sun gives 1000 times more energy than we need and if only a small amount of this form can be
used it will be one of the most important supplies of energies
There are two types of solar energy: Thermal Energy & Electric Energy
Thermal Energy: Thermal Energy is everywhere. It’s lights up our days. It heats the earth, our
bodies and our homes. It dries our clothes . All for free!
Electric Energy: Electric Energy uses the power of the sun to produce electricity through solar
cells, otherwise known as Photovoltaics (PV).
 The Sun

Diameter: 1.39E9 m (120 x greater than earth)

Distance from earth = 1.495 E11 m (93 million miles) ±
1.7% Center: Density ≅100 x density of water and
T>1E6 K Powered by hydrogen fusion
Composed of layers. The outer layer is the
photosphere Effective blackbody temperature of
5777 K
Solar Radiation Components

Ultra-Violet (200nm to 400nm)-

8.7%
Visible (400nm to 700nm)-36.2%
Infra-red (700nm to 2500nm) -
53.1%
Near infra-red (700nm to
1100nm)-28.1%
Infrared/far-infrared (above
1100nm)-25.4%

Solar Radiation Level

Average radiation outer
space-136.7mw/sq.cm
Radiation on Earth surface
Solar Panels

Sunlight hit the solar panel (photovoltaic/ PV)

and absorbed by semi-conducting materials
such as silicone atoms, which allow them to flow
through the material to produce electricity. This
process is called the photovoltaic (PV) effect.
An array of solar panels converts solar energy
into DC (direct current) electricity.
The DC electricity enters an inverter. The
inverter turns DC electricity into 120-volt
AC (alternating current). The AC power enters
the utility panel in the house.
The electricity (load) is then distributed to
appliances or lights in the house.
 Solar Panels
When more solar energy is generated it can be
stored in a battery as DC electricity and will
continue to supply your home with electricity in
the event of a power blackout or at nighttime.
When the battery is full the excess electricity can
be exported back into the utility grid, if your
system is connected to it.
Utility supplied electricity can also be drawn form
the grid when not enough solar energy is
produced
The flow of electricity in and out of the utility grid
is measured by a utility meter, which spins
backwards (when you are producing more energy
that you need) and forward (when you require
additional electricity from the utility company).
The two are offset ensuring that you only pay for
the additional energy you use from the utility
company. This system is referred to as "net-
metering".
 Solar Photovolatics in India
Begun as far back as in the mid 70’s solar
photovoltics programme of the Government of
India is one of the largest in the World Systems Capacity Uses
Reliefs offered by government on SPV
manufacturers and users of SPV based
Community 1KW to 2.5 KW Small household lighting
products : lighting systems system
100% depreciation in the first year of
installation of the systems Portable solar 10Wp SPV module lighting 7 W CFL
No excise duty for manufacturers lanterns lamp for 3 hours a
Low import tariff for several raw day
Street lights 75Wp SPV module Charging 100-130AH
materials and components
battery to run a 11W
Soft loans to users, intermediaries and CFL lamp for dusk to
manufacturers. dawn operation
Fixed home 35-50Wp SPV powering two CFLs -- 9
lighting systems module or 11W , work 4-5 hours
/day,
run a small TV set or a fan
Postage Stamp Water Pumping 1KW DC motor shallow pumping
published by India
Government
 Classification of Solar Energy Utilization
Solar energy utilization

Direct Indirect

Thermal Photovoltaic Hydropower Wind Biomass Ocean thermal

Flat plate Concentrating

Collectors Collectors
 Direct Solar Energy
The solar energy is the radiation energy. It can be
used for direct heating or conversion into
electricity.
Direct heating
Solar cooker
Solar heaters
Solar power generators
Photovoltaic cells
Photo voltaic cells are made of semi
conductor materials like silicon, gallium.
When solar radiations fall on them, a
potential difference is created which causes
flow of electron and electricity
A group of solar cells joined to gather forms
a solar panel which can harvest large amount
of energy.
 Indirect Solar Energy
Energy Plantation

By photo synthesis plant convert radiant energy into

chemical energy which in turn can be store and used as a
fuel in various forms
Fossil fuels such as oil and coal are also forms of indirect
solar power.
 Solar Energy
Advantages
Easy Installation & maintenance.
Absence of noise and other form of pollution.
Solar photovoltaic cell system are favorable for fulfilling the requirement of
electricity for decentralized application.
Longer life , makes it favorable for remote, isolated, forest, hilly areas.
It is a perennial, natural source and free
It is available in plenty and non-polluting
It does not emit any green house gases.
One of the biggest advantages of solar energy is the ability to avoid the politics and
price volatility that is increasingly characterizing fossil fuel markets.
It doesn’t result in the destruction of forests and eco-systems that occurs with
most fossil fuel operations.
 Solar Energy
Disadvantages
Uncertainty of availability of solar energy due to cloud, wind rainfall etc.
Large spaces are required for collection of solar energy at a useful rate.
Amount of sunlight that arrives at the earth’s surface is not constant. It
depends on location, time of day, time of year, & weather condition.
Requires high initial investments for productive use (Solar photovoltaic
systems)
Solar systems doesn’t work at night directly but the battery bank, which
stores energy during day-time can be used during night.
Solar electricity storage technology has not reached its potential yet.
Solar panels are bulky. This is particularly true of the higher-efficiency,
traditional silicon crystalline wafer solar modules.
 Biomass Energy

Biomass is the organic material which has stored sunlight in the form of
chemical energy
Biomass include, wood, bio-fuel, and biogas
Bio-energy is generated when biomass is burned.
biomass is the term used for all material originated from photosynthesis, It
includes plants, agricultural and forest residues, biodegradable organic wastes
 Biogas
Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas for
domestic consumption in rural areas. Decomposition of organic matter yields gas,
which has higher thermal efficiency in comparison to kerosene, dung cake and
charcoal. Biogas plants are set up at municipal, cooperative and individual levels.
The plants using cattle dung are know as "Gobar gas plants" in rural India.
These provide twin benefits to the farmer in the form of energy and improved
quality of manure.
Biogas is by far the most efficient use of cattle dung. It improves the quality of
manure and also prevents the loss of trees and manure due to burning of fuel
wood and cow dung cakes.
In biogas plants animal wastes and sewage sludge etc in the form of slurry is
fermented aerobically to form biogas. Biogas has high calorific value and can be
used for operating small engines for pumping water
 Bio Fuel

Certain latex containing plants are rich in hydrocarbon and can yield an oil like
substance under high temperature and pressure. This oily material may be burnt and
can be used as a fuel.
Advantages
Plants ensures a continuous supply of energy due to their continuous growth.
Potential for rural areas.
Biogas can be used for cooking purpose.
Can be used for operating small engines for pumping water, for lighting.
Waste can be used as an excellent fertilizers.
Dis-advantages
Except biogas production, the other biomass energy sources
have to be established a significant role.
Availability is limited.
 Tidal Energy
Oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity. Floodgate dams are built across
inlets. During high tide water flows into the inlet and gets trapped when the gate is
closed. After the tide falls outside the flood gate, the water retained by the
floodgate flows back to the sea via a pipe that carries it through a power-
generating turbine.
In India, the Gulf of Kachchh, provides ideal conditions for utilizing tidal energy. A
900 MW tidal energy power plant is set up here by the National Hydropower
Corporation.
 Tidal Energy
Another form of energy related to local geological conditions is tidal flow. As water
flow In the form of tides from higher level to lower level it can be used to generate
electricity. The tidal energy can be harnessed by constructing a tidal barrage.
During high tides the sea water flows into the reservoir of the barrage and turns
the turbine, which in turn produces electricity. During low tides when the sea level
is low, the sea water stored in the barrage flow out into the sea and turns the
turbine.
Advantages
Can be a Source of Energy for Coastal Cities.
No raw material is required.
Generation is cheaper.
Dis-advantages
Availability is for limited duration and varies with time and location
Generation capacity is less.
Operational difficulties during bad weather.
 Geo Thermal Energy
Geothermal energy refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat
from the interior of the Earth. Geothermal energy exists because, the Earth grows
progressively hotter with increasing depth. Where the geothermal gradient is
high, high temperatures are found at shallow depths. Groundwater in such areas
absorbs heat from the rocks and becomes hot. It is so hot that when it rises to the
earth‟s surface, it turns into steam. This steam is used to drive turbines and
generate electricity.
There are several hundred hot springs in India, which could be used to generate
electricity. Two experimental projects have been set up in India to harness
geothermal energy. One is located in the Parvati valley near Manikarn in Himachal
Pradesh and the other is located in the Puga Valley, Ladakh.
 Geothermal Energy
Geothermal Energy means heat from the earth. The Earth’s Core with temperature
as high as 60,000 0C is a molten mass possessing vast amount of energy. This energy
sometimes breaks through the earth and produce Volcanoes.
Geysers and Hot springs are natural areas where the hot magma is close enough to
the surface to heat the underground water. In areas where the stream is trapped
underground. Geothermal energy is tapped by drilling well to obtain steam
The steam is then used to power electric generators
Advantages
It is an inexhaustible energy resource.
It is very cheap.
It is more regular energy production source than other non-conventional
resources like wind and solar energy.
It is good for the hilly, remote area, where no other source of energy is
available.
Dis-advantages
These hot springs are generally away from the areas having potentials of industrial
development.
The stream energy is to be used as it cannot be carried out for a longer distance due
to loss of energy and due to the cost factor also.
Geothermal Energy
 Wind Energy
Wind energy is the kinetic energy associated with the movement of air.
India now ranks as a “wind super power” in the world. The largest wind farm cluster is located in
Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai. Apart from these, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat,
Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep have important wind farms. Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,
Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep have important wind farms Nagarcoil and
Jaisalmer are well known for effective use of wind energy in the country.
The minimum wind speed which is required for the satisfactory performance of wind generator
is 15 km/hr. The wind power potential of India is estimated to be about 20,000 MW, while at
present we are generating about 1020 MW.
Wind energy is created when the atmosphere is heated unevenly by the Sun, some parts of air
become warmer than others.
These warm patches of air rise, other air rushes in to replace them – thus, wind blows.
The wind is a by-product of solar energy. Approximately 2% of the sun's energy reaching the
earth is converted into wind energy.
The surface of the earth heats and cools unevenly, creating atmospheric pressure zones that
make air flow from high- to low pressure areas.
India now has the 4th largest wind power installed capacity in the world which has reached
36089.12 MWp (as on May, 2019). Private agencies own 95 % of the wind farms in India.
Advantages
Non polluting and environment friendly source of energy.
Important renewable and sustainable source of energy, available free of cost.
Generation of electricity is fast.
Cheaper as compared to other sources
Easily available in many off-shores, on-shores and remote areas.
Dis-advantages
Favorable in geographic locations which are always away from cities.
Variable, unsteady, irregular, intermittent, erratic, and dangerous
Wind turbine design, manufacture and installation have proved to be complex due to
widely varying atmospheric conditions
Can be located only in vast open areas.
Economical only on a small scale
 Hydropower Energy
The energy in the form of flowing water can be used to produce electricity.
Hydropower can be generated using water collected and stored at high
elevation and led through a tunnel or pipe line to a turbine located at low level.
The minimum height of water fall must be 10 m
Hydroelectric power generation capacity of India is 27010 MW.
Advantages
Longer life
Minimum operating staff.
Non-Polluting and hence environmental friendly.
Low cost of generation & maintenance.
Dis-advantages
Land acquisition is the major problem as construction of dam causes large submergence of
land. Many political, regional, and social hurdles comes in the process of land acquisition
Hydro- Power project takes long time for clearance.
Rehabilitation and resettlement of displaced people is a major problem associated to any
hydropower project.
Large scale initial investment is required.
 Hydrogen Energy
Hydrogen is a combustible gas. In combustion Process it combines with the oxygen
to form water and release large amount of energy.
The amount of energy released / gm is 29860 calories as compared to 11500
calories. Hydrogen is a clean fuel. A major problem is of fire and explosion hazard.
Also it is difficult to store and transport.
Hydrogen can be stored in the form of fuel cells. The raw material for fuel cell is
water, which is available in abundance.
Thus hydrogen as a energy source is a environmentally compatible fuel.

• 0.
Hydrogen Energy
Advantages
When it is burnt it produces only water Vapor, and it is pollution free.
There are no green-house gases, there is no fear of global warming
It has lots of applications like home appliances, transport vehicles and
industrial units.
Dis-Advantages
Still the large-scale production for the commercial use has not been
introduced.
Its production cost is high
It needs huge external energy to release hydrogen from water or coal.
i.e. from hydrocarbon.