Group standard TL 81000

Issue 2018-03
Class. No.: 8MD00

Descriptors: EMC, ESD, electrostatic discharge, immunity, interference immunity, interference emission, pulse

Electromagnetic Compatibility of Electronic Components for Motor Vehicles

EMC changes

Previous issues
TL 965: 2012-04; TL 82066: 2006-11; TL 82166: 2011-01; TL 82366: 2008-02; TL 82466: 2009-06;
TL 82566: 2011-05; TL 81000: 2013-02; TL 81000: 2014-04; TL 81000: 2016-02

Changes
The following changes have been made to TL 81000: 2016-02:
– Standard completely revised.

Contents
Page
1 Scope ......................................................................................................................... 3
2 Definitions .................................................................................................................. 3
3 Symbols and abbreviations ........................................................................................ 6
4 General information .................................................................................................... 7
4.1 Requirements and terms ............................................................................................ 7
4.1.1 Temperature ............................................................................................................... 7
4.1.2 Run-in time ................................................................................................................. 7
4.1.3 Test voltage ................................................................................................................ 7
4.1.4 Test documentation .................................................................................................... 7
4.1.5 Function performance status classification (FPSC) ................................................... 8
5 Component level ........................................................................................................ 9
5.1 Electrostatic discharge (ESD) .................................................................................... 9
5.1.1 General requirements for ESD component testing .................................................... 9
5.1.2 Tests at assembly level (packaging and handling) .................................................. 12
5.1.3 Tests at system level ................................................................................................ 14
5.1.4 ESD documentation/test documents ........................................................................ 19
5.2 Interference immunity ............................................................................................... 19

Always use the latest version of this standard.

This electronically generated standard is authentic and valid without signature. Page 1 of 106
The English translation is believed to be accurate. In case of discrepancies, the German version controls.

Technical responsibility The Standards department

EEIZ Frank Golisch Tel.: +49 5361 9 17063 K-ILI/5 Dirk Beinker K-ILI
I/EE-25 Dr. Jörn Leopold Tel.: +49 841 89 90833 Tel.: +49 5361 9 32438 Uwe Wiesner

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be provided to third parties or reproduced without the prior consent of one of the Volkswagen Group’s Standards departments.
© Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft VWNORM-2018-02
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5.2.1 General requirements for component interference immunity tests .......................... 19

5.2.2 BCI test .................................................................................................................... 20
5.2.3 Antenna .................................................................................................................... 23
5.2.4 Stripline .................................................................................................................... 26
5.2.5 Mobile radio communications test ............................................................................ 28
5.2.6 Magnetic field test .................................................................................................... 30
5.3 Interference emission ............................................................................................... 35
5.3.1 Overview of emission tests and frequency ranges ................................................... 35
5.3.2 Specific interference emission terms, definitions, and abbreviations ....................... 36
5.3.3 General requirements – HF emissions from component measurements ................. 36
5.3.4 Limit classes ............................................................................................................. 38
5.3.5 Artificial network (AN test) ........................................................................................ 38
5.3.6 Antennas (RE test) ................................................................................................... 39
5.3.7 Stripline (SL test, optional) ....................................................................................... 42
5.3.8 Clamp-on current probe (CP test, optional) ............................................................. 44
5.3.9 Magnetic field coil 12 cm .......................................................................................... 46
5.3.10 Magnetic field coil 60 cm .......................................................................................... 51
5.3.11 Isotropic magnetic field coil 100 cm2 ........................................................................ 54
5.4 Pulse ........................................................................................................................ 58
5.4.1 Test equipment ........................................................................................................ 58
5.4.2 Pulse forms .............................................................................................................. 61
5.4.3 Functional states ...................................................................................................... 65
5.4.4 Pulsed interference on supply cables ...................................................................... 65
5.4.5 Pulsed interference on sensor cables ...................................................................... 71
6 Vehicle level ............................................................................................................. 78
6.1 Interference emission ............................................................................................... 78
6.1.1 Frequency range during vehicle measurement ........................................................ 78
6.1.2 Requirements ........................................................................................................... 78
6.1.3 Measurement setup ................................................................................................. 79
6.1.4 Antennas and related components .......................................................................... 81
6.1.5 Test receiver settings and limits for vehicle measurements ..................................... 81
6.2 Interference immunity ............................................................................................... 83
6.2.1 Interference immunity test (far field) ......................................................................... 84
6.2.2 Mobile radio communications test with exterior antenna attached to the vehicle .... 88
6.2.3 Mobile radio communications test using portable mobile radio communications
devices in the vehicle interior ................................................................................... 90
6.2.4 Additional measurements in the free field ................................................................ 92
6.3 Electrostatic discharge – ESD .................................................................................. 92
6.3.1 General requirements for ESD full vehicle testing ................................................... 92
6.3.2 Test setup and test conditions for tests at vehicle level ........................................... 93
6.3.3 Procedure for tests at vehicle level .......................................................................... 93
7 Applicable documents .............................................................................................. 94
8 Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 96
Appendix A ESD .......................................................................................................................... 97
A.1 Geometric setup of the ESD coupling structure for indirect discharges at
system level ............................................................................................................. 97
Appendix B Interference immunity ............................................................................................... 98
B.1 Test severity levels for BCI testing ........................................................................... 98
B.2 Conversion of dB(µA) into mA .................................................................................. 99
B.3 Magnetic field – correlation between magnetic field strength H and magnetic
flux density B ............................................................................................................ 99
Appendix C Emission ................................................................................................................. 101
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C.1 Measurements in the AM range ............................................................................. 101

C.2 Subjective evaluation of interference suppression ................................................. 101
C.2.1 Analog radio and TV ranges and radio applications .............................................. 101
C.2.2 Digital radio and TV ranges (DAB, DVB-T, etc.) .................................................... 104
C.2.3 Long-distance interference suppression ................................................................ 106

1 Scope
This Technical Supply Specification (TL) comprises and defines requirements and tests at the
component and vehicle levels that are used to ensure the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of
electronic assemblies and systems with respect to:
– Electrostatic discharges that can directly or indirectly couple into an assembly or into supply
and signal cables (during the installation process, during servicing, or during vehicle opera‐
tion).
– Radiated interference that can couple into a vehicle's supply and signal cables or into electron‐
ic assemblies and systems.
– Pulsed interference on supply cables caused by electrical and electronic components on pow‐
er supply cables or on signal and sensor cables that are directly or indirectly (e.g., via switch
contacts, relay contacts, or valves/actuators/sensors) galvanically connected to power supply
cables.
– Pulsed interference on sensor cables; not included in this category are cables that are part of
the power supply and are therefore subject to "pulsed interference on supply cables". In order
to simulate the capacitive coupling of a disturbance into an interference sink, a coupling clamp
is used, and a current injection probe is used in order to simulate inductive coupling. This
makes it possible to achieve repeatable and comparable results.
– Radio interference suppression and the associated limiting of interference emissions from
electrical and electronic vehicle components. The measuring methods and limits must ensure
that the high-frequency receivers operated in the vehicle have interference-free reception. De‐
pending on the radio application in the vehicle, tests must be performed using the special fre‐
quency bands for radio broadcasting, television broadcasting, mobile telephony, and mobile
radio communications between 0.1 MHz and 6.0 GHz. Requirements will be considered met
only after the appropriate EMC department of the Volkswagen Group obtains positive results
from the component tests and full vehicle testing (including those in section C.2.3 "Long-dis‐
tance interference suppression"). To a large extent, the measuring methods, measuring condi‐
tions, and measuring setups correspond to those in the international standard CISPR 25 and
are either referenced or have been adopted from the standard with changes. However, the
specifications in this standard take precedence over the specifications in CISPR 25.
– Magnetic fields that are generated.

2 Definitions
Air discharge (for ESD) Test method of quickly bringing the charged test generator electrode
close to the DUT. Discharge takes place by means of sparkover to the
DUT.
Amplitude Corresponds to the simple peak value or maximum value.
Assembly An assembly is an individual component or a combination of components
as supplied by a contractor.
Component General term for an electronic component, assembly, or system (e.g., elec‐
tronic control unit (ECU), sensor, actuator).
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Contact discharge (for ESD) Test method of bringing the test generator electrode into contact
with the DUT. Discharge is then initiated by the generator discharge switch.
Coupling Coupling is interference on cables caused by the transfer of power from
one cable to another.
Coupling clamp A device with defined dimensions and characteristics used for the common
mode coupling of a disturbance to the circuit under test without a galvanic
connection.
Current injection probe A current transformer for coupling a disturbance into the circuit under test
without a galvanic connection to it.
DUT Electronic component, assembly, or system to be tested (device under
test).
Damage One or more functions of the device do not perform as designed during and
after exposure to the disturbance and the device has to be repaired or re‐
placed or, if there is still functional capability, some parameters do not lie
within the specified tolerances.
Degradation When a device's operation is impaired in such a way that is not negligible
but still accepted as permissible. Degradation ends when the disturbance
subsides.
Direct discharge (for electrostatic discharge (ESD)) A discharge that is discharged directly onto
the DUT
Disturbance Electromagnetic quantity that can cause undesirable interference in electri‐
cal equipment. Disturbance serves as a generic term for such terms as in‐
terference voltage, interference current, interfering signal, and interference
energy.
Duration of single pulse (td) Time interval between the pulse's rise to over 10% of the amplitude
and its subsequent fall below this value.
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) The ability of electrical equipment to function satisfactorily in
an electromagnetic environment without unduly influencing its environment
(including other equipment).
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) Electromagnetic effects (e.g., fields) on circuits, components,
and systems (e.g., of a vehicle).
Fall time (tf) The time required to go from 90% to 10% of the amplitude.
Function failure Impairment of a device's function to a degree that is no longer permissible
and where the function can only be restored by technical intervention.
Function performance status classification (FPSC) This standard uses FPSC as per definition in
ISO 11452-1, ISO 7637-1, and ISO 10605. A detailed description can be
found in section 4.1.5.
Height of single pulse (V, I) Maximum height exceeding the ripple amplitude
Impairment Undesirable impairment of a device's operation.
Indirect discharge (for ESD) The discharge occurs onto a coupling structure in the vicinity of the
device under test (DUT) and simulates a discharge onto objects that are
near to the DUT or discharges that flow in cables next to DUT cables in the
wiring harness.
Industrial assembly matrix (IBK) Component that can be used for various Group brands.
Interference emission Disturbance emitted by an interference source.
Interference immunity The ability of electrical equipment to withstand specific disturbances with‐
out malfunctioning.
Interference pulse Non-periodic, brief positive and/or negative disturbance (voltage or current)
between two steady state conditions.
Interference sink Electrical or electronic equipment whose operation can be influenced by
disturbances.
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Interference source Origin of the disturbance or electrical device in the vehicle that emits the
disturbance.
Interference threshold Minimum value of a disturbance that causes a malfunction in an interfer‐
ence sink.
Interference when starting the engine Voltage drop below the normal level, caused by the switch‐
ing on and turning of the starter. In engaging alternators, this interference
usually includes an initial single pulse when the starter is switched on and a
state while it is turning.
Interfering circuit A circuit that emits interference.
Malfunction Disturbance of the device's function to a degree that is no longer permissi‐
ble. The malfunction ends after the disturbance subsides.
Nominal voltage of the power supply system The nominal voltage of the power supply system is
specified in order to be independent from the used battery technology.
Parallel routing In this document, parallel routing describes cables following the same path
within a wiring harness.
Peak Transitional process, during which the height of the ripple amplitude is ex‐
ceeded for less than 150 µs. Peaks are generally oscillating and arise from
high-frequency currents caused by sudden load changes. The duration of a
decreasing oscillation is defined as less than 1/20 of the interval between
two sequential peaks. Thus, decreasing oscillation after this time is to be
regarded as ripple. Frequent causes of decreasing oscillations include igni‐
tion systems and rectifiers at the output of alternators.
Peak power Energy per unit of time for decreasing peaks.
Pulse interval Time interval between the end of one pulse and the start of the following
pulse.
Pulse repetition frequency Number of pulses per unit of time.
Pulse sequence A number of repeated pulses during a defined time interval.
Return time Interval between the state in which the voltage increases above its normal
value due to a transitional process and the point in time at which the volt‐
age drops back to its original value and stays there.
Ripple More or less regular changes in voltage around the voltage level that arises
in the system in its steady state condition. Transitional processes and fre‐
quencies below 10 Hz are excluded (apart from the process of starting the
engine).
Ripple magnitude The maximum change in voltage caused by rippling above or below the
average level is called upper or lower amplitude. The ripple from amplitude
to amplitude is defined by the maximum distance between the upper and
lower amplitudes.
Rise time (tr) The time required to go from 10% to 90% of the amplitude.
Signal or sensor cable Cables that are not directly or indirectly (via switch or relay contacts or
valves/actuators/sensors) galvanically connected to the power supply ca‐
bles.
Single pulse A non-oscillating transitional process, usually occurring sporadically and in‐
frequently, which has a long duration in comparison to 150 µs and which
exceeds the ripple amplitude.
Steady state condition A condition that sets in after the activation operation and in which the val‐
ues of electrical variables remain essentially constant.
Supply voltage The voltage measured at any arbitrarily chosen pair of terminals of the pow‐
er supply system, whereby one terminal may also be a ground connection.
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Surface (for ESD) Within this context, "surfaces" refers not only to closed surfaces, but also to
all gaps and openings (switches, tip switches, transition points, ventilation
slots, loudspeaker openings, etc.).
System A system is defined as an assembly in conjunction with all components
necessary for complete functioning (tip switches, switches, antennas, dis‐
plays, sensors, actuators, etc.).
Test step (for ESD) In the context of this standard, "test step" refers to the specified number of
discharges that occur at a discharge point and that have a specific polarity
and voltage.
Transitional process of supply voltage Temporary increase or decrease of the supply voltage
caused by rapid load changes.
Trunked radio Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) ranges.
Vehicle power supply system The electric system in a motor vehicle that is used to provide elec‐
trical power, including the connected battery and the alternator with regula‐
tor.

3 Symbols and abbreviations

AN Artificial network
AV Linear average detector as per CISPR 16-1-1. Use of the linear average
detector without consideration of the time constant of the display apparatus
is also permissible.
BCI Bulk current injection
BOS Public safety organizations in Germany
BW Intermediate frequency (IF) measurement bandwidth of the test receiver
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CP Current probe
DSRC Dedicated short-range communication
GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System (GPS, GLONASS, Beidou, Galileo,
Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS))
GPS Global Positioning System
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
ISM Industrial, scientific, and medical band
LTE Long Term Evolution (4G, 4th-generation mobile radio communications)
OFDMA Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access
PE Polyethylene
PK Peak detector as per CISPR 16-1-1.
PP Polypropylene
QP Quasi-peak detector as per CISPR 16-1-1.
RE Radiated emission
SC-FDMA Single-carrier frequency-division multiple access
SDARS Satellite Digital Audio Radio Service
SL Stripline
SRD Short range devices
TD Time division
TEM Transverse electromagnetic mode
TETRA Terrestrial Trunked Radio
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
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4 General information

4.1 Requirements and terms

Deviations from the following test conditions must always be documented in the test record.

4.1.1 Temperature
– Operating temperature range: As per drawing, Performance Specification, or TL
– Test temperature range: (23 ±5) °C; operating temperature in special cases

4.1.2 Run-in time

The electrical DUTs must be subjected to a 15 min run-in time under the specified load (as per
drawing or Performance Specification) and with the test voltage.

4.1.3 Test voltage

– Operating voltages As per drawing, Performance Specification, or TL. Un‐
less otherwise specified, the following voltage values
apply:

Table 1 – Operating voltages and test voltages

Nominal voltage of the power supply system in V
12 24 42 48
Operating voltage as per VW 80000
Test voltage 13.5 ±0.5 27 ±1 42 ±1.5 48 ±1.5

4.1.4 Test documentation

The following documents must be submitted when the development process starts:
– System designation and description with representation of the system functions
– Circuit diagram, component location drawing, and bill of materials
– Operating states with sequence descriptions (e.g., switch-on/off operations, static/dynamic
states)
– Description of circuit parts (sub-systems, sensors, actuators)
– System variants and coding
– Interfaces to other vehicle components
– System-inherent fault handling and diagnostic function
– Description of EMC measures (e.g. filter and protective circuitry for inputs/outputs as well as
supply cables, shielding measures)
Before the samples to be tested are delivered, the following documents must be presented in addi‐
tion:
– Exact schedule for the planned EMC component testing and planned test location (laboratory)
– Deviations from TL specifications as agreed between the appropriate EMC department of the
Volkswagen Group and the supplier
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– Informative, complete EMC qualification report for the pertinent sample version
– Hardware/software version with description of EMC measures

4.1.5 Function performance status classification (FPSC)

For interference immunity tests and electrostatic discharges, this standard uses the FPSC defined
in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards ISO 11452-1, ISO 7637-1,
and ISO 10605. The following status definitions as specified in ISO 11452-1 are used:
– Status I The function behaves as specified before, during, and after the test
– Status II The function does not behave as specified during the test, but automatically
returns to normal operation after the test
The following definitions from ISO 11452-1 are used to determine the status (I or II) that must be
met and the disturbance level up to which this status must be met:
– L1 Disturbance level up to which status I must be met
– L2 Disturbance level up to which at least status II must be met (status I is per‐
missible as well)
Deviating from the examples in ISO 11452-1, it is not the different functions of a DUT that are cate‐
gorized but the effects or functional deviations of a DUT occurring during an interference immunity
test. Based on how customers are affected, there are three categories of effects:
– Category 1 Minor effects or negligible DUT malfunctions
– Category 2 Effects or malfunctions of the DUT which impair comfort
– Category 3 All significant and all other effects and DUT malfunctions that do not fall into
category 1 or category 2
The vehicle manufacturer is solely responsible for categorizing the effects that occurred during
testing. If a malfunction has not been assigned a category, it must always be assigned to catego‐
ry 3. Figure 1 shows a diagram of the FPSC.
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Legend
A Category 1 1 Status I
B Category 2 2 Status II
C Category 3 y V/m, dB(μA), V
Figure 1 – Diagram of the FPSC

5 Component level
The supplier must conduct all component testing as agreed in the test strategy.
To obtain a release for the component from the appropriate Volkswagen Group department, the
component testing as per section 5 and the full vehicle testing as per section 6 must be completed
with positive results.

5.1 Electrostatic discharge (ESD)

ESD component testing is based on the following standards: DIN EN 61000-4-2 and ISO 10605.

5.1.1 General requirements for ESD component testing

5.1.1.1 Protection targets

There must not be any permanent damage to an assembly caused by ESD during installation, af‐
ter-sales service measures, or vehicle use. In addition, discharges from persons in or at the vehicle
must not cause malfunctions or function failures.
The design must prevent components from becoming charged due to air flows or motion.
The semiconductor components connected to the DUT's terminals must pass this test without any
additional protective circuitry on the corresponding pins. If the semiconductor elements in use do
not meet these requirements, the assembly developer must explain how sufficient ESD interfer‐
ence immunity is achieved using other suitable protection measures.
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5.1.1.2 Test scope and test severity

ESD testing must be performed at assembly, system, and vehicle level. In component-specific Per‐
formance Specifications, the appropriate EMC department in the Volkswagen Group may define
additional tests or deviations from the test scope and/or test severity levels defined in this section.
All test scopes specified in table 2 must be performed.
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Table 2 – Test scope overview

Target: No damage
A: Assembly (packaging & handling)
Performed by: Contractor
Contact discharge (3 discharges per test step):
1 All pins ±2 kV, ±4 kV, ±6 kV
where discharge network R = 330 Ω and C = 150 pF
A) Discharge point, plastic
Air discharge (10 discharges per test step):
±4 kV, ±8 kV, ±15 kV
where discharge network R = 330 Ω and C = 150 pF
B) Discharge point, metal
2 Housing Contact discharge (5 discharges per test step):
±4 kV, ±8 kV
where discharge network R = 330 Ω and C = 150 pF
Air discharge (10 discharges per test step):

±15 kVa)
where discharge network R = 330 Ω and C = 150 pF
Target: No malfunction or damage
B: System level (laboratory setup)
Performed by: Contractor
Contact discharge (10 discharges per test step):
Discharge onto the coupling structure's discharge sta‐
3 ±4 kV, ±8 kV, ±15 kV
tions (indirect discharge)
where discharge network R = 330 Ω and C = 330 pF
A) Discharge point, plastic
Air discharge (10 discharges per test step):
±4 kV, ±8 kV, ±15 kV
where discharge network R = 330 Ω and C = 330 pF
Discharge onto DUT (ECUs, displays, associated con‐ B) Discharge point, metal
trols and peripherals, and interfaces that can be used
4 Contact discharge (10 discharges per test step):
by the customer, including fuses, etc.)
(direct discharge) ±4 kV, ±8 kV
where discharge network R = 330 Ω and C = 330 pF
Air discharge (10 discharges per test step):

±15 kVa)
where discharge network R = 330 Ω and C = 330 pF

a) Additionally, in order to ensure sparkover resistance (e.g., insulated metallic surfaces).

5.1.1.3 Test equipment and general test requirements

Apart from the following exceptions, the test generator requirements in DIN EN 61000-4-2 apply:
– It must be possible to select an energy storage capacitance between 150 pF and 330 pF
– The discharge resistance must be 330 Ω
– It must be possible to select an output voltage of up to ±15 kV for contact and air discharges
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– The test generator's characteristics must be verified as per ISO 10605

– The relative humidity during the test must be between 20% and 60%
Before a test is performed, a test plan containing all items, operating states, and test severity levels
to be tested must be prepared.
A test starts with the lowest absolute test voltage and ends with the highest absolute test voltage.
Either alternating polarities (e.g., +4 kV → -4 kV → … → +15 kV → -15 kV) or separate test runs with
positive and negative test voltage (e.g., +4 kV → … → +15 kV → -4 kV → … → -15 kV) can be used.
Unless otherwise agreed with the appropriate EMC department within the Volkswagen Group, the
function must be checked and the event memory must be read out after each discharge voltage.
Discharges cause charges to build up on conducting surfaces or connector pins. These charges
must be dissipated before each new discharge.
During discharge, the electrode must be kept as perpendicular to the DUT as possible. If this is not
possible, an angle of at least 45° must be maintained.

5.1.2 Tests at assembly level (packaging and handling)

5.1.2.1 Test setup and test conditions

The test setup for testing at assembly level is shown in figure 2. The requirements in
section 5.1.1.3 apply. The test setup corresponds to the one described in ISO 10605. The DUT
must be tested individually, i.e., as delivered by the contractor and without peripheral devices con‐
nected to it.
The DUT must always be placed directly on the ground plate. An insulating base must not be used.
For metallic housings, the contact between DUT and base must be established in such a way that
good conductivity is ensured between them.
The return conductor leading from the ESD generator to the ground connection must be routed
without shortening at the greatest possible distance to the ground plate.
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Legend
1 Ground bus
2 Ground plate
3 DUT
4 Ground point
5 Wooden table
6 ESD generator
Figure 2 – Example of a test setup for testing at assembly level

5.1.2.2 Procedure
The contractor must perform the test at assembly level as per ISO 10605 with the specified addi‐
tions and changes.
The test scope can be found in table 2.
The tests must always be performed on three samples.
For each discharge voltage and each polarity, at least 3 or 5 discharges must be performed per
discharge point for contact discharges and at least 10 discharges per discharge point for air dis‐
charges. Details can be found in table 2.
The contact discharges onto pins must be carried out in a defined manner on each individual pin
(also for coaxial systems). If necessary, the pins must be extended using a piece of conductor.
In order to detect early damage, the DUTs must be included in service life testing after the ESD
tests are completed.
Testing at assembly level (packaging and handling) is considered to have been passed if all of the
following items are fulfilled:
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– After this ESD test is conducted, the tested assemblies successfully complete a full function
check; there must not be any permanent damage
– Stored data must not have been changed or deleted
– Even after the ESD test, the nodes attain sleep mode, maintain bus sleep, can be woken up,
and do not transmit faulty data (e.g., error frames, syntax errors)
– The quiescent current after the test must be equal to the quiescent current measured before
the test; deviations greater than 5% must be rated as faults
– The EMC protective circuitry (e.g., input capacitors for ensuring interference immunity or for
avoiding interference emission) must still be effective after ESD exposure
– Complete documentation as per section 5.1.4 must be available

5.1.3 Tests at system level

There are two different tests for testing at the system level:
– Direct discharge via air or contact discharge onto all areas (surfaces, pushbutton, switches,
antennas, displays, etc.) as per the definition in table 2 (for the test setup, see figure 3)
– Indirect discharge to a coupling structure via contact discharge (for the test setup, see figure 4)
Before the contractor performs a test, a test plan describing all discharge points, operating states,
and test severity levels to be tested must be prepared. This test plan must be agreed with the ap‐
propriate EMC department of the Volkswagen Group.
A complete test must be performed for each operating state specified in the test plan.
The DUT must be monitored during the test. The system to be tested must be operated periodically
to ensure that it functions as required during and after exposure to ESD.
Testing on one sample is sufficient for tests carried out at system level.

5.1.3.1 Test setup and test conditions for tests at system level
The test setup at system level is shown in figure A.1. The requirements in section 5.1.1.3 apply.
The test setup for direct discharge tests is shown in figure 3. The test setup for indirect discharge
tests is shown in figure 4. The following description also refers to the numbers used in these fig‐
ures.
For testing, the assembly is to be connected to all peripheral devices necessary for a function
check as well as to all controls, sensors, and actuators.
If controls or assemblies that are connected in the vehicle and that can be touched are not availa‐
ble for testing, it must essentially be assumed that a dielectric breakdown on the connecting cables
is possible. As a consequence, direct discharge into the corresponding cables is required. This al‐
so includes supply cables in the vehicle that will later be protected with fuses accessible to the cus‐
tomer.
If antenna amplifiers connected in the vehicle are not available, a totally passive antenna must be
assumed and direct discharge must be carried out on the corresponding cables (for coaxial sys‐
tems, the inner conductor must be extended for this purpose).
The test wiring harness (see figure 3, pos. 6) must be routed directly on the coupling structure in
such a way that there is no gap between them. In particular, this must be ensured when using se‐
curing aids (e.g., self-adhesive plastic retainers).
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The return conductor leading from the ESD generator to the ground connection must be routed
without shortening at the greatest possible distance to the ground plate. The conductor must be
connected to point 3 (figure 3 and figure 4) on the side of the coupling structure.
The ground connection of the DUT for the system test must be implemented based on the subse‐
quent configuration in the vehicle:
– For local (short) ground connections, a direct connection is made to point 3 (figure 3 and
figure 4)
– For long ground connections, the connection is made via point 10 (figure 3 and figure 4)
If the DUT has an electrically conductive housing with a direct conductive connection to the vehicle
body, it must be connected directly to ground via the coupling structure or via point 3 for the test.
In this case, the supply battery is on the test table and must be connected directly to the ground
plate via point 10 (figure 3 and figure 4). For this setup, the risk of battery explosion must be con‐
sidered and appropriate safety measures must be taken.
The minimum distance between the ESD test setup and other conductive structures, such as shiel‐
ded walls, must be at least 0.5 m. The setup must be grounded with a ground cable to which two
470 kΩ high-voltage resistors are connected in series (one resistor at point 3 (figure 3 and figure 4)
and the other one at the opposite ground cable connection point).
The coupling structure must project over the DUT on each side by at least 10 mm. The minimum
distance between the peripherals required for the test and the coupling structure must be at least
200 mm. The ground plate must project over the test setup on all sides by at least 100 mm.
The wait time between the individual discharges must be longer than 1 s. The ESD generator must
also discharge.

5.1.3.2 Procedure for the direct discharge test at system level

All surfaces of the DUT and of the connected peripherals, such as controls, displays, cables, plug
and socket connections to mobile peripherals (e.g., AUX-IN jack, USB port), must be subjected to
discharges. If charging caused by air flow, motion, neighboring components, or sparkovers from
adjacent metal structures cannot be explicitly ruled out, surfaces that are not accessible during nor‐
mal vehicle operation must also be tested. Any exclusions must be agreed in the test plan. The
location of the package in a potential follow-up user must also be included in the decision.
Refer to table 2 for the test voltages to be used and the discharge network.
For each test voltage and polarity, 10 discharges must be carried out per discharge point. The ESD
simulator must be moved toward the discharge point as quickly as possible until the discharge oc‐
curs or until the discharge tip contacts the discharge point. For discharges on insulated metal sur‐
faces, the residual charge must be discharged after each ESD pulse (e.g., by means of a high-im‐
pedance resistor).
Testing at system level (direct discharge) is considered to have been passed if all of the following
items are fulfilled:
– During the ESD test, the tested assemblies maintain the FPSCs required as per table 3 and
table 4
– Stored data must not have been changed or deleted
– Even after the ESD test, the nodes attain sleep mode, maintain bus sleep, can be woken up,
and do not transmit faulty data (e.g., error frames, syntax errors)
– The quiescent current after the test must be equal to the quiescent current measured before
the test; deviations greater than 5% must be rated as faults
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– No event memory entries have been generated as a result of the ESD test
– Complete documentation as per section 5.1.4 must be available
Dimension specifications in mm ±5%

Legend
1 Ground plate
2 High-voltage proof 470 kΩ resistors for grounding/protective earth
3 Ground reference point for coupling structure, ESD generator
4 Local grounding of the DUT (if necessary)
5 DUT
6 Test wiring harness
7 Supply battery
8 Peripherals, controls
9 Artificial network (if required)
10 Ground reference point for supply battery and peripherals
11 ESD generator
Figure 3 – Direct discharge at system level

Table 3 – FPSC air discharge system test, direct discharge

Test severity Category 1 Category 2 Category 3
L2 ±15 kV ±15 kV Not specified
L1 ±4 kV ±8 kV ±15 kV
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Table 4 – FPSC contact discharge system test, direct discharge

Test severity Category 1 Category 2 Category 3
L2 ±8 kV ±8 kV Not specified
L1 ±4 kV ±4 kV ±8 kV

5.1.3.3 Procedure for the indirect discharge test at system level

Refer to table 2 for the test voltages to be used and the discharge network.
For each test voltage and polarity, 10 contact discharges must be carried out for each of the 3 dis‐
charge stations in an open area of the discharge station not covered by the test wiring harness.
For wiring harnesses containing more than 40 cables, the harness must be rotated 180° around
the longitudinal axis, and the test must be repeated.
Testing at system level (indirect discharge) is considered to have been passed if all of the following
items are fulfilled:
– During the ESD test, the tested assemblies maintain the FPSCs required as per table 5
– Stored data must not have been changed or deleted
– Even after the ESD test, the nodes attain sleep mode, maintain bus sleep, can be woken up,
and do not transmit faulty data (e.g., error frames, syntax errors)
– The quiescent current after the test must be equal to the quiescent current measured before
the test; deviations greater than 5% must be rated as faults
– No event memory entries have been generated as a result of the ESD test
– Complete documentation as per section 5.1.4 must be available
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Dimension specifications in mm ±5%

Legend
1 Ground plate
2 High-voltage proof 470 kΩ resistors for grounding/protective earth
3 Ground reference point for coupling structure, ESD generator
4 Local grounding of the DUT (if necessary)
5 DUT
6 Test wiring harness
7 Supply battery
8 Peripherals, controls
9 Artificial network (if required)
10 Ground reference point for supply battery and peripherals
11 ESD generator
Figure 4 – Indirect discharge at system level

Table 5 – FPSC for contact discharge, indirect discharge

Test severity Category 1 Category 2 Category 3
L2 ±15 kV ±15 kV Not specified
L1 ±4 kV ±8 kV ±15 kV
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5.1.4 ESD documentation/test documents

In order to verify that an assembly fulfills the ESD requirements, the appropriate EMC department
of the Volkswagen Group must be provided with documentation of ESD immunity containing the
following items:
1. Test plan
2. System designation
3. System description with photos of the DUT and the test setup as well as marking of the dis‐
charge points
4. Hardware version with circuit diagram, layout, and information on the essential ESD-relevant
EMC measures (e.g., filters and protective circuitry for inputs and outputs, internal reset lines,
and supply cables, shielding measures)
5. Software version with description of essential EMC measures (e.g., filtering of signals realized
in the software, timed deactivation of individual circuit parts, emergency running properties)
6. Test record with test conditions (including also climatic and operating conditions) and descrip‐
tion of the test setup for testing at assembly and system level as per section 5.1.2 and
section 5.1.3, if necessary with reasons why requirements could not be met and what alterna‐
tive measures were taken to ensure immunity to ESD
7. Test record with test conditions for any full vehicle testing performed as per section 6.3; all test
points and test areas for full vehicle testing must be documented
8. ESD evaluation of the packaging materials used for transport and storage

5.2 Interference immunity

5.2.1 General requirements for component interference immunity tests

The frequency range from 0.1 MHz to 6 000 MHz must be tested.
The following test methods are mandatory for IBK components: BCI method (as per ISO 11452-4)
and antenna method (as per ISO 11452-2).
Non-IBK components may be tested using the stripline method (as per ISO 11452-5) instead of the
BCI method. However, the stripline method must be used only if approved by the appropriate EMC
department of the Volkswagen Group.
Additionally, mobile radio communications tests at component level as per ISO 11452-9 can be re‐
quired. If the appropriate EMC department of the Volkswagen Group agrees, this test can be omit‐
ted.
The operating state of the DUT must be selected in such a way that all of its relevant functions can
be tested. If it is not possible to test all functions in one single operating state, the test must be
performed using several test runs.
Testing must preferably be performed using a linear increment. The maximum frequency incre‐
ments listed in table 6 apply. If the DUT responds to frequencies within a band that is narrower
than the one covered by the maximum frequency increments, the frequency increments must be
decreased accordingly.
A logarithmic increment may also be used as an alternative (see table 7). This must be agreed with
the appropriate EMC department of the Volkswagen Group.
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Table 6 – Maximum frequency increments (linear)

Frequency range Linear frequency increments
in MHz in MHz
0 (DC) a single increment
0.000 015 to 0.000 15 0.000 005
0.000 15 to 0.001 5 0.000 05
0.001 5 to 0.015 0.000 5
0.015 to 0.03 0.005
0.1 to 1 0.03
1 to 200 1
200 to 400 2
400 to 1 000 5
1 000 to 3 000 10
3 000 to 6 000 20

Table 7 – Maximum frequency increments (logarithmic)

Frequency range Logarithmic frequency increments
in MHz in %
0 (DC) a single increment
0.000 015 to 0.03 10
0.1 to 1 10
1 to 10 4
10 to 100 2
100 to 1 000 1
1 000 to 6 000 0.5

Effects observed on the DUT when reaching the required test level must be examined with regard
to their failure threshold. Effects, frequency, interference threshold, and the status of the function
must be documented in the test report.

5.2.2 BCI test

If not otherwise specified below, the requirements as per ISO 11452-4 apply to BCI testing.
Only the substitution method is permissible for BCI testing. Deviating from ISO 11452-4, the test
wiring harness must have a length between 1 700 mm and 2 000 mm.
If not otherwise agreed:
– Deviating from ISO 11452-4, all three positions of the current injection probe must be tested
– The tests must be performed in common mode (ground cable in the current injection probe)
and in the differential mode (ground cable outside of the current injection probe).
The modulations and test levels are defined in table 8. Figure 5 shows the test levels with respect
to frequency.
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Table 8 – Modulations and test levels (BCI test)

Frequency range Test current
Modulation
in MHz in dB(µA)
0.1 to 2.38 90
2.38 to 15 106 - 20 × log(15/f)
15 to 54 106
54 to 65 100 - 10 × log(f/88)
Continuous wave (CW) and amplitude
65 to 88 106
modulation (AM) (1 kHz, 80%)
88 to 140 100 - 10 × log(f/88)
140 to 174 106 - 10 × log(f/88)
174 to 380 97
380 to 400 106 - 10 × log(f/88)
In the formulas, the frequency f must be entered in MHz; "log" designates the logarithm to the base 10.

Figure 5 – Test current as a function of frequency (BCI test)

The BCI test must be performed using the maximum test current as specified in figure 5. The
FPSC must be performed as per table 9 and figure 6.
The maximum frequency increments must be performed as per section 5.2.1.
The minimum dwell time is 2 s. If the DUT reacts slower to interference, the dwell time must be
increased accordingly.
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Table 9 – FPSC (BCI test)

Test se‐ Frequency range Category 1 Category 2 Category 3
verity in MHz I in dB(µA) I in dB(µA) I in dB(µA)
0.1 to 2.38 90 90
2.38 to 15 106 - 20 × log(15/f) 106 - 20 × log(15/f)
15 to 54 106 106
54 to 65 100 - 10 × log(f/88) 100 - 10 × log(f/88)
L2 65 to 88 106 106 Not specified
88 to 140 100 - 10 × log(f/88) 100 - 10 × log(f/88)
140 to 174 106 - 10 × log(f/88) 106 - 10 × log(f/88)
174 to 380 97 97
380 to 400 106 - 10 × log(f/88) 106 - 10 × log(f/88)
0.1 to 2.38 82 86 90
2.38 to 15 98 - 20 × log(15/f) 102 - 20 × log(15/f) 106 - 20 × log(15/f)
15 to 54 98 102 106
54 to 65 98 100 - 10 × log(f/88) 100 - 10 × log(f/88)
65 to 88 98 102 106
L1
88 to 140 98 - 10 × log(f/88) 100 - 10 × log(f/88) 100 - 10 × log(f/88)
140 to 174 98 - 10 × log(f/88) 102 - 10 × log(f/88) 106 - 10 × log(f/88)
174 to 278.28 98 - 10 × log(f/88) 97 97
278.28 to 380 98 - 10 × log(f/88) 102 - 10 × log(f/88) 97
380 to 400 98 - 10 × log(f/88) 102 - 10 × log(f/88) 106 - 10 × log(f/88)
The specified numerical values are maximum values. The test is performed only until the maximum test level is reached.

NOTE 1: In the formulas, the frequency f must be entered in MHz; "log" designates the logarithm
to the base 10.
Table B.1 (see Appendix B) specifies the test severity levels for the three different categories (BCI
test).
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Legend
A Category 1 1 Status I
B Category 2 2 Status II
C Category 3
Figure 6 – FPSC (BCI test)

5.2.3 Antenna
If not otherwise specified below, the requirements as per ISO 11452-2 apply to the antenna meth‐
od.
Tests from 200 MHz to 3 400 MHz must be performed in each case. The definitions as per table 6
and table 10 apply.
Additional (optional) tests must also be performed from 3 400 MHz to 6 000 MHz as per table 6
and table 10. If the appropriate EMC department of the Volkswagen Group agrees, these addition‐
al tests can be omitted.
For the additional tests from 3 400 to 6 000 MHz, there is no FPSC. Level 1 must always be main‐
tained with status 1.
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Table 10 – Component testing using the antenna method – requirements

Frequency range Test field strength
Polarization Modulation
in MHz in V/m
200 to 380 70 Vertical and horizontal CW and AM (1 kHz, 80%)
380 to 460 140 Vertical and horizontal CW and AM (1 kHz, 80%)
460 to 806 70 Vertical and horizontal CW and AM (1 kHz, 80%)
806 to 915 140 Vertical and horizontal CW and PM (217 Hz, 577 µs)
915 to 1 200 70 Vertical and horizontal CW
Required
1 200 to 1 400 140 Vertical and horizontal CW and PM (300 Hz, 3 µs)
1 400 to 1 710 70 Vertical and horizontal CW
1 710 to 1 910 140 Vertical and horizontal CW and PM (217 Hz, 577 µs)
1 910 to 2 700 70 Vertical and horizontal CW
2 700 to 3 400 140 Vertical and horizontal CW and PM (300 Hz, 3 µs)
CW and PM (1 600 Hz,
Optional 3 400 to 6 000 50 Vertical and horizontal
312.5 µs)

Legend
A Required
B Optional
Figure 7 – Test field strength as a function of frequency (antenna method)

The maximum frequency increments must be performed as per section 5.2.1.

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The minimum dwell time is 2 s. If the DUT reacts slower to interference, the dwell time must be
increased accordingly.

Table 11 – FPSC (antenna method)

Category 1 Category 2 Category 3
Test severity E in V/m E in V/m E in V/m

L2 140a) 140a) Not specified

L1 60 100a) 140a)

a) The specified numerical values are maximum values. The test is performed only until the maximum test level is reached.

Legend
A Category 1 1 L1
B Category 2 2 L2
C Category 3 3 Test field strength
Figure 8 – FPSC (antenna method)
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5.2.4 Stripline
Non-IBK components may also be tested using the stripline method (as per ISO 11452-5). Howev‐
er, the stripline method must be used only if approved by the appropriate EMC department of the
Volkswagen Group.

Table 12 – Component testing using the stripline method – requirements

Frequency range Test field strength
Modulation
in MHz in V/m
0.1 to 54 280
54 to 65 140
65 to 88 280
Optional 88 to 140 140 CW and AM (1 kHz, 80%)
140 to 174 280
174 to 380 140
380 to 400 280

The maximum frequency increments must be performed as per section 5.2.1.

The minimum dwell time is 2 s. If the DUT reacts slower to interference, the dwell time must be
increased accordingly.

Legend
A Optional
Figure 9 – Test field strength as a function of frequency (stripline method)

The stripline method test must be performed with the maximum field strength as specified in
figure 9. The FPSC must be performed as per table 13 and figure 10.
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Table 13 – FPSC (stripline method)

Category 1 Category 2 Category 3
Test severity
E in V/m E in V/m E in V/m

L2 280a) 280a) Not specified

L1 120 200a) 280a)

a) The specified numerical values are maximum values. The test is performed only until the maximum test level is reached.
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Legend
A Category 1 1 Status I
B Category 2 2 Status II
C Category 3 3 Test field strength
Figure 10 – FPSC (stripline method)

5.2.5 Mobile radio communications test

The requirements as per table 14 apply to the mobile radio communications test. The requirements
as per ISO 11452-9 apply, unless otherwise stipulated in table 14.
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Table 14 – Mobile radio communications test at component level – requirements

Maximum
Frequency Power
Test Service or frequency incre‐
Test range (Pnet) Modulation
number band ments
in MHz in W
in kHz
FM
1 70 cm 410 to 470 1 000 7.5 (RMS value) 1 000 Hz; 4 kHz devia‐
tion
FM
2 23 cm 1 200 to 1 300 2 000 6 (RMS value) 1 000 Hz; 4 kHz devia‐
tion
380 to 395
406 to 420 PM
3 TETRA 450 to 460 400 7.5 (peak) 18 Hz,
806 to 822 50% duty cycle
870 to 876
PM
824 to 850
500 3 (peak) 217 Hz,
876 to 915
50% duty cycle
4 2G
PM
1 710 to 1 785
1 000 1.5 (peak) 217 Hz,
1 850 to 1 910
50% duty cycle
Optional
555 to 960
1 315 to 1 518 PM
5 3G/4G/5G 1 625 to 1 661 2 000 1.5 (peak) 1 000 Hz,
1 695 to 2 400 10% duty cycle
2 496 to 2 900
PM
WLAN/
6 2 400 to 2 496 4 000 1.5 (peak) 1 600 Hz,
Bluetooth
50% duty cycle
PM
3 400 to 4 200
7 5G 4 000 1 (peak) 1 600 Hz,
4 400 to 5 150
50% duty cycle
PM
8 WLAN 5 150 to 5 850 4 000 1 (peak) 1 600 Hz,
50% duty cycle
PM
9 DSRC 5 850 to 5 930 2 000 1 (peak) 1 600 Hz,
50% duty cycle

Absolutely no functional impairments or effects on the DUT are permitted. All functions of the DUT
must remain in status I.
Antennas permitted as per ISO 11452-9 must be used.
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5.2.6 Magnetic field test

5.2.6.1 General information

This section defines requirements and tests for ensuring the interference immunity of electronic
components, assemblies, and systems with respect to magnetic fields that might couple into the
component, assembly, or system and/or into its respective supply and signal cables.
The requirements as per ISO 11452-8 apply, unless otherwise stipulated below.

5.2.6.2 Magnetic field test requirements

This test must be performed only for DUTs that contain magnetically sensitive components (e.g.,
Hall effect sensors, magnetic-inductive sensors). If the appropriate EMC department of the Volks‐
wagen Group agrees, this test can be omitted.
A Helmholtz coil must be used to create the required magnetic field strength, unless the size of the
component does not permit this. In this case, the single loop must be used. To evaluate the values
as per ISO 11452-8, a Helmholtz coil with a diameter of 60 cm must be used.
The frequency range to be tested is 0 Hz (DC) to 150 kHz. Unless otherwise specified herein, the
frequency increments can be found in table 15. Regardless of the required increments, the follow‐
ing frequencies must be tested in each case: 15 Hz, 16 ⅔ Hz, 50 Hz, 60 Hz. All test frequencies
must be specified in the test record. The minimum dwell time for each frequency is 2 s. The test
must be conducted without modulation, i.e., a purely sinusoidal signal is used in all cases (f > DC).

Table 15 – Frequency increment

Frequency range in Hz Frequency increment in Hz
15 to 100 10
100 to 1 000 20
1 000 to 10 000 200
10 000 to 30 000 500
30 000 to 150 000 2 000

The DUT must be connected to a supply voltage as well as to any original peripheral components
necessary for proper function. The wiring harness used in this test must be designed in such a way
that as little interference as possible is coupled into the harness through the applied magnetic field.
This can be achieved, for instance, by twisting the cables.
The test setup must be positioned on a wooden table. All metal parts must have a distance of at
least 1 m from the field generators (Helmholtz coil, coil).
The operating state of the DUT must be selected in such a way that all of its relevant functions can
be tested. If it is not possible to test all functions in one single operating state, the test must be
performed using several test runs.
Test field strengths 2 to 6 must be used (see table 16 and figure 11, figure 12, figure 13, figure 14,
and figure 15). Unless otherwise stipulated herein, test field strength 4 must be maintained. The
magnetic field strength is defined as per ISO 11452-1.
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Table 16 – Applied test field strengths

Test field Test field Test field
Frequency range in Test field strength 4 Test field strength 5
strength 2 strength 3 strength 6
Hz
Level 1 Level 2 Level 1 Level 2 Level 1 Level 2 Level 1 Level 2 Level 1
H in A/m
DC 30 100 100 300 300 1 000 1 000 4 000 4 000
15 to 60 30 100 100 300 300 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000
30/ 100/ 100/ 300/ 300/ 1 000/ 1 000/ 1 000/ 1 000/
60 to 180
(f/60) (f/60) (f/60) (f/60) (f/60) (f/60) (f/60) (f/60) (f/60)
100/ 100/ 300/ 300/ 1 000/ 1 000/ 1 000/ 1 000/
180 to 600 10
(f/60) (f/60) (f/60) (f/60) (f/60) (f/60) (f/60) (f/60)
300/ 300/ 1 000/ 1 000/ 1 000/ 1 000/
600 to 1 800 10 10 10
(f/60) (f/60) (f/60) (f/60) (f/60) (f/60)
1 000/ 1 000/ 1 000/ 1 000/
1 800 to 6 000 10 10 10 10 10
(f/60) (f/60) (f/60) (f/60)
6 000 to 150 000 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Legend
1 Status I (green)
Figure 11 – Test field strength 6
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Legend
1 Status I (green)
2 Status II (orange)
Figure 12 – Test field strength 5
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Legend
1 Status I (green)
2 Status II (orange)
Figure 13 – Test field strength 4
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Legend
1 Status I (green)
2 Status II (orange)
Figure 14 – Test field strength 3
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Legend
1 Status I (green)
2 Status II (orange)
Figure 15 – Test field strength 2

5.3 Interference emission

5.3.1 Overview of emission tests and frequency ranges

For an overview of emission tests and frequency ranges, see table 17.
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Table 17 – Overview of mandatory and optional component measuring methods

Measuring meth‐ 1 20 9 100 150 400 30 108 1 6
ods Hz Hz kHz kHz kHz kHz MHz MHz GHz GHz
Component measuring methods to be used for release
Measurement at
the
artificial network
(AN test)
Measurement
with antennas
(RE test)
Optional component measuring methods (to be agreed in the test plan)
Measurement with
clamp-on current
probe
(CP test, optional)
Measurement with
stripline
(SL test, optional)
Magnetic field coil
12 cm

Magnetic field coil

60 cm

Isotropic
magnetic field coil
100 cm2

Gray boxes mark the frequency range to be measured for each measuring method.
White boxes mark instances where the corresponding measuring method must not be used.

5.3.2 Specific interference emission terms, definitions, and abbreviations

5.3.2.1 Short-term interference sources – permanent interference sources

Interferences that are not explicitly defined as short-term interference sources by the appropriate
EMC department of the Volkswagen Group are considered permanent interference sources and
must be suppressed.

5.3.3 General requirements – HF emissions from component measurements

General requirements as per CISPR 25, additional or deviating:
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5.3.3.1 Description of the operating states

The appropriate EMC department of the Volkswagen Group will decide on the relevance of individ‐
ual operating states during the EMC project meeting to be held as per the EMC Performance
Specification.
In addition to the pertinent component's normal operating state (e.g., engine running, terminal 15
ON, electric driving mode for electric/hybrid electric vehicles), other component-specific operating
conditions in which the DUT will emit maximum interference emissions must be specified in the test
plan. The orientations of the DUT with its maximum interference emissions must be selected. The
supplier must provide verification, for example, for different voltages in the electric system, by tak‐
ing measurements.
The supplier must present the various operating states before the first tests are carried out on the
component. The supplier must also agree upon the effects of the states on interference emission
with the appropriate EMC department of the Volkswagen Group.
The supplier must conduct the component tests.
For the verification of the component tests by the appropriate EMC department of the Volkswagen
Group, the supplier must provide appropriate test equipment that enables the department to simu‐
late at least the aforementioned operating states and monitor them during testing. The selected op‐
erating states and test setups must be documented in the test report in detail.

5.3.3.2 Standard test conditions

The maximum frequency increments and minimum measuring times are specified in table 18.
If necessary, the measuring time must be sufficiently extended to capture the interference charac‐
teristics of the DUT (this must also be taken into account for fast Fourier transform (FFT) measure‐
ments).

Table 18 – Maximum frequency increments and minimum measuring times

PK QP AV
BW Maximum in‐ Minimum Maximum in‐ Minimum Maximum in‐ Minimum
crement measuring time crement measuring time crement measuring time
f in kHz t in ms t in ms t in ms
0.01 ≤ 0.5 × BW 400 – – – –
0.1 ≤ 0.5 × BW 200 – – – –
0.2 ≤ 0.5 × BW 100 – – – –
1 ≤ 0.5 × BW 100 – – – –
9/10 ≤ 0.5 × BW 50 ≤ 5 × BW 1 000 ≤ 0.5 × BW 50
120 ≤ 0.5 × BW 5 ≤ 5 × BW 1 000 ≤ 0.5 × BW 5
1 000 ≤ 0.5 × BW 50 – – ≤ 0.5 × BW 50

Fast emission measuring methods using FFT may be used to shorten measuring times. When us‐
ing FFT, the minimum measuring time for the QP detector is 10 s and for the average/peak detec‐
tor 3 s. It must be shown that the implemented detectors and measurement ranges meet the re‐
quirements of CISPR 16-1-1. Deviating from this, an increased displayed value for pulse repetition
rates below 20 Hz is permissible when verifying the detector value of pulse signals that have differ‐
ing pulse repetition rates (e.g., for the QP detector).
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5.3.4 Limit classes

The frequency bands to be tested and the limits to be used must be defined in the Performance
Specification while considering the vehicle variants, the receiving systems, and the packaging sit‐
uation. Limit classes 3, 4, and 5 are available for this purpose.
If no limits are specified in the drawing or the Component Performance Specifications, the values
in "bold type" of limit class 5 of the individual limit tables apply.
For IBK components, all frequency bands must be tested, limit class 5 must be adhered to, and
this adherence verified.
If only limit classes 4 or 3 are required (deviating from IBK requirements), this must only be imple‐
mented using reduction measures (e.g., installing fewer components) with the goal of reducing
costs. It must be possible to achieve limit class 5 for IBK components by using different or addition‐
al components, without changing the printed circuit board layout.

5.3.5 Artificial network (AN test)

The HF emissions on supply cables must be measured as per CISPR 25.

5.3.5.1 Test setup

The test setup is described in CISPR 25.

5.3.5.2 Test conditions

The standard test conditions as per section 5.3.3.2 must be applied.
If the DUT has several power supplies, each power supply must be measured individually.

5.3.5.3 Requirements
All emission limits must be adhered to for each of the bands defined in table 19.

Table 19 – Test receiver settings and limits (AN test)

PK QP AV
Frequency
Limit BW Limit BW Limit BW
Test Service or
V in dB(µV) V in dB(µV) V in dB(µV)
no. band f in f in
in MHz Class Class f in kHz Class
kHz kHz
3 4 5 3 4 5 3 4 5
Base limits
107 - 59.51 97 - 59.51
B1 0.15 ... 0.52 × 9/10 - - × 9/10
log(f/0.15)a) log(f/0.15)a)
B2 0.52 ... 30 75 9/10 - - 65 9/10
B3 30 ... 108 65 120 - - 55 120
Radio broadcasting
1 MW 0.52 ... 1.73 - - 57 49 41 9/10 50 42 34 9/10

2b) SW 49 m 5.8 ... 6.3 - - 52 46 40 9/10 45 39 33 9/10

3 VHF 76 ... 108 - - 31 25 19 120 24 18 12 120
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PK QP AV
Frequency
Limit BW Limit BW Limit BW
Test Service or
V in dB(µV) V in dB(µV) V in dB(µV)
no. band f in f in
in MHz Class Class f in kHz Class
kHz kHz
3 4 5 3 4 5 3 4 5
Radio broadcasting – digital
6 TV II 99 ... 108 55 49 43 1 000 - - 40 34 28 1 000
Mobile and other services
9 125 kHz 0.1 ... 0.15 93 83 73 9/10 - - - - - -

10c) CB radio 26.5 ... 29.7 75 69 63 9/10 - - 55 49 43 9/10

11 4 m/BOS 84.015 ... 87.255 43 37 31 9/10 - - 20 14 8 9/10
In principle, measurements may be conducted with the peak detector in all ranges. If the peak measured value lies below
the quasi-peak limit, the quasi-peak limit is fulfilled.
Limit class 3 must be selected for short-term interference sources taking into account section 5.3.2.1 and section 5.3.4.
For interferences that can be attributed to brush sparking (commutator interference sources), high-voltage ignition sys‐
tems, and timed fuel injection systems (diesel engines, gasoline engines), limit class 3 must be selected for the medium
wave (MW) range when measuring with the quasi-peak detector taking into account section 5.3.4. The average limit must
be complied with unchanged.

a) In the formulas, the frequency f must be entered in MHz; "log" designates the logarithm to the base 10.
b) This requirement applies to IBK components only.
c) The main area of application is in heavy-duty commercial vehicles.

5.3.6 Antennas (RE test)

The radiated HF emissions must be measured with antennas as per CISPR 25. Deviating from
CISPR 25, HF emission measurements may also be alternatively conducted in a radio-frequency
anechoic chamber with floor absorbers.

5.3.6.1 Test setup

The test setup is described in CISPR 25.

5.3.6.2 Test conditions

The standard test conditions as per section 5.3.3.2 must be applied.
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5.3.6.3 Requirements

All emission limits must be adhered to for each of the bands defined in table 20. The basic limits
depend on the values of the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) regulation ECE-R 10 [1],
GB/T 18387 [2], and IEC 61000-6-3.
Table 20 – Test receiver settings and limits (RE test)
PK QP AV
Frequency
Limit BW Limit BW Limit BW
Test Service or
E in dB(µV/m) E in dB(µV/m) E in dB(µV/m)
no. band f in f in
in MHz Class Class f in kHz Class
kHz kHz
3 4 5 3 4 5 3 4 5
Base limits
86 - 20
B4 0.009 ... 0.15 × 0.2 - - - -
log(f/0.009)a)
B5 0.15 ... 5.35 62 9/10 - - - -
62 - 40
B6 5.35 ... 20 × 9/10 - - - -
log(f/5.35)a)
B7 20 ... 30 39 9/10 - - - -
62 - 25.13 52 - 25.13
B8 30 ... 75 × 120 - - × 120
log(f/30)a) log(f/30)a)
52 + 15.13 42 + 15.13
B9 75 ... 400 × 120 - - × 120
log(f/75)a) log(f/75)a)
B10 400 ... 1 000 63 120 - - 53 120
B11 1 000 ... 3 000 80 1 000 60 1 000
B12 3 000 ... 6 000 104 1 000 84 1 000
Radio broadcasting
1 MW 0.52 ... 1.73 - - 41 33 25 9/10 34 26 18 9/10

2b) SW 49 m 5.8 ... 6.3 - - 37 31 25 9/10 30 24 18 9/10

3 VHF 76 ... 108 - - 31 25 19 120 24 18 12 120
Radio broadcasting – digital
4 DAB 174 ... 241 44 38 32 1 000 - - 34 28 22 1 000
5 SDARS 2 320 ... 2 345 68 62 56 1 000 - - 58 52 46 1 000
6 TV II 99 ... 108 49 43 37 1 000 - - 34 28 22 1 000
7 TV III 170 ... 230 49 43 37 1 000 - - 34 28 22 1 000
52 46 40 32 26 20
+ 20 + 20
8 TV IV/V 470 ... 806 1 000 - - 1 000
× ×
log(f/470)a) log(f/470)a)
Mobile and other services
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PK QP AV
Frequency
Limit BW Limit BW Limit BW
Test Service or
E in dB(µV/m) E in dB(µV/m) E in dB(µV/m)
no. band f in f in
in MHz Class Class f in kHz Class
kHz kHz
3 4 5 3 4 5 3 4 5
9 125 kHz 0.1 ... 0.15 61 51 41 9/10 - - - - - -

10c) CB radio 26.5 ... 29.7 60 54 48 9/10 - - 40 34 28 9/10

11 4 m/BOS 84.015 ... 87.255 37 31 25 9/10 - - 14 8 2 9/10
12 2 m/taxi 146 ... 164 37 31 25 9/10 - - 14 8 2 9/10
13 2 m/BOS 167.56 ... 169.38 37 31 25 9/10 - - 14 8 2 9/10
14 2 m/BOS 172.16 ... 173.98 37 31 25 9/10 - - 14 8 2 9/10
15 SRD 313 ... 317 46 40 34 9/10 - - 26 20 14 9/10
Trunked
16 380 ... 385 51 45 39 120 - - 31 25 19 120
radio
Trunked
17 390 ... 400 51 45 39 120 - - 31 25 19 120
radio
Trunked
18 406 ... 410 51 45 39 120 - - 31 25 19 120
radio
Trunked
19 420 ... 430 51 45 39 120 - - 31 25 19 120
radio
20 SRD 433 ... 435 46 40 34 9/10 - - 26 20 14 9/10
Trunked
21 460 ... 470 51 45 39 120 - - 31 25 19 120
radio
2G, 3G,
22 555 ... 960 67 61 55 1 000 - - 47 41 35 1 000
4G, 5G
23 SRD 863 ... 870 52 46 40 9/10 - - 32 26 20 9/10
24 GNSS 1 159 ... 1 291 not used in the Volkswagen Group
3G, 4G,
25 1 350 ... 1 518 66 60 54 1 000 - - 46 40 34 1 000
5G
26 See table 21

2G, 3G, 69 63 57 49 43 37
4G, 5G, + 20 + 20
27 1 695 ... 2 900 1 000 - - 1 000
Bluetooth, × ×
WLAN log(f/1695)a) log(f/1695)a)

28b) 5G 3 400 ... 3 800 77 71 65 1 000 - - 57 51 45 1 000

WLAN,
29 5 150 ... 5 925 80 74 68 1 000 - - 60 54 48 1 000
DSRC
In principle, measurements may be conducted with the peak detector in all ranges. If the peak measured value lies below
the quasi-peak limit, the quasi-peak limit is fulfilled.
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PK QP AV
Frequency
Limit BW Limit BW Limit BW
Test Service or
E in dB(µV/m) E in dB(µV/m) E in dB(µV/m)
no. band f in f in
in MHz Class Class f in kHz Class
kHz kHz
3 4 5 3 4 5 3 4 5
Limit class 3 must be selected for short-term interference sources taking into account section 5.3.2.1 and section 5.3.4.
For interferences that can be attributed to brush sparking (commutator interference sources), high-voltage ignition sys‐
tems, and timed fuel injection systems (diesel engines, gasoline engines), limit class 3 must be selected for the medium
wave (MW) range when measuring with the quasi-peak detector taking into account section 5.3.4. The average limit must
be complied with unchanged.

a) In the formulas, the frequency f must be entered in MHz; "log" designates the logarithm to the base 10.
b) This requirement applies to IBK components only.
c) The main area of application is in heavy-duty commercial vehicles.

Table 21 – Test no. 26 from the previous table

AV
Frequency
Limit BW
Test
Service or band E in dB(µV/m)
no.
in MHz Class f in kHz
3 4 5
72 - 20 468 66 - 20 468 60 - 20 468
1 552.098 ... 1 559.098 × × ×
Navigation sys‐ log(f/1 552.098) log(f/1 552.098) log(f/1 552.098)
tem 1 559.098 ... 1 563.098 32 26 20 9/10
Beidou 32 + 20 613 26 + 20 613 20 + 20 613
1 563.098 ... 1 570.098 × × ×
log(f/1 563.098) log(f/1 563.098) log(f/1 563.098)
72 - 20 664 66 - 20 664 60 - 20 664
1 567.42 ... 1 574.42 × × ×
Navigation sys‐ log(f/1 567.42) log(f/1 567.42) log(f/1 567.42)
26 tem 1 574.42 ... 1 576.42 32 26 20 9/10
GPS, Galileo 32 + 20 782 26 + 20 782 20 + 20 782
1 576.42 ... 1 583.42 × × ×
log(f/1 576.42) log(f/1 576.42) log(f/1 576.42)
72 - 20 980 66 - 20 980 60 - 20 980
1 590.781 ... 1 597.781 × × ×
Navigation sys‐ log(f/1 590.781) log(f/1 590.781) log(f/1 590.781)
tem 1 597.781 ... 1 609.594 32 26 20 9/10
GLONASS 32 + 21 224 26 + 21 224 20 + 21 224
1 609.594 ... 1 616.594 × × ×
log(f/1 609.594) log(f/1 609.594) log(f/1 609.594)

5.3.7 Stripline (SL test, optional)

The HF emissions must be measured with the stripline method as per CISPR 25.
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5.3.7.1 Test setup

The test setup is described in CISPR 25.
Deviating from this, a cable length of (1 500 ±10) mm may be used parallel to the septum after
consultation.

5.3.7.2 Test conditions

The standard test conditions as per section 5.3.3.2 must be applied.

5.3.7.3 Requirements
All emission limits must be adhered to for each of the bands defined in table 22.
The limits shown in table 22 apply to a 90 Ω stripline. Equation formula (1) can be used to convert
the limits to stripline setups with different wave impedances:

(1)

Example for a 50 Ω stripline:

(2)

Limit50 Ω = Limit90 Ω - K90 Ω/50 Ω = Limit90 Ω - 2.54 dB

Table 22 – Test receiver settings and limits for the 90 Ω stripline (SL test)
PK QP AV
Frequency
Limit BW Limit BW Limit BW
Test Service or
V in dB(µV) V in dB(µV) V in dB(µV)
no. band f in
in MHz Class Class f in kHz Class f in kHz
kHz
3 4 5 3 4 5 3 4 5
Base limits
B21 0.15 ... 30 61 9/10 - - 51 9/10
B22 30 ... 1 000 71 120 - - 61 120
Radio broadcasting
1 MW 0.52 ... 1.73 - - 44 36 28 9/10 37 29 21 9/10

2a) SW 49 m 5.8 ... 6.3 - - 40 34 28 9/10 33 27 21 9/10

3 VHF 76 ... 108 - - 25 19 13 120 18 12 6 120
Radio broadcasting – digital
4 DAB 174 ... 241 38 32 26 1 000 - - 28 22 16 1 000
6 TV II 99 ... 108 43 37 31 1 000 - - 28 22 16 1 000
7 TV III 170 ... 230 43 37 31 1 000 - - 28 22 16 1 000
8 TV IV/V 470 ... 806 43 37 31 1 000 - - 28 22 16 1 000
Mobile and other services
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PK QP AV
Frequency
Limit BW Limit BW Limit BW
Test Service or
V in dB(µV) V in dB(µV) V in dB(µV)
no. band f in
in MHz Class Class f in kHz Class f in kHz
kHz
3 4 5 3 4 5 3 4 5
9 125 kHz 0.1 ... 0.15 64 54 44 9/10 - - - -

10b) CB radio 26.5 ... 29.7 63 57 51 9/10 - - 43 37 31 9/10

11 4 m/BOS 84.015 ... 87.255 31 25 19 9/10 - - 8 2 -4 9/10
2 m/
12 146 ... 164 31 25 19 9/10 - - 8 2 -4 9/10
taxi
13 2 m/BOS 167.56 ... 169.38 31 25 19 9/10 - - 8 2 -4 9/10
14 2 m/BOS 172.16 ... 173.98 31 25 19 9/10 - - 8 2 -4 9/10
15 SRD 313 ... 317 27 21 15 9/10 - - 7 1 -5 9/10
Trunked
16 380 ... 385 38 32 26 120 - - 18 12 6 120
radio
Trunked
17 390 ... 400 38 32 26 120 - - 18 12 6 120
radio
Trunked
18 406 ... 410 38 32 26 120 - - 18 12 6 120
radio
Trunked
19 420 ... 430 38 32 26 120 - - 18 12 6 120
radio
20 SRD 433 ... 435 27 21 15 9/10 - - 7 1 -5 9/10
Trunked
21 460 ... 470 38 32 26 120 - - 18 12 6 120
radio
2G, 3G,
22 555 ... 960 48 42 36 1 000 - - 28 22 16 1 000
4G, 5G
23 SRD 863 ... 870 33 27 21 9/10 - - 13 7 1 9/10
In principle, measurements may be conducted with the peak detector in all ranges. If the peak measured value lies below
the quasi-peak limit, the quasi-peak limit is fulfilled.
Limit class 3 must be selected for short-term interference sources taking into account section 5.3.2.1 and section 5.3.4.
For interferences that can be attributed to brush sparking (commutator interference sources), high-voltage ignition sys‐
tems, and timed fuel injection systems (diesel engines, gasoline engines), limit class 3 must be selected for the medium
wave (MW) range when measuring with the quasi-peak detector taking into account section 5.3.4. The average limit must
be complied with unchanged.

a) This requirement applies to IBK components only.

b) The main area of application is in heavy-duty commercial vehicles.

5.3.8 Clamp-on current probe (CP test, optional)

The HF currents must be measured on all cables except the supply cables as per CISPR 25.

5.3.8.1 Test setup

The test setup is described in CISPR 25.
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5.3.8.2 Test conditions

The test conditions as per section 5.3.3.2 must be applied. All connecting cables, except the sup‐
ply cables, must be placed in the clamp-on current probe.

5.3.8.3 Requirements

All emission limits must be adhered to for each of the bands defined in table 23.
Table 23 – Test receiver settings and limits (CP test)
PK QP AV
Frequency
Limit BW Limit BW Limit BW
Test Service or
I in dB(µA) I in dB(µA) I in dB(µA)
no. band f in
in MHz Class Class f in kHz Class f in kHz
kHz
3 4 5 3 4 5 3 4 5
Base limits
89 - 20
B15 0.009 ... 0.15 × 0.2 - - - -
log(f/0.009)a)
98 - 20
B16 0.15 ... 4.77 × 9/10 - - - -
log(f/0.15)a)
68 - 40
B17 4.77 ... 15.92 × 9/10 - - - -
log(f/4.77)a)
47 - 60
B18 15.92 ... 20 × 9/10 - - - -
log(f/15.92)a)
41 - 20
B19 20 ... 30 × 9/10 - - - -
log(f/20)a)
B20 30 ... 108 28 120 - - 18 120
Radio broadcasting
3 VHF 76 ... 108 - - -3 -9 -15 120 -10 -16 -22 120
Radio broadcasting – digital
6 TV II 99 ... 108 21 16 9 1 000 - - 6 0 -6 1 000
Mobile and other services
11 4 m/BOS 84.015 ... 87.255 9 3 -3 9/10 - - -14 -20 -26 9/10
In principle, measurements may be conducted with the peak detector in all ranges. If the peak measured value lies below
the quasi-peak limit, the quasi-peak limit is fulfilled.
Limit class 3 must be selected for short-term interference sources taking into account section 5.3.2.1 and section 5.3.4.

a) In the formulas, the frequency f must be entered in MHz; "log" designates the logarithm to the base 10.
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5.3.9 Magnetic field coil 12 cm

The test with the 12 cm magnetic field coil is optional. If the appropriate EMC department of the
Volkswagen Group agrees, this test can be omitted.

5.3.9.1 Test setup

A wiring harness with a maximum length of 1 700 mm, of which 1 500 mm ±75 mm run parallel to
the edge of the table, must be used. If possible, the original wiring harness can be used. The test
wiring harness and the DUT must be placed on a 50 mm thick insulating base. As in the vehicle,
the DUT must be connected to the ground plate. No other ground connection is permitted. The arti‐
ficial network must be placed at a maximum distance of 1 700 mm from the DUT (see figure 16,
figure 17, and figure 18).
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Lengths in mm

Legend
1 DUT (locally connected to ground, if specified in test plan)
2 Ground plate (electrically connected with the shielded chamber)
3 Base with low relative permittivity (εr ≤ 1.4)
4 Electrical connection between ground plate and chamber wall
5 Test wiring harness
6 Dummy load
7 Artificial network
8 Battery
9 Lead-through connection
10 Power supply
11 Magnetic probe
12 Test receiver
13 Coaxial cable
Figure 16 – Example of the measurement setup with probe on the side of the DUT (plan view)
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Lengths in mm

Legend
1 DUT (locally connected to ground, if specified in test plan)
2 Ground plate (electrically connected with the shielded chamber)
3 Base with low relative permittivity (εr ≤ 1.4)
4 Electrical connection between ground plate and chamber wall
9 Lead-through connection
11 Magnetic probe
12 Test receiver
13 Coaxial cable
Figure 17 – Example of the measurement setup with probe over the DUT (lateral view)
 Page 49
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Lengths in mm

Legend
1 DUT (locally connected to ground, if specified in test plan)
2 Ground plate (electrically connected with the shielded chamber)
3 Base with low relative permittivity (εr ≤ 1.4)
4 Electrical connection between ground plate and chamber wall
5 Test wiring harness
6 Dummy load
7 Artificial network
8 Battery
9 Lead-through connection
10 Power supply
11 Magnetic probe
12 Test receiver
13 Coaxial cable
Figure 18 – Example of the measurement setup with probe on the wiring harness (plan view)
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5.3.9.2 Test conditions

Measuring instruments:
– The magnetic probe as per MIL-STD-461 [3] must be used. Alternatively, an isotropic probe
with comparable technical properties can also be used.
– Test receiver for the range 20 Hz to 150 kHz and peak detector

Table 24 – Component testing with the 12 cm magnetic field coil – test conditions
Frequency range Bandwidth Minimum dwell time
Maximum increment
in kHz in kHz in ms
0.02 ≤ f < 1 0.01 150 0.5 × BW
1 ≤ f < 10 0.1 150 0.5 × BW
10 ≤ f < 75 1 100 0.5 × BW
75 ≤ f < 150 9 100 0.5 × BW

The "FFT method" must be used under the boundary conditions of section 5.3.3.2.
The DUT must be activated at least 10 minutes (warm-up time) before taking any measurements.
The reference point of the loop antenna must be placed at a distance of 7 cm from the surface of
the DUT or 7 cm above the wiring harness. During the measurement, the loop antenna must be
oriented in such a way that the test receiver shows the maximum level over the applicable frequen‐
cy range (maximum hunting). This level must be documented. The frequency range to be tested is
sampled by means of the test receiver using the defined increments and the frequencies of maxi‐
mum emission are searched for. The test receiver display must be monitored while the surface of
the DUT is "sampled" with the loop antenna at a distance of 7 cm. The maximum for each frequen‐
cy point must be identified and documented. The procedure must be repeated for all surfaces, ca‐
bles, and sensors/actuators of the DUT.

5.3.9.3 Requirements
The peak detector must be used. The measured values must not exceed the limits in figure 19 and
table 25.

Figure 19 – Magnetic interference emission limits

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Table 25 – Magnetic interference emission limits

Frequency range Maximum emitted magnetic field
in kHz in dB(µA/m)
0.02 to 0.06 160
0.06 to 6 160 - 20 × log(f/60)a)
6 to 150 120

a) In the formulas, the frequency f must be entered in Hz; "log" designates the logarithm to the base 10.

5.3.10 Magnetic field coil 60 cm

The test with the 60 cm magnetic field coil is optional. If the appropriate EMC department of the
Volkswagen Group agrees, this test can be omitted.

5.3.10.1 Test setup

A magnetic loop antenna with a 60 cm diameter must be used as per CISPR 16-1-4.
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Lengths in mm
 Page 53
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Legend
A Plan view
B Front view
C Lateral view
1 DUT (locally connected to ground, if specified in test plan)
2 Test wiring harness
3 Dummy load
4 Power supply (arrangement not specified)
5 Artificial network (AN)
6 Ground plate (electrically connected with the shielded chamber)
7 Base with low relative permittivity (εr ≤ 1.4)
8 Loop antenna (typical diameter 600 mm); h = (900 ±100) mm; hcp = h+10
-20 mm
9 Lead-through connection
10 High-quality coaxial cable, e.g., double-shielded cable (50 Ω)
12 Measuring instrument
13 HF absorber material
14 Antenna adapter (preferred point of use is underneath the counterweight; if installed
above the counterweight, the base of the antenna rod must be at the height of the
ground plate)
15 Stimulation and monitoring system
Figure 20 – Example of the measurement setup for measuring using the loop antenna

5.3.10.2 Test conditions

The measurements must be performed using the settings from table 26.

Table 26 – Test receiver settings

Detector Peak
Frequency range Bandwidth Increment Measuring time
in kHz in kHz in kHz in ms
9 to 150 0.2 ≥ 0.1 ≥ 100
150 to 30 000 9/10 4.5/5 ≥ 50

The test setup is described in figure 20.

The radiation from the DUT must be measured in all three spatial directions (X, Y, and Z):
X Antenna opening to the DUT
Y Antenna opening rotated by 90° to the horizontal
Z Antenna lies plane-parallel to the table
The distance from the antenna center to the test table must be 1 000 mm ±100 mm. The height of
the antenna center must be at the height of the lower edge of the DUT. The antenna must be ori‐
ented toward the center of the wiring harness (as per CISPR 25). If the component has a part
which generates a magnetic field or it is not known whether the component has such a part, the
antenna must also be oriented toward the center of the DUT. Further details must be agreed be‐
tween the purchaser and the contractor and defined in the test plan.
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5.3.10.3 Requirements
The measured emissions must adhere to all limits that are specified in figure 21 and table 27.

Figure 21 – Limits for the magnetic interference emission with the 60 cm loop

Table 27 – Limits for the magnetic interference emission with the 60 cm loop
Frequency range Limit
in MHz in dB(µA/m)
0.009 to 0.15 48 - 20 × log(f/0.009)a)
0.15 to 4.77 56 - 20 × log(f/0.15)a)
4.77 to 20 26 - 40 × log(f/4.77)a)
20 to 30 1

a) In the formulas, the frequency f must be entered in MHz; "log" designates the logarithm to the base 10.

5.3.11 Isotropic magnetic field coil 100 cm2

Low frequency magnetic fields in the frequency range of 1 Hz to 400 kHz must be measured and
evaluated with the 100 cm2 isotropic magnetic field coil.
The test is optional. If the appropriate EMC department of the Volkswagen Group agrees, this test
can be omitted.
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5.3.11.1 Test setup

Legend
1 DUT (locally connected to ground, if specified in test plan)
2 Ground plate (electrically connected with the shielded chamber)
3 Base with low relative permittivity (εr ≤ 1.4)
4 Electrical connection between ground plate and chamber wall
5 Test wiring harness
6 Dummy load
7 Artificial network
8 Battery
9 Lead-through connection
10 Power supply
11 Isotropic magnetic field coil (measurement probe)
Figure 22 – Example of the measurement setup with the isotropic magnetic field coil on the side of
the DUT (plan view)
Page 56
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Legend
1 DUT (locally connected to ground, if specified in test plan)
2 Ground plate (electrically connected with the shielded chamber)
3 Base with low relative permittivity (εr ≤ 1.4)
4 Electrical connection between ground plate and chamber wall
11 Isotropic magnetic field coil (measurement probe)
Figure 23 – Example of the measurement setup with the isotropic magnetic field coil over the DUT
(lateral view)
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Legend
1 DUT (locally connected to ground, if specified in test plan)
2 Ground plate (electrically connected with the shielded chamber)
3 Base with low relative permittivity (εr ≤ 1.4)
4 Electrical connection between ground plate and chamber wall
5 Test wiring harness
6 Dummy load
7 Artificial network
8 Battery
9 Lead-through connection
10 Power supply
11 Isotropic magnetic field coil (measurement probe)
Figure 24 – Example of the measurement setup with the isotropic magnetic field coil on the side of
the wiring harness (plan view)
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5.3.11.2 Test conditions

An isotropic magnetic field coil with 100 cm2 measuring area as per IEC 62311 with evaluation as
per the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) 1998 guidelines
[4] (general public) must be used.
max. hold 1. "on"
2. "off"
range low
mode Stnd (Evaluation as per ICNIRP 1998 guidelines [4] (general public))
detect is automatically selected by the instrument in "mode: Stnd"
low-cut 1 Hz
For components that are in the area directly around the passengers (vehicle interior), the measure‐
ment distance between the component and probe surface must be 0 cm for the measurement. For
components where the distance between users and the component is reliably never less than
30 cm during operation (e.g., engine compartment), a measurement distance of 30 cm can be se‐
lected. Which of these distances (0 cm, 30 cm, or a different distance) must be selected for testing,
must be specified in the component's test plan.
The magnetic field is measured on all surfaces of the component, the associated actuators and
sensors, and also on the corresponding wiring harness at half the distance to the component. De‐
tails on the measuring points must be agreed in the test plan.
Two measurements must be performed at each measuring point:
– With the setting "max. hold"
– Without the setting "max. hold"
It must be ensured that the maximum radiated interference is measured.

5.3.11.3 Requirements
If not otherwise specified, the value displayed by the measurement probe (reference value) in % as
per ICNIRP 1998 Guidelines [4] (general public) must be documented and evaluated.
If not otherwise specified, the test has been passed if the value stays below 100% of the reference
value.

5.4 Pulse

5.4.1 Test equipment

The properties of the test equipment required to perform the tests with regard to pulsed interfer‐
ence on supply cables and sensor cables are described in more detail below.

5.4.1.1 Measuring instrument for voltages

Oscilloscope:
– Bandwidth ≥ 400 MHz
– Writing time division ≥ 5 ns/div
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Probe head:
– Division ratio ≥ 10/1
– Permissible input voltage ≥ 1 kV
– Length of connecting cable ≤ 150 cm
– Length of ground cable ≤ 10 cm
Differing cable lengths might affect the measuring result and must be documented in the test re‐
cord.

5.4.1.2 Artificial network for 12 V/24 V/42 V/48 V vehicle power supply systems
The artificial network must simulate the average impedance of a vehicle power supply system's ca‐
bles so that it is possible to evaluate the behavior of devices and electrical/electronic components
under laboratory conditions.
The setup for an artificial network, including an impedance vs. frequency curve, is defined in
ISO 7637-2. A schematic circuit diagram is shown in figure 25.
The direct voltage drop at maximum power must not exceed 250 mV.
NOTE 2: The artificial network is defined for measuring peaks rather than ripple and single pul‐
ses.

Legend
A Power supply connection
B Reference ground connection
P DUT connection
Figure 25 – Schematic circuit diagram of the artificial network

5.4.1.3 High-current circuit breaker

To measure the interference emission (interference pulses) on supply cables, the electrical/elec‐
tronic equipment must be connected to and switched by the vehicle power supply system. This is
done with the high-current circuit breaker.

5.4.1.3.1 Electronic switch

This device must ensure that the current is switched on and transmitted without a large voltage
drop. It must also ensure contact breaking without bouncing or arcing (see table 28).

Table 28 – Requirements for electronic switches

Electronic switch
Current-carrying capacity Imax 25 A 2.5 A
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Peak current (t ≤ s) Ipeak 100 A 10 A

Dielectric strength Vmax ≥ 400 V at Imax
Voltage drop Vdiff ≤ 1 V at 25 A ≤ 1 V at 25 A
Switching times tr 300 ns ±20% with DUTa) 300 ns ±20% with DUTa)
For 12 V: R = 0.6 Ω, L = 50 µH For 12 V: R = 60 Ω, L = 50 µH
For 24 V: R = 2.4 Ω, L = 200 µH For 24 V: R = 240 Ω, L = 200 µH
For 42 V/48 V: R = 5.4 Ω, L = 450 µH For 42 V/48 V: R = 540 Ω, L = 450 µH
Short-circuit proof Yes
Trigger options External and internal

a) Total resistance including the internal resistances of the air-core coils ±10%, L measured at 1 kHz, ±20%.

NOTE 3: As per the current state-of-the-art, the large switch (for 25 A) is not suitable for switch‐
ing currents of less than 1 A (capacitance of the transistors). In this case, an electronic switch
made up of fewer parallel transistors must be used.

5.4.1.3.2 Mechanical switch

The switch (or relay) that is designated for later use with the DUT must be used. Alternatively, a
switch or relay with silver contacts may be used.

5.4.1.4 Pulse generator

An interference pulse generator as per ISO 7637-1 must be used as a substitute interference
source. The generators must be capable of producing pulses as per the definitions in
section 5.4.4.1. When loaded with the specified internal resistance Ri, the voltage pulse must not
drop below half of its initial value. In stationary mode, the generator must be capable of supplying
the currents required by the DUT.
The generator is checked as per section "Test pulse generator verification procedure" from
ISO 7637-2.

5.4.1.5 Starter battery/power supply

There are two alternatives for the power supply:
– A sufficiently powerful power supply unit
– A buffered starter battery that is common for the pertinent application, i.e., the operating volt‐
age is maintained at Vp by means of continuous charging

5.4.1.6 Coupling clamp

The coupling clamp provides the means of coupling the disturbance into the interference sink with‐
out a galvanic connection of the interference source to the DUT.
The coupling clamp's design is specified in detail in ISO 7637-3.
Characteristics which differ from ISO 7637-3:
– Dielectric strength of insulation for a pulse voltage ≥ 240 V.
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5.4.1.7 Ground plane

The ground plane serves as a support and ground plane for the test setup with the coupling clamp.
It is a metal plate (e.g., copper/zinc alloy, brass, copper) with a nominal thickness of 1.0 mm. The
minimum size is 2 m x 1 m.
The ground plane is connected to the grounding system's protective earth.

5.4.1.8 Current injection probe

The current injection probe provides the means of coupling the disturbance into the interference
sink without a galvanic connection of the interference source to the DUT.
In order to ensure that the test pulses used in this standard are adequately transmitted, the trans‐
mission frequency response must cover a range of at least 200 kHz to 30 MHz.
The dielectric strength of the insulation must be greater than 100 V.

5.4.2 Pulse forms

The test voltage and the number of pulse exposures that must be used are listed in
section 5.4.4 "Pulsed interference on supply cables" and section 5.4.5 "Pulsed interference on sen‐
sor cables".

5.4.2.1 Test pulse 1

Pulse repetition frequency of 0.2 Hz (t1 = 5 s), t2 = duration of voltage off period, t3 = minimum pos‐
sible time between the moment the battery is switched off and the moment the pulse starts.

Figure 26 – Pulse 1
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5.4.2.2 Test pulse 2

Maximum pulse repetition frequency: 5 Hz (t1 = 0.2 s).

Figure 27 – Pulse 2

5.4.2.3 Test pulses 3a and 3b

Repetition frequency of 10 Hz, t1 = 100 µs, t4 = 10 ms, t5 = 90 ms.

Figure 28 – Pulse 3a
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Figure 29 – Pulse 3b

Figure 30 – Single pulse 3a (pulse 3b analogous)

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5.4.2.4 Test pulse 5b

10 pulses at 1 min intervals (only for 42 V/48 V power supply systems)

Figure 31 – Pulse 5b

NOTE 4: Efforts are being made to try to use energy recovery technologies for 42/48 V systems.
An increased voltage of up to 55 V is applied to rapidly charge the energy storage devices. This
value must be expected as the maximum operating voltage for t > 10 s.

5.4.2.5 Test pulse 6

Pulse repetition frequency: 0.2 Hz to 5 Hz.

Figure 32 – Pulse 1 with VA = 0 V is used to generate pulse 6.

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The voltage for Vs is set in idle state, then the pulse generator is connected in parallel to the output
terminals of the artificial network.

5.4.3 Functional states

The following functional states can occur during the course of and as a result of the test:

Functional state A
All device/system functions perform as specified during and after exposure to the disturbance.

Functional state B
All device/system functions perform as specified during exposure. However, one or more functions
may be outside the specified limit deviation. All functions automatically return to the specified limits
once exposure has ended. Memory functions must remain in functional state A.

Functional state C
One or more device/system functions do not perform as specified during exposure. However, they
return to normal operation once this exposure has ended.

Functional state D
One or more device/system functions do not perform as specified during exposure and do not re‐
turn to normal operation until this exposure has ended and the device/system has been restarted
("reset") by user intervention.

Functional state E
One or more device/system functions do not perform as specified during and after exposure and
cannot be returned to normal functioning without repairing or replacing the pertinent device or sys‐
tem.

5.4.4 Pulsed interference on supply cables

5.4.4.1 Interference immunity verification test

5.4.4.1.1 Measurement setup

The DUT is connected to the power supply via the substitute interference source (pulse generator)
as specified in figure 33 and figure 34. The connecting cable between the substitute interference
source and the interference sink must have a length of (50 ±5) cm for pulses 1, 2, 5b, and 6 and a
length of (20 ±2) cm for pulses 3a and 3b.
Voltages are set with the pulse generator in idle state by using the oscilloscope or, in the case of
automated test sequences, by using other suitable measuring instruments integrated into the test‐
ing system. The measuring instruments must be checked before the tests in order to ensure that
they are working properly.
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Legend
1 Interference source, pulse generator with power supply (battery simulator or buffered
battery)
2 Connecting cable
3 Probe head
4 DUT as interference sink
5 Oscilloscope
Figure 33 – Measurement setup for determining the interference immunity for pulses 1, 2, 3a/3b

Legend
1 Artificial network
2 DUT as interference sink
3 Pulse generator as interference source
Figure 34 – Measurement setup for determining the interference immunity for pulse 6
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5.4.4.1.2 Test sequence

The following test sequence must be used with the settings as per table 29 to table 32:
1. Pulse groups 3a + 3b
2. Pulse 6
3. Pulse 2
4. Pulse 1
5. Pulse 5

5.4.4.1.3 Set values

See table 29 and table 30.
If not otherwise specified, times (t) and generator resistance values (Ri) must only deviate by a
maximum of ±20%.
Unless otherwise specified, the peak voltage must be set within the tolerances +10%
0% .

Table 29 – Set values for interference immunity measurements for pulses (12 V and
42/48 V)
Generator Ri
Vs td tr in Ω
Pulse type Quantity Notes
in V in µs in µs 42 V/
12 V
48 V
5 000 Voltage switch-off for
Pulse 1 -100 2 000 0.5 to 1 4 10
pulses 200 ms
500 Only for terminal 50R
Pulse 1 -300 2 000 0.5 to 1 10 —
pulses inputs
5 000
Pulse 2 +75 50 0.5 to 1 4 10
pulses
2h 0.15 0.005
Pulse 3a -150 50 Burst pulse
10 Hz (±30%) (±30%)
2h 0.15 0.005
Pulse 3b +100 50 Burst pulse
10 Hz (±30%) (±30%)
Set in idle state first,
1 000 then connect in paral‐
Pulse 6 -50 200 to 500 0.5 to 1 4 10
pulses lel to the artificial net‐
work
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Table 30 – Set values for interference immunity measurements for pulses (24 V)
Vs td tr Generator Ri
Pulse type Quantity Notes
in V in µs in µs in Ω
5 000 Voltage switch-
Pulse 1 -450 2 000 0.5 to 1.5 10
pulses off for 200 ms
5 000
Pulse 2 +150 200 0.5 to 1 10
pulses
2h
Pulse 3a -450 0.15 (±30%) 0.005 (±30%) 50 Burst pulse
10 Hz
2h
Pulse 3b +150 0.15 (±30%) 0.005 (±30%) 50 Burst pulse
10 Hz
Parallel to the
1 000 artificial net‐
Pulse 6 -75 200 to 500 0.5 to 1 10
pulses work with con‐
nected battery

5.4.4.1.4 Notes on interference immunity test

– If specific requirements are missing, all tests must be performed. Functional state A is required
in this case.
– Unless otherwise specified, warning lamps and self-erasing event memory entries must be
classified as functional state C.
– Pulse 1 with a switch-off time of 200 ms simulates the switching-off of loads that are switched
off together with the DUT. In this case, functional state C is required. Furthermore, the pulse
serves to check for damaged DUT components. This test must also be performed if the volt‐
age is switched off for a duration of td only.
– Pulse 1 normally does not occur on terminal 30 because it requires ignition system switch-off
(or a load circuit by means of a switch). However, pulse 1 might occur on these terminals
when a fuse is blown or when the battery is disconnected. Because of this, a test with 50 pul‐
ses is required for these inputs as well. In this case functional state D is permissible.
– The purpose of pulse 6 is to simulate impairments caused by brief voltage drops, such as the
ones that occur during relay contact bouncing, e.g., in wipers.
– Pulse 5, load dump on the generator. The "load dump" pulse (for 12 V and 24 V power supply
system voltages) is only tested upon special request. Requirements for overvoltage strength
are specified in VW 80000 (previously VW 80101). Modern compact alternators use, for exam‐
ple, bridge rectifiers with Zener diodes that limit overvoltage to approx. 30 V (for 12 V power
supply systems) and thus function as a central load dump protection mechanism in the very
unlikely event of a failure. If vehicles with other alternators are produced, the necessity of the
test must be decided separately. For 42 V/48 V alternators, only values as per table 31 are
permissible as per ISO 21848.
– For sensors/actuators supplied with 3.3 V/5 V from an ECU, this test cannot be carried out as
an individual component test but must instead be carried out as a system test together with the
ECU. The sensor/actuator must not be affected by pulses caused by crosstalk from the supply
cables.
NOTE 5: The following examples for the signal and sensor cables indicated in this section must
be taken into account without fail:
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– Terminal 58d, interior lighting: The pulse-width modulation (PWM) dimmer usually consists of
a metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) that lets all terminal-30-related
interference pass through unfiltered.
– In general, it is recommended to ask the responsible design engineer how a PWM signal fed
into the ECU under test is generated. An example in this context would be to switch to the un‐
filtered terminal 15 or terminal 30 directly via, e.g., MOSFETs.
– Readback inputs, such as stop light, brake test, clutch switch, are often directly connected to
terminal 30 or terminal 15.
– Readback inputs on terminal 50R must be tested as per table 29. In this context, a high-impe‐
dance input must be implemented.

5.4.4.2 Interference emission measurement

5.4.4.2.1 Measurement setup

The setup illustrated in figure 35 must be used for measuring permanent interferences, switching
bursts as well as switch-on transients and switch-off transients. In this setup, the switch is located
in the connecting cable to the interference source. Once the power supply has been switched on,
the permanent interferences generated by the interference source can be measured. Switch-off
transients must be registered in that moment when the power supply is switched off. Switch-on
transients must be measured when the switching contacts are closing. Switching bursts result from
glow discharges or arcing when the switching contacts are opening. Therefore, they must be
measured either during switch-off of the interference source power supply or when switching con‐
tacts bounce during switch-on.
Measurement is carried out directly on the DUT. All switch statuses designated for operation of the
DUT, including deliberate motor deceleration by short circuit, must be run through 10 times each.
In the case of DUTs with moving masses (e.g., motors), the switching element designated for pro‐
duction or an equivalent with silver contacts must be used in order to include possible switch
bouncing in the test. For DUTs that do not store energy in the form of moving masses (e.g., motors
that continue to run after switch-off), an electronic switch as per section 5.4.1.3.1 is also permissi‐
ble. The maximum measured value must not exceed the limits specified in section 5.4.4.2.2.
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Legend
1 Artificial network and power supply
2 High-current circuit breaker
3 Probe head
4 DUT as interference source
5 Connecting cable
6 Oscilloscope
Figure 35 – Measurement setup for switching bursts and transients that are generated by the
interference source and/or by the switch used

5.4.4.2.2 Interference emission limits for vehicle power supply systems

The interference voltage occurs as a pulse as a function of time or as a continuous wave. Normal‐
ly, the actual voltage curve is not directly comparable to the curves of "standard" pulses 1 to 5.
However, the measured pulses can at least be assigned to the "standard" pulses. The amplitudes
of the interference voltages and the duration of the pulses must not exceed the limits in table 31
and table 32.
The test voltage serves as the reference potential for the interference voltage (except for pulse 1).
For pulse 1, ground potential serves as the reference.
The maximum value out of 10 individual measurements is the voltage amplitude value.

Table 31 – Maximum permissible interference emission for 12 V and 42 V/48 V

interference sources
Pulse type Vs in V td in µs tr in µs
Pulse 1 ≥ -100 ≤ 2 000 ≥1
Pulse 2 ≤ +50 ≤ 50 ≥1
Pulse 3a ≥ -150 ≤ 0.1 ≥ 0.005
Pulse 3b ≤ +100 ≤ 0.1 ≥ 0.005
Pulse 5b (42 V/48 V only) ≤ 16 ≤ 300 000 10 000
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Table 32 – Maximum permissible interference emission for 24 V interference sources

Pulse type Vs in V td in µs tr in µs
Pulse 1 ≥ -150 ≤ 2 000 ≥1
Pulse 2 ≤ +75 ≤ 200 ≥1
Pulse 3a ≥ -150 ≤ 0.1 ≥ 0.005
Pulse 3b ≤ +100 ≤ 0.1 ≥ 0.005
Pulse 5 Omitted

5.4.5 Pulsed interference on sensor cables

5.4.5.1 Capacitive coupling clamp

5.4.5.1.1 Setting the test voltage

No cables are routed through the capacitive coupling clamp during calibration of the pulse genera‐
tor.

Legend
1 Test pulse generator
2 50 Ω cable
3 Capacitive coupling clamp
4 50 Ω attenuator
5 Oscilloscope (50 Ω)
Figure 36 – Measurement setup for setting the voltage

5.4.5.1.2 Test setup for capacitive coupling clamp

In principle, the test setup must be designed as per figure 37.
Using a test wiring harness, the DUT must be connected to its original operating environment, to
loads and sensors or equivalent loads, etc. Only the cables necessary for connecting the DUT to
its peripheral devices must be connected in the test wiring harness. Unused cables in the test wir‐
ing harness must not be terminated. The supply cables required for peripheral devices and for the
DUT must be routed outside of the capacitive coupling clamp. If the power supply for the peripheral
devices is supplied together with the sensor cables from the same ECU, e.g., sensors with a 3.3 V
or 5 V supply voltage, then the power supply must be routed through the inside of the capacitive
coupling clamp (see the EMC test plan for an exact definition). The cover must be placed flat on
the coupling clamp.
If the wiring harness contains more than 20 cables to be tested, the individual sensor cables must
also be tested.
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The test wiring harness must be placed outside the capacitive coupling clamp, (100 ±20) mm
above the ground plane, and preferably perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the coupling
clamp.
The test wiring harness must be symmetrically engaged in the capacitive coupling clamp. There
are no requirements for the setup or the cable cross sections for the test wiring harness as far as
EMC is concerned.
The minimum distance between the DUT and all other conductive structures, such as the walls of a
shielded room (with the exception of the ground plane; see section 5.4.1.6) must be greater
than 0.5 m. The ground connections of the DUT must be identical to those in the vehicle. If the
DUT housing is not connected to the vehicle ground but rather to a separate ground connection,
the DUT must be placed on the ground plane and be separated from it by an insulated support.
The pulse generator and the DUT must be connected on the same side of the capacitive coupling
clamp.
The ground plane serves as reference ground. All individual devices must be connected to this
plane using cables that are as short as possible.
The coaxial cable between the capacitive coupling clamp and the pulse generator must not be lon‐
ger than 0.5 m.
In order to ensure that the test results are reproducible, the test setup must be mechanically fixed
in an exact manner.
The test setup must be documented.
This includes the following:
– Location and length of supply cables
– Type and location of ground connection
– Type and arrangement of peripheral devices
– Design of test wiring harness
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Legend
A Cross section A-A
1 Test pulse generator
2 Insulation (if DUT is not connected to vehicle ground)
3 DUT
4 Insulation
5 Ground plane
6 DUT peripherals (sensor, load, accessories)
7 Artificial network
8 Power supply
9 Reference ground point
10 50 Ω load resistance
11 Capacitive coupling clamp
12 The height must be defined in the test plan and documented in the test report
Figure 37 – Test setup (as per ISO 7637-3)

5.4.5.2 Current injection probe (BCI probe)

5.4.5.2.1 Setting the test voltage

The induced test voltage must be measured with a calibration bracket as per the setup in figure 38.
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Legend
1 Test pulse generator
2 Oscilloscope
3 BCI probe
4 Calibration bracket
5 Short circuit
Figure 38 – Measurement setup for setting the voltage in a calibration bracket as per ISO 11452-4

In order to verify the suitability of the current injection probe being used, the pulse form of the origi‐
nal pulse (the generator's test pulse 1) and the form of the induced pulse in the calibration bracket
must be documented. Both signals must have comparable rise times. See also section 5.4.1.8.
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Legend
x Generator voltage in V
y Induced peak voltage in V
Figure 39 – Theoretical dependency between generator voltage (set value) and induced voltage
(peak value) in a calibration bracket

5.4.5.2.2 Test setup for current injection probe

The test setup must be designed as per figure 40.
Using a test wiring harness, the DUT must be connected to its original operating environment, to
loads and sensors or equivalent loads, etc. Only the cables necessary for connecting the DUT to
its peripheral devices must be connected in the test wiring harness. Unused cables in the test wir‐
ing harness must not be terminated against the ground plane. Ground cables must be routed out‐
side the current injection probe. The distance between the DUT and BCI probe must be
(30 ±3) cm.
All cables except the ground cables must be enclosed within the current injection probe. The
ground cable must be routed externally around the current injection probe using the shortest possi‐
ble path.
The test wiring harness must be placed outside the current injection probe, (50 ±10) mm above the
ground plane.
The minimum distance between the DUT and all other conductive structures, such as the walls of a
shielded room (with the exception of the ground plane), must be greater than 0.5 m.
The ground connections of the DUT must be identical to those in the vehicle. If the DUT housing is
not connected to the vehicle ground but to a separate ground connection instead, the DUT must be
placed on a ground plane and be separated from it by an insulated support with a thickness of
(50 ±10) mm.
The ground plane serves as reference ground. All individual devices must be connected to this
plane using cables that are as short as possible.
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The coaxial cable between the current injection probe and the pulse generator must not be longer
than 0.5 m.
In order to ensure that test results are reproducible, the test setup must be mechanically fixed in an
exact manner.
The test setup must be documented.
This includes the following:
– Location and length of supply cables
– Type and location of ground connection
– Type and arrangement of peripheral devices
– Design of test wiring harness
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Legend
1 DUT
2 Peripheral devices
3 Artificial network
4 Power supply
5 Test pulse generator
6 Wiring harness
7 Ground cable
8 Current injection probe
9 Insulation
Figure 40 – Schematic test setup diagram with current injection probe

5.4.5.3 Basic requirements for input circuitry

The input circuitry of ECUs must be dimensioned in such a way that:
– The desired signals are not impermissibly affected
– Interfering signals above 10 times the maximum desired frequency1) are attenuated with suita‐
ble filter structures, e.g., RC combinations.
1) In order to reduce expenditure, the filter's upper cutoff frequency must not be below 10 kHz. Desired signals requiring filter frequen‐
cies above 1 MHz need special protection, the measures for which are not within the scope of this section.
Note: Software filters are often not suitable because false signal values could be read due to burst pulses lasting up to a few milli‐
seconds. A hardware filter reduces the very short individual pulses independently of the burst duration.
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5.4.5.4 Interference immunity verification test

For an EMC release, all requirements specified in section 5.4.5.4 or in the respective Performance
Specification must be met.
The test scope and the permissible functional states as well as their product-specific evaluation cri‐
teria, must be indicated in the Technical Supply Specifications for the products. Only states A and
B are permissible for the DUTs.
In order to perform the interference immunity test, the test pulses must be coupled into the DUT
cables designed as a test wiring harness by using the capacitive coupling clamp and the current
injection probe.
The test wiring harness consists of a number of sensor cables necessary for the electrical connec‐
tion of the DUT to its peripheral devices. It has a length of (1.8 ±0.1) m.

5.4.5.4.1 Test and set values

The test must be conducted with the set values as per table 33. The pulses with a starting voltage
VA = 0 V must be set with the pertinent pulse forms as per section 5.4.2.

Table 33 – Set values

Vs td tr Generator Ri
Method Pulse type Quantity
in V in µs in µs in Ω

Current injec‐ Pulse 1 500 pulses -5 50 1 10

tion probe Pulse 2 500 pulses +5 50 1 10

Capacitive cou‐ Pulse 3a 10 min -120 0.1 0.005 50

pling clamp Pulse 3b 10 min +120 0.1 0.005 50

Note regarding the capacitive coupling clamp test: If the wiring harness contains more than 20 sen‐
sor cables and the module components are used throughout the entire Group, the individual sen‐
sor cables must also be tested with Vs = +40 V and -60 V. The voltages must be measured at the
coupling clamp's 50 Ω termination (see section 5.4.1.1 and figure 25).

6 Vehicle level

6.1 Interference emission

6.1.1 Frequency range during vehicle measurement

Frequency range: 0.1 MHz to 5 925 MHz

6.1.2 Requirements
The general HF requirements and test conditions, such as the test receiver settings, are listed in
section 5.3.3 "General requirements – HF emissions from component measurements".
Table 34, Table 35, and Table 36 define the limits. The emissions must be within the specified lim‐
its (PK, AV, and QP, if applicable) for all services and bands to be measured. Unless otherwise
specified, all services and bands from Table 34, Table 35, and Table 36 must be tested.
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HF emissions measurements must be conducted on vehicles and their antennas as per CISPR 25
in order to protect the receivers operated inside the vehicle. If there are deviations, the specifica‐
tions in this standard apply.

6.1.3 Measurement setup

The measurement setup is described in CISPR 25.
There must be at least a distance of 1 m between the vehicle edges or components (e.g., antenna)
and the absorber tips. For additional dimensional specifications, see figure 41.
Lengths are given in mm.
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Legend
1 Measuring instrument2)
2 Radio-frequency anechoic chamber
3 Lead-through connection
4 Antenna (see section 6.1.4)
5 DUT
6 Typical absorber material
7 Coaxial antenna cable
8 High-quality double-shielded coaxial cable (50 Ω)
9 Car radio housing
10 Impedance adapter3)
Antenna adapter4)
11 Optical transmission link for AM radio band (if necessary)
12 Connection between the radio's terminal 31 and the impedance adapter's housing
(L < 200 mm)
13 Detailed view of the impedance adapter's ground connection
Figure 41 – Measurement setup: Vehicle measurement – short-distance interference suppression
2) For MW measurements, the test receiver must be placed in the radio-frequency anechoic chamber if no optical transmission link is
used or if there is no other way to take a feedback-free measurement.
3) This is used depending on the antenna/radio impedance in the MW range (e.g., impedance adapter, TRAWID 152-4107 BR2,
R&S EZ12, or similar).
4) This is for phantom-powered vehicle antennas, such as MW, VHF, DAB, TV, and GPS measurements.
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6.1.4 Antennas and related components

For vehicle measurements, the antennas and points of use intended for production must be used.
The test receiver must be connected to the impedance adapter depending on the antennas/radio
impedance for the MW measurements; the test receiver must be connected to the antenna adapter
(dummy) at the point of use of the respective receiver for VHF, DAB, TV, and GNSS measure‐
ments.
The adapter must be connected to ground as per figure 41; this is a low-impedance connection
with a maximum length of 200 mm.

6.1.5 Test receiver settings and limits for vehicle measurements

The limits specified in table 34 apply to passive and active antennas.

Table 34 – Test receiver settings and limits (vehicle emission test)
PK QP AV Ant.
Test no. Service Frequency
Limit BW Limit BW Limit BW pos.a)
or
band V in V in V in
in MHz f in kHz f in kHz f in kHz
dB(µV) dB(µV) dB(µV)
Radio broadcasting
1 MW 0.52 ... 1.73 – – 7 9/10 0 9/10 3

2b) SW 49 m 5.8 ... 6.3 not used in the Volkswagen Group

3 VHF 76 ... 108 – – 7 120 0 120 3

a) Antenna position if the antenna points of use are not yet defined or are unknown:
1 - Front of roof 2 - Center of roof 3 - Rear of roof 4 - Vehicle interior, between the front seats
b) This requirement applies to IBK components only.

The limits specified in table 35 apply to passive antennas. For active antennas, the procedure is as
follows: In a preliminary noise measurement, an AV detector must be used to measure system
noise (antenna amplifier, cable, test receiver, etc.) in a vehicle that is electrically shut down but has
an active antenna system. "System noise +6 dB" applies as the limit.
Table 35 – Test receiver settings and limits (vehicle emission test)
PK QP AV Ant.
Test no. Service Frequency
Limit BW Limit BW Limit BW pos.a)
or
band V in V in V in
in MHz f in kHz f in kHz f in kHz
dB(µV) dB(µV) dB(µV)
Radio broadcasting – digital
4 DAB 174 ... 241 – – – – 10 1 000 3
5 SDARS 2 320 ... 2 345 – – – – 10 1 000 3
6 TV II 99 ... 108 – – – – 10 1 000 3
7 TV III 170 ... 230 – – – – 10 1 000 3
8 TV IV/V 470 ... 806 – – – – 10 1 000 3

a) Antenna position if the antenna points of use are not yet defined or are unknown:
1 - Front of roof 2 - Center of roof 3 - Rear of roof 4 - Vehicle interior, between the front seats
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The limits specified in table 36 apply to passive antennas. For the "GNSS" band (test no. 26), the
procedure for active antennas is as follows: In a preliminary noise measurement, an AV detector
must be used to measure system noise (antenna amplifier, cable, test receiver, etc.) in a vehicle
that is electrically shut down but has an active antenna system. "System noise +3 dB" applies as
the limit for the core region and the ramps (logarithmic rise/fall) are then moved vertically upwards.
Table 36 – Test receiver settings and limits (vehicle emission test)
Test PK QP AV Ant.
Service Frequency
no. Limit BW Limit BW Limit BW pos.a)
or
band V in V in V in
in MHz f in kHz f in kHz f in kHz
dB(µV) dB(µV) dB(µV)
Mobile and other services
9 125 kHz 0.1 ... 0.15 23 9/10 – – – – 3

10b) CB radio 26.5 ... 29.7 30 9/10 – – 10 9/10 3

11 4 m/BOS 84.015 ... 87.255 23 9/10 – – 0 9/10 2
12 2 m/taxi 146 ... 164 23 9/10 – – 0 9/10 1
13 2 m/BOS 167.56 ... 169.38 23 9/10 – – 0 9/10 1
14 2 m/BOS 172.16 ... 173.98 23 9/10 – – 0 9/10 1
15 SRD 313 ... 317 15 9/10 – – -5 9/10 1
Trunked
16 380 ... 385 20 120 - - 0 120 2
radio
Trunked
17 390 ... 400 20 120 – – 0 120 2
radio
Trunked
18 406 ... 410 20 120 – – 0 120 2
radio
Trunked
19 420 ... 430 20 120 – – 0 120 2
radio
20 SRD 433 ... 435 15 9/10 – – -5 9/10 1
Trunked
21 460 ... 470 20 120 – – 0 120 2
radio
2G, 3G,
22 555 ... 960 - - - - 10 1 000 3
4G, 5G
23 SRD 863 ... 870 15 9/10 – – -5 9/10 1
24 GNSS 1 159 ... 1 291 not used in the Volkswagen Group
3G, 4G,
25 1 350 ... 1 518 - - - - 10 1 000 3
5G
26 See table 37
2G, 3G,
4G, 5G,
27 1 695 ... 2 900 - - - – 10 1 000 3, 4
Bluetooth,
WLAN

28b) 5G 3 400 ... 3 800 - - - - 10 1 000 3

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Test PK QP AV Ant.
Service Frequency
no. Limit BW Limit BW Limit BW pos.a)
or
band V in V in V in
in MHz f in kHz f in kHz f in kHz
dB(µV) dB(µV) dB(µV)
29 WLAN 5 150 ... 5 720 - - - - 10 1 000 4
WLAN, 5 725 ... 5 925
30 - - - - 10 1 000 1, 3, 4
DSRC

a) Antenna position if the antenna points of use are not yet defined or are unknown:
1 - Front of roof 2 - Center of roof 3 - Rear of roof 4 - Vehicle interior, between the front seats
b) The main area of application is in heavy-duty commercial vehicles.

Table 37 – Test no. 26 from the previous table

AV
Test Frequency
Service or band Limit BW Ant. pos.a)
no.
in MHz V in dB(µV) f in kHz
35 - 20 468
1 552.098 ... 1 559.098 ×
log(f/1 552.098)
Navigation system
1 559.098 ... 1 563.098 -5 9/10 3
Beidou
20 613
1 563.098 ... 1 570.098 ×
log(f/1 563.098) - 5
35 - 20 664
1 567.42 ... 1 574.42 ×
log(f/1 567.42)
Navigation system
26 1 574.42 ... 1 576.42 -5 9/10 3
GPS, Galileo
20 782
1 576.42 ... 1 583.42 ×
log(f/1 576.42) - 5
35 - 20 980
1 590.781 ... 1 597.781 ×
log(f/1 590.781)
Navigation system
1 597.781 ... 1 609.594 -5 9/10 3
GLONASS
21 224
1 609.594 ... 1 616.594 ×
log(f/1 609.594) - 5

a) Antenna position if the antenna points of use are not yet defined or are unknown:
1 - Front of roof 2 - Center of roof 3 - Rear of roof 4 - Vehicle interior, between the front seats

6.2 Interference immunity

Normally, full vehicle testing is carried out only at the appropriate EMC department of the Volks‐
wagen Group and only after successful completion of the component testing on the EMC sample to
be tested. The successful completion of component testing must be documented in the EMC quali‐
fication report.
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6.2.1 Interference immunity test (far field)

The interference immunity tests for the whole vehicle must be performed as per ISO 11451-2 in a
shielded radio-frequency anechoic chamber with a conductive floor. The deviations as per table 38
apply.
Tests from 100 kHz to 3 000 MHz must be performed in each case. The definitions as per table 38
apply.
Additional (optional) tests from 3 000 MHz to 6 000 MHz as per table 38 might also be required.
The appropriate EMC department of the Volkswagen Group will decide if these tests are required.
For these additional tests from 3 000 to 6 000 MHz there is no FPSC. Level 1 must always be
maintained with status 1.
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Table 38 – Full vehicle testing (in the far field)

Test field
Frequency range
strength Polarization Modulation
in MHz
in V/m
Vertical CW or AM
0.1 to 30 140
(1 kHz, 80%)
Vertical and CW or AM
30 to 54 100
horizontal (1 kHz, 80%)
Vertical and CW or AM
54 to 65 70
horizontal (1 kHz, 80%)
Vertical and CW or AM
65 to 88 100
horizontal (1 kHz, 80%)
Vertical and CW or AM
88 to 140 70
horizontal (1 kHz, 80%)
Vertical and CW or AM
140 to 174 100
horizontal (1 kHz, 80%)
Vertical and CW or AM
174 to 380 70
horizontal (1 kHz, 80%)
Vertical and CW or AM
380 to 460 100
horizontal (1 kHz, 80%)
Required
Vertical and CW or AM
460 to 806 70
horizontal (1 kHz, 80%)
Vertical and CW or PM
806 to 915 100
horizontal (217 Hz, 577 µs)
Vertical and
915 to 1 200 70 CW
horizontal
Vertical and CW or PM
1 200 to 1 400 100
horizontal (300 Hz, 3 µs)
Vertical and
1 400 to 1 710 70 CW
horizontal
Vertical and CW or PM
1 710 to 1 910 100
horizontal (217 Hz, 577 µs)
Vertical and CW or PM
1 910 to 2 700 70
horizontal (1 600 Hz, 50% duty cycle)
Vertical and CW or PM
2 700 to 3 000 100
horizontal (300 Hz, 3 µs)
Vertical and PM
3 000 to 4 200 50
horizontal (1 600 Hz, 50% duty cycle)
Vertical and
4 200 to 4 400 30 CW
horizontal
Optional Vertical and PM
4 400 to 5 150 50
horizontal (1 600 Hz, 50% duty cycle)
Vertical and PM
5 150 to 5 850 50
horizontal (1 600 Hz, 50% duty cycle)
5 850 to 5 930 50 Vertical and PM
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5 850 to 5 930 50 horizontal (1 600 Hz, 50% duty cycle)

Optional Vertical and
5 930 to 6 000 30 CW
horizontal
Amplitude and pulse modulations must be performed; in this context, the following specifications
apply:
Amplitude modulation must be carried out with 1 kHz, 80%, as per ISO 11452-1. The appropri‐
ate EMC department of the Volkswagen Group may specify deviating modulation frequencies.
Modulation
Pulse modulations must be performed:
a) At 217 Hz repetition rate and 577 µs period
b) At 300 Hz repetition rate and 3 µs period
c) At 1 600 Hz repetition rate and 50% duty cycle
The following maximum increments apply.
If the DUT responds to frequencies within a band that is narrower than the one covered by the
maximum frequency increments, the frequency increments must be decreased accordingly.
0.1 MHz to 30 MHz: 0.1 MHz
30 MHz to 220 MHz: 1 MHz
Increment Δf
220 MHz to 400 MHz: 2 MHz
400 MHz to 1 000 MHz: 5 MHz
1 000 MHz to 3 000 MHz: 10 MHz
3 000 MHz to 6 000 MHz: 20 MHz
Linear increment
Dwell time per Δf ≥ 1 s (depending on the response time of the system to be tested).
Depending on the installation position of the interference sink and the wiring harness, the vehi‐
cle must be exposed to radiation coming from at least two directions as per the specifications of
the appropriate EMC department of the Volkswagen Group.
Radiation directions:
Preferred directions for antenna radiation:
a) Onto the vehicle's front
b) Onto the driver side
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Legend
A Required
B Optional
Figure 42 – Test field strength as a function of frequency (full vehicle testing)

The maximum field strength for full vehicle testing (table 38) is shown in figure 42. The FPSC must
be performed as per table 39 and figure 43.

Table 39 – FPSC (full vehicle testing)

Category 1 Category 2 Category 3
Test severity
E in V/m E in V/m E in V/m

L2 140a) 140a) Not specified

L1 60 100a) 140a)

a) The specified numerical values are maximum values. The test is performed only until the maximum test level is reached.
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Legend
A Category 1 1 Status I
B Category 2 2 Status II
C Category 3 3 Test field strength
Figure 43 – FPSC (full vehicle testing)

6.2.2 Mobile radio communications test with exterior antenna attached to the vehicle
For the test, it is preferable if the standard radio antennas installed on the vehicle (if any) or match‐
ed magnetically mounted rod antennas are used (see ISO 11451-3). The use of combination an‐
tennas is permissible.
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Suitable antenna locations are: Front fender, edge of roof, front center area of roof, center of roof,
rear center area of roof, rear fender, center of trunk lid, and trailer hitch.
The appropriate EMC department of the Volkswagen Group can specify whether the mobile radio
communications test with exterior antennas mounted on the vehicle will be restricted or whether it
can be omitted completely.
A test signal that is representative for the frequency band under test must be fed in via an external
power amplifier (parameters as per table 40). The cable must be provided with sheath current fil‐
ters (e.g., ferrite beads) in order to suppress sheath currents on the cable leading from the power
amplifier to the vehicle antenna.
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Table 40 – Mobile radio communications test with exterior antenna

Frequency band or radio sys‐ Frequency Δf PForward
Modulation
tem in MHz in kHz in W
AM 1 000 Hz,
SW (analog radio) 3.5 to 54 100 150 (peak)
80% modulation depth
100 (RMS FM 1 000 Hz,
4 m (analog radio) 68 to 87.5 500
value) 4 kHz deviation
100 (RMS FM 1 000 Hz,
2 m (analog radio) 144 to 174 1 000
value) 4 kHz deviation
100 (RMS FM 1 000 Hz,
70 cm (analog radio) 410 to 470 1 000
value) 4 kHz deviation
25 (RMS FM 1 000 Hz,
23 cm (analog radio) 1 200 to 1 300 2 000
value) 4 kHz deviation
380 to 395
406 to 420
PM 18 Hz,
TETRA 450 to 460 400 50 (peak)
50% duty cycle
806 to 822
870 to 876
824 to 850 PM 217 Hz,
500 50 (peak)
876 to 915 50% duty cycle
2G
1 710 to 1 785 PM 217 Hz,
1 000 10 (peak)
1 850 to 1 910 50% duty cycle
555 to 960
1 350 to 1 518
PM 1 000 Hz,
3G/4G/5G 1 625 to 1 661 2 000 1 (peak)
10% duty cycle
1 695 to 2 400
2 496 to 2 900
PM 1 600 Hz,
UMTS 1 885 to 2 025 4 000 10 (peak)
50% duty cycle
3 400 to 4 200 PM 1 600 Hz,
5G 4 000 1 (peak)
4 600 to 5 150 50% duty cycle
PM 1 600 Hz,
WLAN 5 150 to 5 850 4 000 1 (peak)
50% duty cycle
PM 1 600 Hz,
DSRC 5 850 to 5 930 4 000 1 (peak)
50% duty cycle
PForward: Forward power at the antenna base
Peak: RMS power measured at maximum AM or PM during pulse

6.2.3 Mobile radio communications test using portable mobile radio communications devices
in the vehicle interior
The test simulates the transmission operation of mobile radio communications devices inside the
vehicle without exterior antennas. The following must be tested:
1. Seat areas (front and rear)
2. Door storage compartments
3. Tray areas in the center console (front and, if present, also in the rear)
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4. Tray areas in and on the dashboard

5. Areas close to sensors and wiring harnesses
The mobile radio communications device mock-up to be used consists of a metal housing (recom‐
mended dimensions: approx. (20 cm × 7 cm × 3 cm) for 2 m or 70 cm band and
(11.5 cm × 6.5 cm × 3 cm) for all other frequency bands) with matched transmitting antenna, which
is externally fed in via a coaxial cable. The coaxial feed cable must be provided with sheath current
filters (e.g., ferrite beads) in order to suppress sheath currents. Further details must be taken from
table 41.
For the mobile radio communications test in the vehicle interior, one of the following methods must
be used:
– Test with fixed transmitting antenna and control with reference to forward power
– Test with moving transmitting antenna (scanning) and control with reference to net power
Since it is not possible to conduct tests in all conceivable positions in the vehicle interior, the trans‐
mitter power output must be doubled at the start of the test to locate interference sinks.

Table 41 – Mobile radio communications test using portable device mock-ups in the
vehicle interior
Maximum frequen‐
Frequency range PForward PNet
Test no. Service or band cy increments Modulation
in MHz in W in W
in kHz
10 m (analog CB 10 7.5 AM 1 000 Hz,
1 26.5 to 28 100
radio) (peak) (peak) 80% modulation depth
15 7.5
FM 1 000 Hz,
2 4 m (analog radio) 68 to 87.5 500 (RMS (RMS
4 kHz deviation
value) value)
15 7.5
FM 1 000 Hz,
3 2 m (analog radio) 144 to 174 1 000 (RMS (RMS
4 kHz deviation
value) value)
15 7.5
FM 1 000 Hz,
4 70 cm 410 to 470 1 000 (RMS (RMS
4 kHz deviation
value) value)
10 6
FM 1 000 Hz,
5 23 cm 1 200 to 1 300 2 000 (RMS (RMS
4 kHz deviation
value) value)
380 to 395
406 to 420
10 7.5 PM 18 Hz,
6 TETRA 450 to 460 400
(peak) (peak) 50% duty cycle
806 to 822
870 to 876
824 to 850 6 3 PM 217 Hz,
500
876 to 915 (peak) (peak) 50% duty cycle
7 2G
1 710 to 1 785 3 1.5 PM 217 Hz,
1 000
1 850 to 1 910 (peak) (peak) 50% duty cycle
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Maximum frequen‐
Frequency range PForward PNet
Test no. Service or band cy increments Modulation
in MHz in W in W
in kHz
555 to 960
1 350 to 1 518
1 1 PM 1 000 Hz,
8 3G/4G/5G 1 625 to 1 661 2 000
(peak) (peak) 10% duty cycle
1 695 to 2 400
2 496 to 2 900
2 1.5 PM 1 600 Hz,
9 UMTS 1 885 to 2 025 4 000
(peak) (peak) 50% duty cycle
2 1.5 PM 1 600 Hz,
10 WLAN/Bluetooth 2 400 to 2 496 4 000
(peak) (peak) 50% duty cycle
3 400 to 4 200 1 1 PM 1 600 Hz,
11 5G 4 000
4 600 to 5 150 (peak) (peak) 50% duty cycle
1 1 PM 1 600 Hz,
12 WLAN 5 150 to 5 850 4 000
(peak) (peak) 50% duty cycle
1 1 PM 1 600 Hz, 50% duty cy‐
13 DSRC 5 850 to 5 930 4 000
(peak) (peak) cle
PForward: Forward power at the antenna base
PNet: Net power, defined as per ISO 11452-1
Peak: RMS power measured at maximum AM or PM during pulse

6.2.4 Additional measurements in the free field

For release tests, additional full vehicle testing may be conducted by the appropriate EMC depart‐
ment of the Volkswagen Group, e.g.:
– Measurements in front of long-wave and medium-wave transmitters in a frequency range of
0.15 MHz to 1.65 MHz
– Measurements in front of short-wave high-power transmitters in a frequency range of 4 MHz to
26 MHz

6.3 Electrostatic discharge – ESD

6.3.1 General requirements for ESD full vehicle testing

ESD full vehicle testing is based on DIN EN 61000-4-2 and ISO 10605.

6.3.1.1 Protection targets

See section 5.1.1.1.
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6.3.1.2 Test scope and test severity

Table 42 – Overview of the test scope at vehicle level

Target: No malfunction or damage
Vehicle level
Performed by: Vehicle manufacturer
Air discharge (10 discharges per test step):
Components that are accessible only from
1 ±4 kV, ±8 kV, ±15 kV
the vehicle exterior
with discharge network R = 330 Ω and C = 150 pF
Air discharge (10 discharges per test step):
2 All other components not covered by item 1 ±4 kV, ±8 kV, ±15 kV
with discharge network R = 330 Ω and C = 330 pF

6.3.1.3 Test equipment and general test requirements

See section 5.1.1.3.

6.3.2 Test setup and test conditions for tests at vehicle level
The test at vehicle level is usually performed by the appropriate EMC department of the Volks‐
wagen Group. The requirements in section 5.1.1.3 apply.
During testing, the vehicle is operated with the engine running. The test is performed on and in the
vehicle by means of air discharges onto all areas that can be accessed by vehicle users (buttons,
switches, displays, surfaces, steering lock, controls, antennas, etc.) as well as onto locations
where the build-up of charge due to air flow or other moving components cannot be ruled out.
The return cable in the ESD generator's discharge circuit must be directly connected to the vehicle
body. The seat rails or seat belt buckle latches, for example, can be used for this purpose when
testing in the passenger compartment. In doing so, the resistance between the ESD generator
ground and the vehicle ground must not exceed 2 Ω.
The return conductor leading from the ESD generator to the ground connection must be routed
without shortening at the greatest possible distance to the body.

6.3.3 Procedure for tests at vehicle level

Refer to table 42 for the test scopes to be used, while complying with the following points:
– For each required charging voltage and polarity, 10 air discharges must be delivered to all
points that must be tested. The wait time between the individual discharges must be longer
than 1 s. For discharges on insulated metal surfaces, the residual charge must be discharged
after each ESD pulse (e.g., by means of a high-impedance resistor). The discharge of the ESD
generator must also be ensured.
– During the test, all systems must be operated periodically to ensure that they function as re‐
quired during and after exposure to ESD.
– Before and after the test, the following parameters must be checked and documented for the
installed systems/for the whole vehicle: event memory entries, attaining sleep mode, maintain‐
ing bus sleep, quiescent current measurements, wake-up capability, and data transmission er‐
rors.
– Testing on one sample is sufficient for all components at vehicle level.
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As discharge points, representative points in the vehicle (engine compartment, vehicle interior, lug‐
gage compartment) must be selected that can be touched by people when entering/exiting/driv‐
ing/loading the vehicle or that can be touched by the customer when servicing the vehicle. These
include for example:
– All switches and controls
– Displays
– Accessible electric/electronic components
– Door handles
– Metallic structures in the entry/exit area (e.g., A-pillar, door)
– Components containing motor vehicle fuses
ESD full vehicle testing is considered to have been passed if all of the following items are fulfilled:
– The tested assemblies maintain the required FPSC as defined in table 43 during the ESD test.
– The tested assemblies pass a complete function check after the completion of ESD full vehicle
testing. There must not be any permanent damage.
– Stored data must not have been changed or deleted.
– After ESD full vehicle testing, all nodes attain sleep mode, maintain bus sleep, can be woken
up, and do not transmit faulty data (e.g., error frames, syntax errors).
– The quiescent current after ESD full vehicle testing must correspond to that determined before
the test. Deviations of more than 5% must be rated as an error.
– The ESD test must not result in the generation of event memory entries.
– Complete documentation of ESD full vehicle testing, including a test plan, system designation,
and test record with test conditions and test points/test areas, is available.

Table 43 – FPSC for air discharge, vehicle

Test severity Category 1 Category 2 Category 3
L2 ±15 kV ±15 kV Not specified
L1 ±4 kV ±8 kV ±15 kV

7 Applicable documents
The following documents cited are necessary to the application of this document:
Some of the cited documents are translations from the German original. The translations of Ger‐
man terms in such documents may differ from those used in this standard, resulting in terminologi‐
cal inconsistency.
Standards whose titles are given in German may be available only in German. Editions in other
languages may be available from the institution issuing the standard.

VW 80000 Electric and Electronic Components in Motor Vehicles up to 3.5 t; Gener‐

al Requirements, Test Conditions, and Tests
VW 80101 Electrical and Electronic Assemblies in Motor Vehicles; General Test
Conditions
CISPR 16-1-1 Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
and methods - Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring ap‐
paratus - Measuring apparatus
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CISPR 16-1-4 Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
and methods - Part 1-4: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring ap‐
paratus - Antennas and test sites for radiated disturbance measure‐
ments
CISPR 25 Vehicles, boats and internal combustion engines - Radio disturbance
characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement for the protection
of on-board receivers
DIN EN 61000-4-2 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-2: Testing and Measure‐
ment Techniques – Electrostatic Discharge Immunity Test (International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) IEC 61000-4-2:2008)
IEC 61000-6-3 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) – Part 6-3: Generic Standards –
Emission Standard for Residential, Commercial and Light-Industrial En‐
vironments
IEC 62311 Assessment of Electronic and Electrical Equipment Related to Human
Exposure Restrictions for Electromagnetic Fields (0 Hz – 300 GHz)
ISO 10605 Road vehicles - Test methods for electrical disturbances from electro‐
static discharge
ISO 11451-2 Road vehicles - Vehicle test methods for electrical disturbances from
narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy - Part 2: Off-vehicle radia‐
tion sources
ISO 11451-3 Road vehicles - Vehicle test methods for electrical disturbances from
narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy - Part 3: On-board trans‐
mitter simulation
ISO 11452-1 Road vehicles - Component test methods for electrical disturbances
from narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy - Part 1: General prin‐
ciples and terminology
ISO 11452-2 Road vehicles - Component test methods for electrical disturbances
from narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy - Part 2: Absorber-
lined shielded enclosure
ISO 11452-4 Road vehicles - Component test methods for electrical disturbances
from narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy - Part 4: Harness ex‐
citation methods
ISO 11452-5 Road vehicles - Component test methods for electrical disturbances by
narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy - Part 5: Stripline
ISO 11452-8 Road vehicles - Component test methods for electrical disturbances
from narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy - Part 8: Immunity to
magnetic fields
ISO 11452-9 Road vehicles - Component test methods for electrical disturbances
from narrowband radiated electromagnetic energy - Part 9: Portable
transmitters
ISO 21848 Road vehicles - Electrical and electronic equipment for a supply voltage
of 42 V - Electrical loads
ISO 7637-1 Road vehicles - Electrical disturbances from conduction and coupling -
Part 1: Definitions and general considerations
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ISO 7637-2 Road vehicles - Electrical disturbances from conduction and coupling -
Part 2: Electrical transient conduction along supply lines only
ISO 7637-3 Road vehicles - Electrical disturbances from conduction and coupling -
Part 3: Electrical transient transmission by capacitive and inductive cou‐
pling via lines other than supply lines

8 Bibliography
[1] ECE-R 10 "Regulation No. 10 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Na‐
tions (UNECE) – Uniform Provisions Concerning the Approval of Vehicles with Regard
to Electromagnetic Compatibility"
[2] GB/T 18387 "Limits and Test Methods of Magnetic and Electric Field Strength from
Electric Vehicles"
[3] MIL-STD-461 "Military Standard: Electromagnetic Interference Characteristics Require‐
ments for Equipment"
[4] ICNIRP Guidelines "ICNIRP Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric,
Magnetic and Electromagnetic Fields (up to 300 GHz)" 1998
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Appendix A (normative) ESD

A.1 Geometric setup of the ESD coupling structure for indirect discharges at system level
Dimension specifications in mm ±5%

Legend
A Lateral view of setup
B Plan view of coupling structure
C Plan view of conductive structure
D Plan view of insulating base
1 Coupling structure: the area of the coupling structure used to hold the DUT must pro‐
trude beyond the DUT by at least 10 mm on all sides; minimum dimensions:
160 mm × 350 mm; material: copper or brass; thickness: 0.5 mm to 2 mm
2 ESD discharge stations: connected to the coupling plate in an electrically conductive
manner; diameter of 80 mm; material: copper or brass; thickness: 0.5 mm to 2 mm
3 Insulating base: non-conductive material with εr < 2.5; height: 50 mm
4 Ground plate: material: copper or brass; thickness: 0.5 mm to 2 mm
Figure A.1 – Setup of the coupling structure used for indirect discharge
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Appendix B (normative) Interference immunity

B.1 Test severity levels for BCI testing

Table B.1 – Test severity levels for BCI testing

Category 1 Category 2 Category 3
i
Frequency Status 1 Status 1 Status 1
(test
in MHz I I I I I I
number)
in dB(µA) in mA in dB(µA) in mA in dB(µA) in mA
1 0.1 82 13 86 20 90 32
2 0.13 82 13 86 20 90 32

30 0.97 82 13 86 20 90 32
31 1 82 13 86 20 90 32
32 2 82 13 86 20 90 32
33 3 84.0 (1) 16 88.0 (2) 25 92.0 (3) 40

44 14 97.4 (1) 74 101.4 (2) 117 105.4 (3) 186

45 15 98 79 102 126 106 200
46 16 98 79 102 126 106 200

84 54 98 79 102 126 106 200

85 55 98 79 102.0 (4) 126 102.0 (4) 126

94 64 98 79 101.4 (4) 117 101.4 (4) 117

95 65 98 79 102 126 106 200

118 88 98 79 102 126 106 200

119 89 98.0 (5) 79 100 100 100 100

169 139 96.0 (5) 63 98.0 (4) 80 98 80

170 140 96.0 (5) 63 100.0 (6) 100 104.0 (7) 158

330 400 91.4 (5) 37 95.4 (6) 59 99.4 (7) 94

The frequency increment is specified as per table 6 and table 7. Equations formula (B.1) to
formula (B.7) are used to calculate the test current in table B.1. These are identical with the equa‐
tions specified in table 9. The frequency must be set in MHz. "log" designates the logarithm to the
base 10.

I in dB(µA) = 98 - 20 log(15/f) (B.1)

I in dB(µA) = 102 - 20 log(15/f) (B.2)

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I in dB(µA) = 106 - 20 log(15/f) (B.3)

I in dB(µA) = 100 - 10 log(f/88) (B.4)

I in dB(µA) = 98 - 10 log(f/88) (B.5)

I in dB(µA) = 102 - 10 log(f/88) (B.6)

I in dB(µA) = 106 - 10 log(f/88) (B.7)

The difference in test severity levels between each of the three categories is 4 dB.
Table B.1 only shows the test severity levels for error status 1 (3 categories).

B.2 Conversion of dB(µA) into mA

Table B.2 – Conversion of dB(µA) into mA

dB(µA) mA dB(µA) mA dB(µA) mA dB(µA) mA
120 1 000 110 316 100 100 90 32
119 891 109 282 99 89 89 28
118 794 108 251 98 79 88 25
117 708 107 224 97 71 87 22
116 631 106 200 96 63 86 20
115 562 105 178 95 56 85 18
114 501 104 158 94 50 84 16
113 447 103 141 93 45 83 14
112 398 102 126 92 40 82 13
111 355 101 112 91 35 81 11
80 10

B.3 Magnetic field – correlation between magnetic field strength H and magnetic flux density
B

Table B.3 – Correlation between magnetic field strength H and magnetic flux density B
in air
H H B B
in dB(µA/m) in A/m in µT in dB(pT)
180.0 1 000.0 1 256.0 182.0
170.0 316.2 397.1 172.0
169.5 300.0 376.8 171.5
160.0 100.0 125.6 162.0
158.0 79.6 100.0 160.0
150.0 31.6 39.7 152.0
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H H B B
in dB(µA/m) in A/m in µT in dB(pT)
149.5 30.0 37.7 151.5
104.1 0.16 0.2 106.1
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Appendix C (normative) Emission

C.1 Measurements in the AM range

For full vehicle testing in the MW range, and based on the antenna/radio impedance, an impe‐
dance adapter (dummy) with high input impedance must be used (e.g., TRAWID 152-4107 BR2,
R&S EZ12, etc.).
The output impedance of the impedance adapter must be 50 Ω. In order to prevent interferences
coupled into the test receiver by external sources, the following boundary conditions must be ob‐
served:
– The impedance adapter must be powered internally with batteries and be placed inside the ve‐
hicle in such a way that it is insulated from the vehicle's body
– The ground connection of the impedance adapter (housing) must be connected to the radio
connector (terminal 31) of the original vehicle wiring harness using a low-impedance connec‐
tion with a maximum length of 200 mm (see also: figure 41)
– If the impedance adapter is to be powered by the electric system, an input filter circuit that is
appropriate for the radio must be connected to the dummy's power supply input
– The test receiver must be decoupled from the chamber shielding (possibly, rechargeable bat‐
tery or operation via isolating transformer; the measuring cable shielding must not be laid on
the chamber shielding or an optical transmission link must be used); the measuring cable must
not be longer than 3 000 mm and must be fitted with ferrite beads against sheath currents
NOTE C.1: For vehicles that have antenna systems with 50 Ω output impedance and use only
radio devices having 50 Ω input impedance, the high-impedance antenna adapter can be omitted.
Vehicle-specific antenna corrective factors must be observed.

C.2 Subjective evaluation of interference suppression

For a final subjective evaluation of interference suppression in the free field or in the EMC chamber
when feeding in a desired signal, the following requirements must be met.

C.2.1 Analog radio and TV ranges and radio applications

For analog radio and TV ranges, the following applies:

The appropriate EMC department of the Volkswagen Group will determine the minimum number of
points to be achieved in the different broadcasting ranges.

For analog radio services, the following applies:

Desired signals without noise must be interference-free; noise suppression (set to the lowest sensi‐
tivity) must not be activated.
Procedure:
– Feeding-in of an LF-modulated HF signal via a broadcasting/radio antenna into the EMC
chamber with frequencies and modulations as per table C.2 "Settings of HF transmission sig‐
nals for analog broadcast and radio frequency ranges"; see table C.1 "Desired level standard
settings"
– Measurement of this HF signal with a test receiver and antenna adapter at the end of the an‐
tenna cable of the built-in vehicle antenna
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– For radio services, an appropriate monopole antenna must be used

– The measurements must be taken with the average detector and an intermediate frequency
bandwidth of 120 kHz in VHF ranges and 9/10 kHz in the MW, 2 m, and 4 m ranges (see
measurement setup in figure C.1)

The HF generator level must be set in such a way that the following desired signals are present at
the test receiver (or radio):
Table C.1 – Desired level standard settings
LW range 30 dB(µV)
MW range 15 dB(µV)/20 dB(µV)
VHF range 12 dB(µV)/20 dB(µV)
2 m/4 m band 6 dB(µV)

NOTE C.2: For vehicles with lower requirements, the higher value from table C.1 can be used for
MW and VHF. This must be specified by the appropriate EMC department of the Volkswagen
Group.

Table C.2 – Settings of HF transmission signals for analog broadcast and radio
frequency ranges
Frequency band Frequency Ext. Modulation Mod. deviation/level
MW Depending on the interfer‐ —/80%
VHF ence spectrum 75 kHz/—
being measured, tests must
4 m band 2.8 kHz/—
be conducted in the frequen‐ Test CD
cy
2 m band bands at different frequen‐ 2.8 kHz/—
cies.
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Legend
1 Transmitting antenna
2 AM/FM radio dummy
3 Vehicle antenna
4 Standard signal generator and CD player
5 Test receiver
Figure C.1 – Measurement setup for measuring the desired signal level for subjective evaluation of
interference suppression of analog broadcast and radio services
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Table C.3 – Evaluation table for subjective evaluation of interference suppression of

analog broadcast and radio services
Points Reception Evaluation
No reception
1 Unacceptable
No station available, noise
A station is vaguely perceptible
2 Unacceptable
Noise and interference are predominant
A station is available
3 Unacceptable
Information cannot be clearly recognized
Station audible
4 Information recognizable, but the level of interfer‐ Unacceptable
ence is annoying
Station clearly recognizable
5 I would listen if it were important
Definite degree of interference, but not annoying
6 Station has continuous slight interference Usable
Strong signal, with occasional interference
7 Interference mostly concealed during driving oper‐ Still good
ation
Good signal
8 Interferences during driving can only be heard if a Good
person concentrates on them
Signal without interference
9 Very good
No interference is audible during driving operation
Signal absolutely free of interference
10 Can be used for stereo even in stationary vehicle, Excellent
free of noise

C.2.2 Digital radio and TV ranges (DAB, DVB-T, etc.)

Feeding-in of an HF signal assigned to the digital service being tested via a broadcast/radio anten‐
na in the EMC chamber with settings as per table C.4.

Table C.4 – Settings for HF transmission signal, digital radio and TV

Frequency band Transmission signal level Data Modulation Parameters
DAB (band III) Sound stability threshold QPSK –
+ 2 dB

DVB–T (Europe)a) Sound stability threshold 16 QAM Carrier: 8 k

+ 2 dB Code rate: 2/3
MPEG stream
Guard interval: 1/4
(e.g., from R&S SFE
ISDB–T (Japan) Sound stability threshold 16 QAM Carrier: 8 k
broadcast tester)
+ 2 dB Code rate: 2/3
Guard interval: 1/4
DMB–T (China) Sound stability threshold 16 QAM –
+ 2 dB

a) The settings most commonly used in Europe were selected.

Optional worst-case scenario setting: 64 QAM, code rate: 2/3, guard interval: 1/4.
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Legend
1 Transmitting antenna
2 Digital receiver
3 Vehicle antenna
4 Digital signal generator
5 Test receiver
Figure C.2 – Measurement setup for measuring the desired signal level for subjective evaluation of
interference suppression of digital radio and TV services

Definitions:
1. Since a customer-relevant signal interference in digital radio and TV services is first noticed in
the sound, the following definition is made for subjective evaluation:
– When the level (HF transmission signal level) is reduced in 1 dB increments, the sound
stability threshold is the point at which interference on the sound signal is audible for the
first time.
2. The test transmission signal level that represents a weak transmitter is 2 dB above the sound
stability threshold → test transmission signal level = sound stability threshold level + 2 dB.
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Procedure for setting the transmission signal level and evaluating the interference potential:
1. Deactivate interfering components. Increase the transmission signal level of the standard sig‐
nal generator until interference-free reception is possible.
2. Reduce the transmission signal level in 1 dB increments until the interference can be heard on
the sound signal for the first time (sound stability threshold).
3. Increase the transmission signal level by 2 dB (test signal transmission level).
4. Activate interfering components.
5. If there is audible interference on the sound signal, slowly increase/reduce the transmission
signal level as necessary in order to determine the transmission signal level at which interfer‐
ence-free reception is just barely possible (the transmission signal level of the transmitter be‐
ing subjected to interference).
6. The difference between the test signal transmission level and the transmission signal level of
the transmitter being subjected to interference is the value for the evaluation criterion.

Table C.5 – Evaluation table for subjective evaluation of interference suppression of

digital radio and TV services
Differencea) Effect Evaluation

0 dB No customer-relevant interference Test passed

1 dB to 2 dB Reception range reduced Acceptable
Reduction of reception range that is clearly perceptible by
≥ 3 dB Not acceptable
the customer

a) Difference between the transmission signal level of the transmitter being subjected to the interference and the test transmission sig‐
nal level.

C.2.3 Long-distance interference suppression

Measurement of narrowband and broadband radio interferences outside the vehicle with the goal
of protecting long-distance reception.
Test procedure and limits as per ECE-R 10 [1].