Introduction to Zigbee
in IoT
Instructor: PhD. Vũ Chí Cường
Group: 5
GROUP MEMBERS
1. Nguyễn Xuân Bách 20119114
2.Nguyễn Trọng Nhân 21161255
3.Nguyễn Lê Huynh 21119309
4. Huỳnh Thiệu Hào 21161242
5.Nguyễn Lê Đức Long 20119139
CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION V. Comparison to other
wireless protocols
II. Zigbee and IEEE 802.15.4 VI. Pros and cons of Zigbee
III. Zigbee Standard VII.Conclusion
IV. Zigbee Protocols Stack
I. Introduction
Origin of the Name Zigbee:
The name is derived from the "zigzag" communication behavior of honeybees in
a hive, representing the transmission of information between network nodes.
Wireless Connectivity
Low Data Rate
Battery Efficiency
Self-Healing
Strong Security
I. Introduction
IEEE 802.15.4 Application
I. Introduction
802.15.4 General Characteristics
II. Zigbee & IEEE 802.15.4
Architecture
II. Zigbee & IEEE 802.15.4
PHY Overview
II. Zigbee & IEEE 802.15.4
Architecture
II. Zigbee & IEEE 802.15.4
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Overview
Low Power & Low Data Rate: Ideal for battery- Beacon & Non-Beacon Modes: Enables
1 4
powered devices with modest data needs. organized or asynchronous communication.
Flexible Topologies: Supports star, peer-to-peer Security & Reliability: Offers encryption and
2
and combined topology 5 acknowledgments for secure, reliable
communication.
Collision Avoidance: Uses CSMA-CA to reduce
3 data collisions.
II. Zigbee & IEEE 802.15.4
Architecture
II. Zigbee & IEEE 802.15.4
Zigbee Stack Architecture
III. Zigbee Standard
A. ZigBee Physical Device Types:
III. Zigbee Standard 1. Coordinator: Initiates and
manages the network, assigning
B. ZigBee Logical Device Types: addresses and handling security.
There is only one Coordinator per
network.
2. Router: Extends network range
by relaying data and maintaining
the mesh topology, allowing
communication over long
distances.
3. End Device: Communicates with
a single parent node, typically
battery-powered and designed for
low-power applications.
III. Zigbee Standard
C. Access Mode
Non-Beacon-Enabled Network
III. Zigbee Standard
C. Access Mode
Beacon-Enabled Network
III. Zigbee Standard
Devices use ZigBee: FFD
Amazon Echo Plus Amazon Echo Show
III. Zigbee Standard
Devices use ZigBee: FFD
Smart thing samsung Yale smart locks
IV. ZigBee Protocol
Stack
A. The physical layer
B. The MAC layer
C. The network layer
D. The application layer
E. Topologies
A.PHYSICAL LAYER
1. Overview of the PHY layer
2. Frequency bands used by ZigBee
3. Modulation techniques
4. Channel access methods
5. Power management techniques
6. Challenges and limitations
1.Overview of the PHY layer
Belong to the standard working group IEEE 802.15.4
The PHY layer in ZigBee handles the physical transmission
and reception of data.
It is responsible for controlling and processing data
transmission requirements
2. Frequency Bands Used by ZigBee
3. Modulation Techniques
Offset Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (O-QPSK):
This modulation technique is used at the 2.4 GHz frequency. O-QPSK
provides efficient signal transmission, making it suitable for low-power
devices in ZigBee networks.
Binary Phase-Shift
Keying (BPSK):
BPSK is used for the 868
MHz and 915 MHz bands
Typically used in low-data-
rate transmissions due to its
energy efficiency.
4. Channel Access Methods
The CSMA-CA method: allows ZigBee nodes to sense the channel and avoid
collisions by delaying transmission if the channel is occupied.
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS): DSSS distributes the data
signal across a wider frequency range, enhancing interference resistance
and security.
5. Power Management Techniques
Low-Duty Cycle Operation allowing devices to alternate between active and
sleep states to save power
Sleep Scheduling:
Beacon-Enabled Networks
Beacon-Less Networks
Power-Saving Modes:
Active Mode
Sleep Mode Idle Mode
Energy-Efficient Transmissions:
Adaptive Transmit Power
Short Packet Transmissions
Efficient Modulation Techniques:
Transmit Power Control in ZigBee adjust transmit power
based on proximity to other devices or signal requirements,
optimizing energy use
Adaptive Transmit Power
Power Classes
Power Scheduling
6. Challenges and Limitations
Interference in the 2.4 GHz Band
Limited Data Rate
Range Constraints
C. MAC Layer of ZigBee
1. Overview of the MAC Layer
The MAC layer manages access to the wireless medium, ensuring
that multiple devices can communicate without conflict.
It includes responsibilities like data framing, addressing, and
collision handling
2. Frame Structure
1. Frame Control Header (FCH):
a. Frame type: Indicates the type of frame (e.g., data, beacon, acknowledgment).
b. Frame control: Contains information about security, addressing mode, and other control bits.
2. Sequence Number: A unique identifier for each frame to ensure proper sequencing.
3. Destination Address: The address of the intended recipient.
4. Source Address: The address of the transmitting node.
5. Payload: The actual data to be transmitted.
6. Frame Check Sequence (FCS): An error-checking code to detect and correct errors in the
transmitted data.
3. Access Mechanisms
Beacon-Enabled Mode:
In this mode, the coordinator node periodically sends beacons to
synchronize devices, enabling low-power operation by allowing nodes to
sleep between beacon intervals.
Beaconless Mode:
Devices in non-beacon mode rely on CSMA-CA for communication, which is
suitable for networks with unpredictable communication patterns
4.Security mechanisms
Encryption and Authentication:
ZigBee’s MAC layer supports AES-128 encryption to secure data, ensuring
that only authorized devices can access or modify network data.
Access Control Lists (ACLs):
ACLs are used to restrict network access to specific devices, preventing
unauthorized communication.
5. Power-saving techniques
The MAC layer allows devices to enter low-
power modes when not transmitting or
receiving, reducing battery usage and
extending device lifespan: Duty Cycling and
Sleep Modes
6. Challenges and limitations
Energy Constraints for Routing Devices:
Routing nodes often deplete energy faster due to their frequent activity,
especially in mesh networks.
Latency in Beacon-Enabled Mode:
While beaconing supports power efficiency, it can introduce delays, as
devices need to synchronize to beacon intervals before transmission.
C. Network Layer
1)Introduction
2)Functions of the Network Layer
3)Routing Process
4)Routing Process
5)Conclusion
1.Introduction
-The Network Layer in Zigbee connects the application layer to the MAC
layer. It manages network formation, routing of messages, and security. This
layer allows devices to join or leave the network, handles address allocation,
and ensures efficient communication, all while optimizing battery life for
low-power devices.
2.Functions of the Network Layer
3.Routing Process
-Types of network structures:
+Star
+Cluster tree
+Mesh
+Bus
+Ring
+Hybrid
4.Conclusion
-The Network Layer is essential for Zigbee networks, facilitating communication
and ensuring security. The choice of topology—star, cluster tree, or mesh—
greatly affects performance, scalability, and reliability. Understanding these
factors is crucial for designing effective wireless sensor networks tailored to
specific applications and environments.
D. Application Layer
1)Introduction
2)Structure of the Application Layer
3)Functions of the Components
4)Conclusion
1.Introduction
-The Application Layer in Zigbee is the highest in the protocol stack,
enabling device interaction and data exchange. It includes
components like the Application Support Sublayer (APS) and
Application Objects (APOs), managing functionality, security, and
service discovery. Understanding this layer is essential for
developing applications such as home automation and industrial
monitoring.
2. Structure of the Application Layer
-Main components:
Application Support Sublayer (APS).
ZigBee Device Objects.
Application Objects (APO).
3. Functions of the Components
Managing and controlling the protocol layers.
Providing security services and service discovery.
Managing application objects and interactions between devices.
4. Conclusion
Applications of the Application Layer in various fields.
Importance in developing applications for Zigbee devices.
E. Topologies
1)Introduction
2)Types of Topologies
3)Comparison of Topologies
4)Conclusion
1.Introduction
-Zigbee topologies define how devices are arranged and
communicate within a network. The choice of topology—star,
cluster tree, or mesh—affects performance, scalability, and
reliability, making it essential for efficient network design in
various applications.
2.Types of Topologies
+Star Topology
+Cluster Tree Topology
+Mesh Topology
3.Comparison of Topologies
-Efficiency and applications of each type of topology.
-Suitable use cases for each type.
4. Conclusion
Importance of selecting the appropriate topology in network design.
Impact on performance and scalability of Zigbee networks.
V. Comparison to other wireless protocols
Goals
Compare zigbee with popular
wireless protocols
See the diffrences of Zigbee
among protocols with the same
standard
Wireless Technology comparison
Indices Zigbee Bluetooth Wifi
Bluetooth Special Interest
Specitification authority Zigbee alliance
Group
Ieee standard association
Standard IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15.1 IEEE 802.11
Power consumption Low Low High
868 MHz (Europe) 900-928 MHz (NA) 2.4
Operating frequency 2.4GHZ 2.4GHZ , 5GHZ
GHz (Worldwide)
Range 1-75+ meters 1-10+ meters 1-100+ meters
Reliability High, with fault-tolerant mesh network Moderate High
Scalability High, supports large mesh networks Moderate Moderate
Topology Mesh, Star, tree Piconet and Mesh Star
Wireless Technology comparison
802.15.4
Indices Zigbee WirelessHART 6LoWPAN Thread
Power consumption Low medium medium low
Operating frequency 2.4GHZ 2.4GHZ 2.4GHZ 2.4GHZ
Data rate 250 kbps 250 kbps 250 kbps 250 kbps
Range 1-75+ meters up to 90 meters up to 100 meters up to 30m
High, with fault-tolerant mesh
Reliability Moderate High, High,
network
High, supports High, supports
High, supports large mesh Moderate, designed
Scalability networks for IPv6 compatibility
industrial-scale extensive mesh
networks networks
Topology Mesh, Star, tree Mesh Star Mesh
VI. Pros and cons of Zigbee
Why zigbee ?
1. Low power ponsumption
2. Long range in mesh networking
3. Simple scalability
4. Interoperability
5. Robustness
6. High Security with 128-bit encrypt
7. Short Latency
VI. Pros and cons of Zigbee
Downsides of zigbee
1. Dependent on the coordinator.
2. Low data rate
3. Interference
4. Limited Device Compatibility
5. The scalability does not align up with
theoretical expectations
”the Z-Stack protocol stack limits the NWK_MAX_ROUTERS parameter to 6 and the
NWK_MAX_DEVICE_LIST parameter to 20, that is, up to 20 child nodes can be mounted under a node,
and at most only 6 are allowed as routing nodes. Based on this, a single network is calculated. There
are only a few hundred nodes that can be accommodated [8]. The limited hardware resources and the
inefficient use of resources in the protocol stack and the limitations of the protocol stack itself have
led to the limited size of the Zigbee network. “ 2.2 Reason of Zigbee Network Size Limited
,P.2,Research on Scalable Zigbee Wireless Sensor Network Expansion Solution (2018)
VI. Pros and cons of Zigbee
When we want to use Zigbee ?
Zigbee is particularly suitable for:
Smart Home Devices: Such as lighting, thermostats, and
security sensors that require reliable and long-lasting
wireless communication.
Industrial Applications: For monitoring and control
systems where power efficiency and scalability are
essential.
Health Monitoring Systems: Where low power and
reliable communication are crucial for wearable devices
and remote monitoring.
Environmental Sensors: To collect data in various settings,
benefiting from Zigbee's mesh networking capabilities.
VI. Pros and cons of Zigbee
When we want to use Zigbee ?
IoT Applications with Many Devices
Need for Scalability
Wellsuit for small data size
Network Reliability Requirements
Low Latency Requirements
VI. Pros and cons of Zigbee
AN1138: Zigbee Mesh Network
Performance
The networks to be tested for each stack include:
• Small network: 24 devices
• Medium network: 1 – 48 devices
• Medium network: 2 – 96 devices
• Large network: 1 – 144 devices
• Large network: 2 – 192 devices
The following should be noted from this testing:
• As packet payload increases, latency to the devices increases.
This is expected and normal behavior as it takes more time to
transmit larger packets.
• We see 100% reliability in all of these tests. Note these are
100 broadcasts tests. Larger tests to better measure reliability
are available for tests below 100 broadcasts.
• As the network size grows, we see an increase and spreading
out of latency as it takes multiple hops to deliver all the
messages.Larger networks also have more contention over the
air as all devices are trying to repeat the message.
• This testing was also conducted with 3 seconds between
broadcasts, giving the network some time to recover before
sending the next message. Separate testing is shown below on
what happens when the interval between broadcasts is
decreased.
VI. Pros and cons of Zigbee
VI. Pros and cons of Zigbee
When we want to use Zigbee ?
Low Power Consumption Requirements
“ZigBee protocols are intended for embedded applications requiring
low data rates and low power consumption. The resulting network will
use very small amounts of power — individual devices must have a
battery life of at least two years to pass ZigBee certification.”
ZigBee: a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols
VII.Conclusion
Zigbee is a low-power, low-cost wireless communication protocol designed for short-range, low-
rate data transfer in various applications.
It operates on IEEE 802.15.4 standards, making it suitable for wireless sensor networks (WSNs)
Key Features:
1. Low Power Consumption
2. Cost-Effective
3. Flexible Topology.
4. Reliability
5. Suitable for iot applications
Thank you for
listening
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