Types of Unemployment

Unemployment refers to a situation in which individuals who are actively seeking

employment are unable to find suitable jobs. It is an economic indicator that reflects the

percentage of the labor force that is without work but is actively looking for employment

opportunities.

Unemployment can be caused by various factors, including economic downturns,

technological advancements, changes in industry structure, lack of skills or qualifications,

and inadequate job creation. It is a complex issue that can have significant social and

economic consequences.

There are several types of unemployment:

Structural Unemployment: This type of unemployment arises from shifts in the structure of

the economy, such as changes in technology, industry, or consumer demand. Workers may

find their skills or qualifications are no longer in demand, leading to a mismatch between

available jobs and their skills.

Cyclical Unemployment: Cyclical unemployment occurs during economic downturns or

recessions when businesses reduce production and lay off workers due to decreased demand

for goods and services. It is closely tied to the overall business cycle.

Frictional Unemployment: Frictional unemployment is temporary unemployment that

occurs when individuals are transitioning between jobs or entering the labor force for the first

time. It may take time for job seekers to find suitable employment, leading to temporary

periods of unemployment.

Seasonal Unemployment: Seasonal unemployment is related to certain industries or jobs

that are only available during specific times of the year. For example, agricultural workers

may be unemployed during the off-season or construction workers during periods of

inclement weather.
Unemployment has several social and economic consequences. It can lead to financial

hardships, poverty, increased inequality, social unrest, and a decline in overall well-being.

High levels of unemployment can strain public resources as governments may need to

provide unemployment benefits and social support programs to assist affected individuals.

Governments and policymakers employ various strategies to tackle unemployment, including

implementing economic policies to stimulate job creation, promoting education and skill

development programs, encouraging entrepreneurship and small business growth, and

fostering a favorable business environment that attracts investments and stimulates economic

growth. Addressing unemployment is a complex challenge that requires a comprehensive

approach involving multiple stakeholders, including governments, businesses, educational

institutions, and individuals themselves.

Unemployment Rate: The unemployment rate is a key measure used to assess the level of

unemployment in an economy. It is typically expressed as a percentage and is calculated by

dividing the number of unemployed individuals by the total labor force (which includes both

employed and unemployed individuals actively seeking work). The unemployment rate

provides a snapshot of the overall health of the labor market.

Underemployment: Underemployment refers to a situation where individuals are employed

but are working fewer hours than they desire or are overqualified for their current job. It is a

form of disguised unemployment that can occur when individuals settle for jobs that do not

fully utilize their skills or provide adequate income.

Youth Unemployment: Youth unemployment is a specific concern in many countries. It

refers to the unemployment rate among young people, typically aged 15 to 24. High youth
unemployment rates can have long-term effects, as young individuals may face difficulties in

gaining work experience and developing skills early in their careers.

Long-term Unemployment: Long-term unemployment occurs when individuals remain

unemployed for an extended period, typically exceeding six months or a year. Long-term

unemployment can have severe consequences, as skills may deteriorate, and individuals may

face challenges in reentering the labor market.

Unemployment Benefits: Many countries have unemployment benefit programs in place to

provide financial assistance to individuals who are unemployed. These benefits are designed

to provide temporary support while job seekers actively search for employment.

Unemployment benefits vary by country and may include financial assistance, job training

programs, and job placement services.

Regional Disparities: Unemployment rates can vary significantly across different regions

within a country. Urban areas may have lower unemployment rates due to more diverse job

opportunities, while rural areas may face higher unemployment rates due to limited job

options and economic opportunities.

Impact on Society: High levels of unemployment can have far-reaching consequences

beyond the individuals directly affected. It can lead to increased poverty rates, social unrest,

mental health issues, and strains on social welfare systems. Furthermore, unemployment can

impact consumer spending patterns, business profitability, and overall economic growth.

Technological Advances and Automation: Technological advancements and automation

have the potential to impact the labor market by replacing certain jobs with machines or

software. While they can improve efficiency and productivity, they can also result in job

displacement and require workers to acquire new skills to remain employable.

Government Policies and Interventions: Governments implement various policies and

interventions to address unemployment. These can include fiscal policies such as

infrastructure investments and tax incentives for businesses, monetary policies to manage

interest rates and stimulate economic activity, and labor market reforms to improve

workforce skills and flexibility.

2.1.3 Factors that Causes Unemployment

There are several factors that contribute to youths unemployment in Jalingo metropolis. Here

are some key factors. Many young individuals may face unemployment due to a lack of

relevant skills and education. The job market is constantly evolving, and industries often

require specific qualifications and competencies. If young people do not have access to

quality education or training programs that align with market demands, they may struggle to

find employment opportunities.

Youth unemployment can also be attributed to a lack of work experience. Many employers

prefer candidates with practical experience, which can be challenging for young individuals

who are just entering the job market. Without previous work experience, it can be difficult for

young people to demonstrate their abilities and compete with more experienced candidates.

Economic conditions, such as recessions or slow economic growth, can disproportionately

affect young people. During economic downturns, companies may implement hiring freezes

or reduce their workforce, making it harder for young individuals to secure employment

opportunities. Economic instability can also lead to a decrease in job creation and business

expansion, further limiting job prospects for youth.

A mismatch between the skills possessed by young individuals and the skills demanded by

employers can contribute to youth unemployment. This discrepancy can occur when

educational institutions do not adequately align their curricula with the needs of the labor

market. As a result, young people may graduate with qualifications that do not match the

available job opportunities.

 Discrimination and bias in the labor market can hinder young people's access to

employment. Factors such as ageism, gender bias, and racial or ethnic discrimination can

affect hiring decisions, limiting opportunities for certain groups of youth. Overcoming these

barriers requires addressing systemic biases and promoting equal opportunities for all young

individuals. Insufficient job opportunities in specific industries or regions can contribute to

youth unemployment. Certain sectors may experience limited growth or contraction, leaving

fewer openings for young job seekers. Similarly, in some regions, there may be a lack of

diverse industries or a concentration of employment opportunities in urban areas, making it

challenging for youth in rural or economically disadvantaged areas to find suitable jobs.

Many young people may find themselves in the informal economy or engaged in precarious

work, which can include jobs without legal protection, benefits, or stable income. Limited

formal job opportunities can push young individuals towards these types of employment,

where they may face exploitation and a lack of social security. The transition from education

to work can be a critical period for young individuals. Challenges arise when there is a gap

between completing education and entering the workforce. Insufficient career guidance, lack

of internships or apprenticeship opportunities, and inadequate support for job placement can

hinder a smooth transition and contribute to youth unemployment. Addressing youth

unemployment requires a comprehensive approach that focuses on improving access to

quality education, expanding training programs, promoting entrepreneurship, creating job

opportunities, and addressing systemic barriers and biases in the labor market. By investing

in youth development and providing the necessary support and resources, societies can

empower young individuals to successfully enter and thrive in the workforce.

Efforts to address youth unemployment require a multifaceted approach that includes

investment in education and skills training, promotion of entrepreneurship, targeted job

creation initiatives, supportive policy frameworks, and the reduction of systemic barriers and
inequalities. By prioritizing youth development and empowerment, societies can unlock the

potential of young individuals and create a more inclusive and prosperous future.

Underemployment refers to a situation where individuals are working in jobs that do

not fully utilize their skills and qualifications. Many young people may face

underemployment, taking on low-wage or part-time jobs that do not align with their

educational background or career aspirations. Underemployment can lead to job

dissatisfaction, limited career progression, and reduced earning potential.Youth

unemployment is a global concern that affects countries across various regions. In

some regions, such as Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East, youth unemployment

rates are particularly high. Factors like rapid population growth, limited job creation,

and inadequate educational systems contribute to the youth unemployment challenges

in these areas.

High levels of youth unemployment can have social and political implications. When

young people face limited job opportunities and economic hardships, it can lead to

frustration, social unrest, and political instability. Addressing youth unemployment is

crucial for promoting social cohesion, peace, and stability within societies. A skills

gap refers to a mismatch between the skills possessed by job seekers and the skills

demanded by employers. Rapid technological advancements and evolving labor

market needs can create a gap where the skills of young individuals do not align with

the requirements of available jobs. Bridging the skills gap through targeted education

and training programs is essential for reducing youth unemployment.

Internship and apprenticeship programs provide young individuals with practical

work experience and help bridge the gap between education and employment. These

programs allow young people to gain industry-specific skills, build professional

 networks, and enhance their employability. Encouraging the establishment of such

programs by businesses and collaboration with educational institutions can support

youth in their transition to the workforce.

Mentorship and career guidance programs play a vital role in supporting young individuals in

their career development. Mentors provide guidance, advice, and support to young people,

helping them navigate the job market, make informed career choices, and develop the

necessary skills and networks to succeed. Accessible mentorship and career guidance

initiatives can empower young people and improve their employability. Promoting youth

entrepreneurship can be an effective strategy to combat youth unemployment.

Entrepreneurship offers young individuals the opportunity to create their own jobs, contribute

to economic growth, and develop innovative solutions to societal challenges. Governments

and organizations can support youth entrepreneurship through funding programs, incubators,

business development support, and access to financial resources.

Collaboration between the public and private sectors is essential in addressing youth

unemployment. By working together, governments and businesses can create favorable

conditions for job creation, establish apprenticeship programs, provide vocational training,

and align educational curricula with industry needs. Public-private partnerships can leverage

resources and expertise to tackle youth unemployment more effectively.

Empowering young people and involving them in decision-making processes are crucial for

addressing youth unemployment. Creating platforms for youth participation, engaging them

in policy discussions, and valuing their perspectives can lead to more effective and youth-

centric solutions. Empowered and engaged youth can contribute to shaping policies and

initiatives that address their specific needs and aspirations.

Building social connections and networks can play a significant role in accessing job

opportunities. Young people can benefit from networking events, career fairs, and online
platforms that connect them with potential employers, mentors, and peers. Developing

networking skills and fostering connections can enhance young individuals' job prospects and

increase their chances of finding suitable employment.

Governments can implement specific youth employment policies to address youth

unemployment. These policies may include financial incentives for employers to hire young

people, subsidized training programs, job placement services, and measures to reduce

discrimination in hiring practices. Comprehensive youth employment strategies can provide a

supportive framework for young individuals to enter and succeed in the workforce.

Addressing youth unemployment requires a multi-dimensional approach that encompasses

education, skills training, entrepreneurship support, mentorship, and policy interventions. By

investing in young people's potential, empowering them with relevant skills, and creating an

enabling environment for their success, societies can unlock their talents, drive economic

growth, and foster a more inclusive future.

2.1.4 Unemployment Influences Youth to Indulge in Stealing in Jalingo Metropolis

Unemployment can have a significant influence on young individuals turning to illegal

activities such as stealing. Here are some ways in which unemployment can contribute to

such behavior. Unemployment often leads to financial strain and desperation, particularly for

young people who may have limited savings or financial resources. When individuals are

unable to meet their basic needs or support themselves financially, they may resort to illegal

activities like stealing as a means to survive or fulfill their immediate needs.

Unemployment can create a lack of legal income opportunities for young individuals. When

job prospects are scarce and traditional employment avenues are unavailable, some young

people may feel compelled to engage in illegal activities, including theft, as an alternative to

earn money.In some cases, peer pressure and social influence can play a role in young

people's involvement in illegal activities. When unemployed youth interact with peers
engaged in criminal behavior, they may feel compelled to participate in order to fit in, gain

acceptance, or seek financial support from those networks.

Unemployment can lead to a breakdown of social structures and support systems. Young

individuals who are unemployed may experience feelings of isolation, marginalization, and a

loss of identity. In the absence of positive social networks and support, they may be more

susceptible to engaging in illegal activities, including theft. Unemployment can have severe

psychological effects on individuals, including increased stress, depression, and a sense of

hopelessness. These psychological impacts may contribute to a decline in mental well-being

and, in some cases, lead to risky behaviors, including involvement in criminal activities like

stealing.

Unemployment can erode young people's confidence and motivation for the future. When

individuals face persistent unemployment or struggle to find stable employment, they may

lose hope in their ability to secure a meaningful and productive future. As a result, they may

turn to illegal activities as a way to cope with their feelings of frustration and hopelessness.

It is important to note that not all unemployed youth turn to illegal activities. Many young

individuals actively seek legal alternatives, such as pursuing further education, engaging in

skills training, volunteering, or starting their own businesses. Creating opportunities for

education, skill development, mentorship, and job creation is crucial in providing young

people with viable alternatives to illegal activities and supporting their transition into the

workforce. Additionally, addressing the root causes of youth unemployment through effective

economic policies and social support systems can help prevent young individuals from

resorting to illegal behavior.

Addressing youth unemployment and its potential impact on involvement in illegal activities

requires a comprehensive approach. It involves creating employment opportunities, providing

access to education and skills training, strengthening social support systems, and
implementing effective rehabilitation programs for those who have engaged in criminal

behavior. Additionally, addressing systemic issues such as poverty, inequality, and social

exclusion can help create an environment where young people have viable alternatives to

illegal activities and can envision a positive future.

Here are some additional points to further elaborate on the influence of unemployment on

youth involvement in illegal activities: Unemployment, particularly among young people, can

exacerbate economic inequality within society. When a significant portion of the youth

population is unemployed or underemployed, it can widen the gap between the rich and the

poor. Economic inequality is often associated with higher crime rates, including theft, as

individuals who feel marginalized and excluded from economic opportunities may resort to

illegal activities as a means of survival or to obtain material wealth.

In some instances, young individuals may turn to illegal activities like stealing due to a lack

of accessible and viable legal channels for employment. Limited job opportunities, especially

in certain industries or regions, can leave young people with few options for legitimate

employment. The absence of legal avenues for income generation can drive some individuals

towards engaging in illegal activities to meet their financial needs. Unemployment can

expose young individuals to negative role models or individuals involved in criminal

behavior. When unemployed youth lack positive role models or mentors, they may be more

susceptible to the influence of individuals engaged in illegal activities. Negative role models

can normalize criminal behavior and provide young people with misguided guidance, leading

them towards involvement in illegal activities like stealing. Unemployment, particularly

when experienced for an extended period, can subject young individuals to social stigma and

discrimination. The negative perceptions and biases associated with being unemployed can

lead to feelings of shame, low self-esteem, and social exclusion. Such experiences can

contribute to a sense of resentment or disillusionment, increasing the likelihood of young

people engaging in illegal activities as a form of rebellion or societal retaliation.

Unemployment can expose young individuals to a lack of supportive structures that can help

them navigate challenges and find productive pathways. Adequate social welfare systems,

career counseling services, and community-based initiatives can provide essential support to

unemployed youth. Without these structures in place, young people may feel abandoned or

neglected, pushing them towards illegal activities as a means of survival or escape. Media

and popular culture can also influence young individuals' perceptions of illegal activities.

Portrayals of criminal behavior, glamorization of theft, and glorification of illicit lifestyles in

movies, music, and other media can shape young people's attitudes and beliefs. Media

influence, combined with unemployment and limited opportunities, can contribute to young

individuals romanticizing or seeking out illegal activities like stealing. Prolonged

unemployment can erode young people's hope for a better future and a sense of purpose.

When individuals face persistent unemployment and struggle to find stable employment, they

may become disillusioned and lose motivation to pursue legal avenues. This lack of hope and

future outlook can increase the likelihood of engaging in illegal activities like stealing as a

means of immediate gratification or rebellion.

Addressing the underlying factors that contribute to youth unemployment and its association

with illegal activities requires a comprehensive approach. It involves creating inclusive and

equitable economic opportunities, promoting education and skills development, fostering

positive social environments, tackling discrimination and stigma, and providing support

systems that empower young people to make positive choices. By addressing these issues,

societies can mitigate the influence of unemployment on youth involvement in illegal

activities and foster a more inclusive and supportive environment for young individuals.

Here are some additional points to further explore the influence of unemployment on youth

involvement in illegal activities: During economic downturns or recessions, youth

unemployment rates tend to rise significantly. When there is a lack of job opportunities and a

decline in economic activity, young people often face challenges in securing employment.

The frustration and despair resulting from unemployment during these periods can lead some

individuals to engage in illegal activities like stealing as a way to survive or compensate for

financial losses.

Many young individuals entering the job market lack the necessary skills and experience

demanded by employers. The gap between the skills possessed by young people and those

required in the job market can contribute to high unemployment rates among youth. Without

access to employment that can provide them with valuable skills and experience, some young

individuals may turn to illegal activities like stealing as an alternative means of obtaining

resources or income.

Unemployment can make young individuals vulnerable to recruitment by criminal networks

or gangs. These groups may exploit the economic hardships faced by unemployed youth,

offering them a sense of belonging, financial support, and protection in exchange for

engaging in criminal activities such as stealing. The influence of criminal networks can be

particularly strong in areas with high levels of poverty and limited opportunities for

legitimate employment.

Addressing the complex relationship between youth unemployment and involvement in

illegal activities requires a multifaceted approach. It involves creating inclusive economic

policies, investing in education and skills development, fostering entrepreneurship, promoting

social cohesion, providing mental health support, and strengthening community-based

initiatives. By addressing the underlying causes of youth unemployment and providing young

individuals with viable alternatives and support systems, societies can reduce the inclination

towards engaging in illegal activities and create pathways for a brighter future.
2.1.5 Unemployment influences youths to indulge in drugs trafficking.

Unemployment can have a significant influence on young individuals turning to illegal

activities such as stealing. Here are some ways in which unemployment can contribute to

such behavior:

Unemployment often leads to financial strain and desperation, particularly for young people

who may have limited savings or financial resources. When individuals are unable to meet

their basic needs or support themselves financially, they may resort to illegal activities like

stealing as a means to survive or fulfill their immediate needs.

Unemployment can create a lack of legal income opportunities for young individuals. When

job prospects are scarce and traditional employment avenues are unavailable, some young

people may feel compelled to engage in illegal activities, including theft, as an alternative to

earn money.

In some cases, peer pressure and social influence can play a role in young people's

involvement in illegal activities. When unemployed youth interact with peers engaged in

criminal behavior, they may feel compelled to participate in order to fit in, gain acceptance,

or seek financial support from those networks.

Unemployment can lead to a breakdown of social structures and support systems. Young

individuals who are unemployed may experience feelings of isolation, marginalization, and a

loss of identity. In the absence of positive social networks and support, they may be more

susceptible to engaging in illegal activities, including theft. Unemployment can have severe

psychological effects on individuals, including increased stress, depression, and a sense of

hopelessness. These psychological impacts may contribute to a decline in mental well-being

and, in some cases, lead to risky behaviors, including involvement in criminal activities like

stealing.

Lack of Future Prospects: Unemployment can erode young people's confidence and

motivation for the future. When individuals face persistent unemployment or struggle to find

stable employment, they may lose hope in their ability to secure a meaningful and productive

future. As a result, they may turn to illegal activities as a way to cope with their feelings of

frustration and hopelessness.

It is important to note that not all unemployed youth turn to illegal activities. Many young

individuals actively seek legal alternatives, such as pursuing further education, engaging in

skills training, volunteering, or starting their own businesses. Creating opportunities for

education, skill development, mentorship, and job creation is crucial in providing young

people with viable alternatives to illegal activities and supporting their transition into the

workforce. Additionally, addressing the root causes of youth unemployment through effective

economic policies and social support systems can help prevent young individuals from

resorting to illegal behavior.

Addressing the complex relationship between unemployment and youth involvement in drug

trafficking requires a comprehensive approach. It involves creating economic opportunities,

improving governance and political stability, providing access to education and vocational

training, fostering supportive social networks, implementing effective drug prevention and

rehabilitation programs, and ensuring access to legal justice for vulnerable individuals. By

addressing the underlying factors that contribute to unemployment and vulnerability,

societies can reduce the likelihood of youth turning to drug trafficking as a result of their

economic circumstances.