Purposive Communication
What is language? - There is an arbitrary relationship
between a signal and its meaning.
Language is a system of communication
- That is, the signal is related to the
by sound, operating through the organs
meaning by convention or by
of speech, among members of a given
instinct but has no inherent
community, and using vocal symbols
relationship with the meaning
possessing arbitrary conventional
Discreteness
meaning (Pei, 1966)
- Language can be said to be built up
The generally accepted definition:
from discrete units (e.g., phonemes
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal
in human language).
symbols used for human
- Exchanging such discrete units
communication (Wardhaugh, 1972)
causes a change in the meaning of a
signal.
Human Language vs. Animal Language - This is an abrupt change, rather
than a continuous change of
The major difference is that humans meaning.
rely on verbal communication, while Displacement
animals mainly use movements, - Communicating about things or
vocalisations, and scents to events that are distant in time or
communicate. space.
Features of Language Productivity
- language is an open system.
Vocal – Auditory Channel - We can produce potentially an
- Sounds emitted from the mouth infinite number of different
and perceive by the auditory messages by combining the
system. elements differently
Transitoriness ( Rapid Fading) Duality of Pattern
- Signal last a short time. This is true - Large numbers of meaningful
of all system involving sound. signals (e.g., morphemes or words)
Interchangeability produced from a small number of
- All utterance that are understood meaningless units (e.g., phonemes).
can be produced Cultural Transmission
Specialization - Each generation needs to learn the
- The signal produced is specialized system of communication from the
for communication and is not the preceding generation.
side effect of some other behavior. Prevarication
Total Feedback - Linguistic messages can be false,
- The sender of a message also deceptive, or meaningless.
perceives the messages. That is , Reflexiveness
you hear what you say. - In a language, one can
Semanticity communicate about
- There is a fixed relationship communication.
between a signal and a meaning. Learnabillity
Arbitrariness - A speaker of a language can learn
another language.
Purposive Communication
UNIT1 WORLD ENGLISHES: VARIETIES OF information is exchanged between individuals
ENGLISH though a common system of symbols, signs, or
behavior.
English language, just like all other
languages, is not a pure language Context - the circumstance or environment in
untouched by others. which communication takes place.
- ENL - English is a Native Language
Different factors to play
- ESL - English is a Second Language
- EFL - English is a Foreign Language - Physical
Phonology - speech sounds - Social
Orthography – spelling system - Cultural
Syntax - arrangement of words and phrases. - Psychological
Semantics – word meanings MODE
STANDARD AND NONSTANDARD Verbal - communication with words
ENGLISH Standard - used by educated Non Verbal - wordless communication
people Visual – uses visuals to convey
Non Standard - does not follow the information
rules or guidelines of Standard English.
CONTEXT
VARIETIES AND REGISTER OF SPOKEN AND
WRITTEN LANGUAGE 1. Intra - within/inside
Slang - infomal spoken and written 2. Inter - between/among/together
language 3. Organizational - workplace and companies
Jargon - ( also called Gobbledygook)
technical vocabulary 4. Extended - technological means
Cliche - refers to overused and worn out 5. Intercultural - among people with different
expression cultural background.
Sexist - discriminates women
LANGUAGE REGISTER
RESPECT AND HONORIFICS IN ACADEMICS AND
PROFESSIONAL TITLES Frozen - written or oral acts that never change
Formal Register - follows similar rules about
Honorifics - is courtesy titles that are their form (serious type of register)
used in spoken and written language to
communicate honor or respect. Consultative register - used to consult with
experts or specialist in something.
1. Courtesy titles - When talking someone or a
stranger who is older than you Casual register - don't follow the standard
Intimate register - private register
2. Academic and Professional titles - used as a
style in the grammatical third person and as a
form of address in the second person
Communication - the imparting exchanging of
information or news. - a process by which
